Historical Journal

Winter 2018 www.mollus.org

Remember the Loyal Legion Memorial Fund and Preserve Our History

Help preserve Civil War History for future generations when you contribute to the Loyal Legion Memorial Fund.

Among American hereditary orders, none stands more proud in its unwavering allegiance to our Republic and its ideals than the Loyal Legion. Founded in sorrow as the na- tion reeled from the death of , it has stood the test of time and remains true to its promise to remember and to honor. Members of MOLLUS and DOLLUS pay homage at the grave of The Loyal Legion Memorial Fund, through its fi nancial Elizabeth Van Lew in Richmond’s historic Shockoe Hill Cemetery. support of various initiatives, helps provide the means by which our Order lives out its promise. When you read the Another Event-Packed Congress Wraps Up Loyal Legion Historical Journal…when you attend the annual Lincoln ceremonies in Washington and Springfi eld… 2018 Congress provided opportunities to learn, serve, and honor. when organizations like the American Battlefi eld Trust save blood-soaked land from being developed, or the Abraham For the third time in their histories, the Loyal Legion and the Lincoln Foundation in Philadelphia mounts a new museum Dames of the Loyal Legion convened a Congress in Richmond, exhibit…when you see our historical documents being Virginia —the capital of the Confederate States and a prime identifi ed and preserved…you are seeing how the Memorial destination for Civil War enthusiasts. Members of both groups Fund can aff ect our world for the better. Your support of found time to enjoy the City as well as do the important business Continued on p. 6 Continued on p. 4

Loyal Legion Releases Video COMPANIONS IN THE NEWS on YouTube Hobart Kistler Appointed to A promotional video is available to share with prospective members. White House Post

Attention companions! After a year of Lt. Hobart King Kistler, SC, USN (PA Command- diligent work, the new MOLLUS promo- ery), Financial Offi cer for the Offi ce of Naval Reac- tional video has been uploaded onto our tors, Washington, DC; was recently appointed to an YouTube channel! As current times requi- indefi nite assignment as Military Social Aide re more of a digital and visual presence on to the President, in the administration of President the Internet and social media, the Pennsyl- Donald J. Trump. In his new role, Companion Kis- vania Commandery has produced a fi rst tler assists in planning and executing White class presentation—with special mention House social and state events in support of the Presi- of our videographer, Amanda Stevenson, dent and First Lady.֍

Continued on p. 7 COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF’S MESSAGE

s we prepared to attend Remem- brance Day we were, again, told that some cowardly terrorist wan- nabe had sent a message suggesting we would be at risk if we kept to our tradition. I do hope he/she/it got our message of invitation to face us and enjoy the consequences. Of course, Welcome New Members cowards would never answer a call of honor, nor Hereditary Companions we will ever cow down to their demands, even if they have the wherewithal to keep their threat. John Bryant Livengood , 22740 IN Col. Eric A. Rojo On the good side of life, we had a great Con- Oakley Rudolph Able, 22741 OH 2017-2019 Commander-in-Chief gress in Richmond, would like again to thank the Robert Joseph Wolz, 22742 OH Virginia Commandery, Past Commander-in John Marvin Huff man III, 22743 OH Chief Jeff ry Burden and Kathleen Burden for the eff ort made to graciously host the Philip Melvin Prentice, 22744 OH event. Of great importance, as part of a substantive business meeting, we are looking Griffi n Matthew Deckerd, 22745 OH to make some changes as to the time and order of all future national meetings. Most Crockett Keith Dennis, 22746 OH important, is to give all the time we need for our business meeting and not be governed Bryce Marshall Dennis, 22747 OH (rushed) by a set time, which has proven always short. To this end, we are extend- Gavin Reese Dennis, 22748 OH ing the business day, in clude a working lunch, and fi nish when all business has been Charles Edward Dorkey, III, 22749 NY discussed. Should the host commandery off er an afternoon tour, this would be option- John James Duncan, Jr., 22750 OH al for accompanying family members and friends. As of now, two national business Martin Allan Pruett Treppa, 22751 MI meetings per year with a limited time are not enough to fully cover all of our needs as Patrick John Pruett Treppa, 22752 MI we look towards growth, making necessary changes and set our path for the future of Dash Almanzo Javier, 22753 VA our beloved Order. Jason Alexander Wolz, 22754 OH Furthermore, we continue to be active outside our inner circle, providing support Jackson Charles Reiff Wolz, 22755 OH along with the Grant Monument Association and the Grant Association to promote Charles Hoover Bogino, 22756 DC the issuance of commemorative stamps and coins; as well as, lobbying the City of Grant Robert Wolz, 22757 OH Arcadia, California that, in a wrongful attempt to be politically correct, intends to take Scott Blackford Meacham, 22758 VA down the statue of President and Companion William McKinley. Austin William Lamac, 22759 PA We continue to have a communications problem. Many Commanderies did not Major Frank Russell, 22760 TX respond to a necessary survey sent by the Senior Vice Commander in Chief, needed Paul Anthony Tucci, 22761 PA to ascertain many details of each Commandery. I urge all Companions to ensure that their Commanders and Recorders are in fact doing the job we all are committed to. Associate Companions Furthermore, we are not accomplishing our recruitment goals because some recorders Daniel A. Hearlihy, A318 OH are still using outdated applications that cause delays in approval, or even rejection of Vincent Michael Alexander Chesney, paperwork, discouraging potential Companions from pursing membership. Only the A319 PA current application should be used, which you can fi nd posted on the Loyal John A. Jorgensen, A320 PA Legion website. In the meantime, we are looking to make further changes to the Hector Relativo Javier , A 321 VA process in order to expedite the accession of new Companions. Larry Micah Dicks, A322 VA I urge all to read and review the minutes of the Congress to be up to date on im- James Jerome Knights , A323 PA ֍ portant action items that need further discussion and follow up. Hope to see many of you in D.C. — Colonel Eric A. Rojo

2 LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 INSIDE

LOYAL LEGION 1 Another Event-Packed Congress Wraps Up HISTORICAL JOURNAL 1 Remember the Loyal Legion Memorial Fund Vol. 75, No. 4 1 Loyal Legion Releases Video on YouTube Commander-in-Chief Col. Eric Armando Rojo 1 Hobart Kistler Appointed to White House Post Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief Joseph Thomas Coleman, Ed.D. 2 Commander-in-Chief’s Message, Col. Eric A. Rojo Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief 2 Welcome New Members Col. Robert D. Pollock Recorder-in-Chief 5 Preserving History: The Civil War Museum of Philadelphia Dr. Gary Grove 6 Commandery News Treasurer-in-Chief Lee Allan Tryon 8 Loyal Legion Midwinter Meeting Registration Registrar-in-Chief Adam P. Flint 10 John White Geary: A Giant of His Time, Andy Waskie Chancellor-in-Chief Michael Timothy Bates Judge Advocate-in-Chief Gerald Fitzgerald Fisher, Esq. Chaplain-in-Chief Kevin Lee Martin Surgeon-in-Chief Dr. Daniel Henry Heller Council-in-Chief Harold L Colvocoresses Jr. Note from the Journal Editor in Chief Lawrence Alan Converse Peter Arrott Dixon Linn M. Malaznik As all have noticed, we have changed the cover and structure of our historical Clifton Potter, Jr.,Ph.D. Lt. Ryan B. Weddle journal. Like any other change, it has been subject to praise and criticism, and we are glad to have both as it is an indication that it has been noticed. The number of The Loyal Legion Historical Journal is a those liking the new format is larger than those who are against the change. quarterly publication published by the Me- morial Fund of the Military Order of the The new banner was approved and it shows how we acknowledge the sacrifi - Loyal Legion of th . which ces made during the Civil War, and the message is that we are passing the story was founded April 15, 1865. Pertinent materials will be welcomed by members of the War to younger generations and that is what is important, to this end the and the public. Articles and news should little girl with the fl ag. If we replace it with a Matthew Brady type photo, it won’t be submitted to Shawn Beyer, Editor be dynamic and the message will be lost. Our history and the charge we have is ([email protected]). Content must be formatted in MS Word and submitted to teach and remember, it belongs to every American, even little girls. We honor electronically. High resolution photo- it in a way that makes sense in the present day. graphs and artwork should be submitted in JPG format and be accompanied by a Then again, any change is not set in concrete, we are open to any and all description or caption. suggestions that meet our responsibility to history and how we pass it to the next generations ensuring it lives. Submission deadlines are the 15th of February, May, August, and November. —Colonel Eric A. Rojo

©2018 Memorial Fund of the Loyal Legion of the United States LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 3 Congress, from p. 1. • The premiere of a new MOLLUS promotional video, produced of their organizations, with the Virginia by Pennsylvania Companion Commandery serving as host. Paul Lader and supported by the On October 12, early-arriving Com- Pennsylvania Commandery. It’s panions and Dames took advantage of a now available for viewing on the beautiful fall day to get a close-up look at Order’s YouTube channel. the Cold Harbor and Gaines’ Mill battle- fi elds, situated about a mile apart, just north • An excellent after-dinner talk of Richmond in Hanover County. Both from the University of Virginia’s sites are integral parts of the Richmond Commander-in Chief Eric Rojo welcomes at- Elizabeth Varon on the life and he- tendees to the dinner banquet during Congress. National Battlefi eld Park, and the National roism of Miss Van Lew. Dr. Varon Park Service has done an outstanding job followed the path of Elizabeth’s in interpreting what happened there, and life, from a privileged Richmond why. Importantly, the NPS is in the process upbringing, to holding a cautious of acquiring new acres of battlefi eld land anti-slavery stance, and fi nally to and adding them to the Battlefi eld Park. being a committed Unionist and Companions and Dames also paid tribute abolitionist. to honored dead during a visit to the nearby She stressed the utter committ- Cold Harbor National Cemetery. ment of Miss Van Lew to her war- The Congress occurred on the bicen- time work, including the extreme tennial of the birth of Elizabeth Van Lew, danger she faced, and the challen- the patriot and spymaster who developed ges (and benefi ts) of operating in a DOLLUS members gather to remember the a highly eff ective espionage network in society that had a hard time belie- patriotic contributions of Elizabeth Van Lew. Richmond during the Civil War. Following ving that a “mere woman” could the business meetings on October 13, undertake such a daring operation. Companions and Dames visited her grave- Dr. Varon fi nished with a survey of site in Richmond’s historic Shockoe Hill Elizabeth’s post-War career. That Cemetery to honor her by placing fl owers included providing equal oppor- and other mementos. Past Commander- tunity and pay to all employees, in-Chief Jeff ry Burden spoke about her black and white, as Postmistress of role in the War and the need to revere her Richmond. memory. Shockoe Hill is also home to a memorial marker, placed by the Virginia The Virginia Commandery thanks Commandery in 2002, for Union POWs all who attended, and looks forward to originally buried near the Cemetery (be- a return visit by the MOLLUS and the Congress attendees tour Cold Harbor Battlefi eld. fore being moved to Richmond National DOLLUS in the future. More photographic Cemetery). Companions and Dames paid highlights of the 2018 event appear on their respects there as well. page 6. ֍ The Commandery hosted an elegant social hour and banquet at the Richmond Omni on October 13. Highlights included: • Decorative centerpieces created by the Dames, which featured facsimiles of the hollowed-out eggs used by Elizabeth Van Lew’s spy network to smuggle messages out of Richmond. Once opened, DOLLUS President Ellen Higgins places a the eggs revealed secret messages wreath on the grave of Union spymaster that diners decoded using the same Elizabeth Van Lew. cipher the Van Lew network used.

4 LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 Preserving History: The Civil War Museum of Philadelphia

In October 2017, the Orphans Court of Carlisle), Pennsylvania Commandery, New Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Attor- York Commandery, and select portions of ney General’s offi ce gave fi nal approval of archives from other state Commanderies, the transfer of artifacts from the Civil War are maintained in its archival storage vault. Museum of Philadelphia (CWMP) to the Additionally, all Loyal Legion artifacts Gettysburg Foundation. This action was (mostly insignia badges, rosettes and other the result of the unsuccessful, years-long items related to the history of Order) from attempt to replace the former Civil War the CWMP collection at Gettysburg with Library and Museum, which had been Loyal Legion insignia provenance were located at 1805 Pine Street in Philadelphia, separated from the collection and are now with a new museum in the city. The Board housed at the Heritage Center of the Union of Governors of the CWMP labored end- League. lessly in an attempt to seek both funding Four MOLLUS Companions continue sponsors and viable real estate locations. to serve on the board of governors of the While sensing success when a Pennsylva- CWMP. Many hours and personal fi nancial nia capital funding allocation promise of support have been freely committed over $10 million was established (line items in the years in an eff ort to create a new Civil a capital funding budget are only promises, The former Civil War Library and Museum, War museum in Philadelphia. After years not appropriations) and a site, the Second located at 1805 Pine Street in Philadelphia. of challenges and frustrations, the comple- Bank of the United States building, was tion of the Gettysburg Foundation/National space to develop a stand-alone exhibition identifi ed and assessed with plans for Constitution Center/CWMP agreement highlighting the Civil War and Recons- renovations developed, the capital budget (along with the older agreements between truction tying together the 13th, 14th and allocation was ultimately redirected to the CWMP/ALF and MOLLUS/ALF 15th Amendments to the Constitution. another museum project in the city. The covering the papers, books and manu- This gallery will incorporate artifacts, on a CWMP investigated several other potential scripts housed at the Heritage Center) has rotating basis, from the CWMP collection locations only to meet mounting frustra- provided a guarantee that the treasures at Gettysburg thus maintaining in Philadel- tions and funding obstacles. of the Civil War gathered by our ances- phia the presence of materials from 1805 The focus of the CWMP became the tors will be preserved for history while Pine Street, our Loyal Legion headquarters preservation and display of the treasures maintaining the connections between the which became the Civil War Library and accumulated by the Loyal Legion and dis- collections. Museum and then the Civil War Museum played for many years at 1805 Pine Street. The work of the CWMP, although of Philadelphia before closing its doors in The primary goal became securing partners signifi cantly diminished with an agreement 2008. with ability to manage, maintain, preserve that guarantees the preservation of all the The Heritage Center and the non-profi t and display these priceless treasures. The items from 1805 Pine Street, continues. Abraham Lincoln Foundation (ALF) at the result of these eff orts became a fortuitous The development and establishment of the Union League of Philadelphia are other partnership with the Gettysburg Founda- dedicated exhibit at the National Constitu- signifi cant partners with both MOLLUS tion and the National Constitution Center tion Center using the preserved treasures and the CWMP. All of the library books (NCC) in Philadelphia. The agreement pro- from the CWMP collection is tentatively from 1805 Pine Street are maintained at vides for the preservation of the artifacts at scheduled to open in 2019. The CWMP the Union League under a long-term loan the state-of-the-art facilities of the National has been involved with the administration agreement with the CWMP. Various Loyal Park Service at Gettysburg with the Visitor of the NCC in oversight of the tripartite Legion archives including those of the Center Museum incorporating the items agreement to guarantee its fulfi llment and Commandery-in-Chief (with the exception into its displays. The NCC has committed continuance. ֍ of those at the Army Heritage Center at

LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 5 COMMANDERY NEWS

Virginia Commandery

The Virginia Commandery thanks all Companions, Dames and others who traveled 1 from across the country to attend the 2018 Congress in Richmond! We enjoyed hosting everyone, and trust all attendees found their visit interesting and productive. ֍

Photo captions: 1. Commander-in-Chief Eric Rojo making remarks during the banquet.

2. MOLLUS Commander-in-Chief Eric Rojo (right) and Companion Harold Colvocoresses enjoying lively conversation at the pre-banquet reception.

3. Companion Brian Maloney (right) accepts the Daugherty-Thompson Cup (greatest number of new members) on behalf of the Pennsylvania Commandery from Commander-in-Chief Eric Rojo.

4. Capt. Alan Jowziak, Jr. (left), Vice Commander-in-Chief Robert Pollock (OH) (center) and Companion Capt. Justin Rojek looking forward to the banquet.

5. Surgeon-in-Chief Dan Heller (center) accepts 2 3 the Grant Cup (greatest percentage increase in new members) on behalf of the Indiana Com- mandery from Commander-in Chief Eric Rojo (right) and Companion John Grant Griffi ths.

6. Companion Lt. Hobart Kistler (PA) (right) receives the Lincoln Medal for new member recruitment.

7. Marker and patriotic memorial decorations at the grave of Elizabeth Van Lew.

4 5 6

Union Veterans Honored in Hawaii 7 Virginia Companion Larry Dicks, currently serving in Hawaii as a Major in the USAF, joined the Hawaii Ci- vil War Roundtable on Veterans Day weekend in honoring United States soldiers buried at O’ahu Cemetery. The cemetery contains a G.A.R. plot, where more than 25 Union veterans are buried. The Roundtable members, many wea- ring Federal uniforms as part of a color guard, placed fl ags at all veteran graves and rendered honors. . ֍

6 LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 DAMES OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES Video, from p. 1.

who did a great deal of work. Filming began last October at the Congress in President’s Message Gettysburg, with narration provided by Past Commander-in-Chief Jeff ry Bur- den, and further commentary provided I extend to all DOLLUS members an invitation to attend our upcoming meeting by Past Commander-in-Chief Kinny to be held from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon at the Sheraton Suites Hotel in Alexandra, Post, current Commander-in-Chief Eric Vir ginia on February 11, 2019. This meeting is in conjunction with the annual Lincoln Rojo, and Lieutenant Hobart Kistler. Birthday events in Washington, D.C. For We can all be proud of the fi nal product. more details, see the meeting announ- You are encouraged to view the video cement on page 8. Please make plans to at https://youtu.be/CuER0daNF_g and attend and learn more about our organi- share the link with all who express an zation and to celebrate the birthday of interest in joining. ֍ President Lincoln. —Ellen M Higgins DOLLUS National Preside nt Memorial Fund, from p. 1. TRUSTEES’ CORNER Support the Loyal Legion Pennsylvania Commandery Memorial Fund the Memorial Fund is crucial to its mission. Remembrance Day Festivities Held in Gettysburg An envelope is included with this Thanks to Tom Kearney of the General Meade Society for his photos of issue of the Journal. Please consider 2018 Remembrance Day held in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and for the festivities using it to make a tax-deductible gift surround ing the annual anniversary of the Gettysburg Address by Lincoln. to the Memorial Fund. Gifts from The General Meade Society participated with wreath laying ceremonies for Companions, Dames and friends are General Reynolds and General Meade. Mr. Ed Bearss delivered greetings and Bob crucial to maintaining the health of Hanrahan portrayed his alter ego, General Gibbon. In attendance were supporters the Fund in these uncertain times, and from the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Loyal Legion; the Twenty-eighth P.V. especially as we face the threat from and Camp #1 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War; members of COUG, those who want to erase our history as well as friends and members of the public. Thanks to all! ֍ and identity. Your generosity means the Fund remains a vibrant resource for our Order’s present and future. — The Trustees of the Loyal Legion Memorial Fund

Thank You!

Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief Joe Coleman thanks the 12 Comman- Loyal Legion observed Remembrance Day Companion Ed Bearss (left) and deries that participated in the recent in Gettysburg. Shown (l to r): Companions Andy Waskie (center) providing a survey A compilation of survey results Paul Lader, Gary Grove, Eric Rojo and Linn history lesson at the Gettysburg Malaznik. Battlefi eld. was emailed to the Commanders of the participating Commanderies. ֍

LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 7 Loyal Legion Midwinter Meeting & Abraham Lincoln’s 210th Birthday Celebration February 10-12, 2019 Washington, DC

Sunday 10 6:30 p.m. Tuesday 12 1:30—4:30 p.m. Military Order of the Loyal Legion Lincoln Memorial Ceremony American Indian Museum Tour Lincoln Birthday Dinner Washington, DC Come early and join us for a tour of the National Sheraton Suites Old Town Alexandria (see details on pg. 13) Museum of the American Indian. American In- dians fought in both the Union and Confederate 6:30—7:30 p.m. 10:30 a.m. armies during the Civil War. Reception Board Bus to Ceremony Registration fee $35/person Cash bar at Fin and Hoof Bar & Grill off hotel Bus will board at the Sheraton Suites Old Town lobby. Alexandria. Wear warm clothing, including 4:30—6:30 p.m. socks, hat, and warm shoes or boots. Welcome and Registration 7:45—8:00 p.m. Lobby of Sheraton Suites Old Town Alexandria. Patriotic Opening 11:45 a.m. U.S. Armed Forces Color Guard Musical Prelude by Miltary Band 6:30—8:30 p.m. Ballroom Dutch Treat Dinner Noon Meet in the hotel lobby to join us for a dutch 8:00 p.m. Memorial Ceremony treat dinner in Old Town Alexandria. Lincoln Birthday Dinner Ceremony honoring President Abraham Registration fee $85/person Lincoln’s 209th birthday. Ballroom Monday 11 1:30 p.m. Annual Business Meetings Formal dinner and toasts followed by a pre- Lincoln Birthday National Sheraton Suites Old Town Alexandria sentation by John Muller, journalist, historian, Commemorative Committee Luncheon Registration fee $40/person playwright, and author on “Abraham Lincoln Registration fee $45/person and Frederick Douglass—The Lion of Anacostia. 8:30—Noon & 2:00—4:00 p.m. Suggested attire is black tie/white tie, or uni- Event begins with a cash bar in the lobby of the MOLLUS Midwinter Meeting form with decorations and orders for gentlemen; Sheraton Suites Old Town Alexandria. Lunch Ballroom evening wear for ladies. Guests welcome. and program will start promptly at 1:30 pm. Enjoy a presentation by Marc Leepson, author, 9:00—Noon journalist and historian, on “Flags During the DOLLUS Membership Meeting Civil War Era.” Board Room

8 LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 Join us on President’s Day weekend to participate in Abraham Lincoln’s birthday festivities and the Loyal Legion Midwinter Meeting. Events will be held at the Sheraton Suites Hotel located in historical Old Town Alexandria, Virginia and only a few minutes away from the Washington sights.

Attend business meetings, lectures, and tours during the day and socialize with your Loyal Legion

Companions in the evening. This event will be packed with interesting people to meet and exciting places to see.

Don’t miss this annual event. Send your registration by JANUARY 31! Registration Form Please complete registration form(s) and return with payment to: MEETING, TRANSPORTATION AND LINCOLN BIRTHDAY DINNER DEADLINE JANUARY 31, 2018 Peter Arrott Dixon 111 Duke Street Midwinter Meeting registration Includes bus to/from the American Indian Museum on Alexandria, VA 2231 Feb. 10, and to/from Lincoln Memorial on Feb. 12 (Bus only on Feb. 12 —$15) (703) 549-7428 Midwinter Meeting and bus No. ____ x $40 = $______Each form must be accompanied by Bus on Feb. 10 ONLY No. ____ x $15 = $______separate payment. Tour of the American Indian Museum No. ____ x $35 = $______

Keep a copy of registration form(s) for Lincoln Birthday Dinner - Sunday, Feb. 11 No. ____ x $85 = $______your records. Indicate quantity next to each meal selection ( ) Fish ( ) Filet Steak—Medium ( ) Vegetarian Wear your badge to all events held at the Sheraton Suites Hotel. Make check payable to DC MOLLUS TOTAL $______

(Please print) Member: ______

Tel.: ______Email: ______Make Your Hotel Reservations Before Jan. 15 Guest(s): ______

A block of 20 rooms has been reserved at the Registration Form Sheraton Suites Old Town Alexandria under MOLLUS, Military Order of the Loyal Legion. LINCOLN BIRTHDAY LUNCHEON Rooms available: 1 King Bed or 2 double beds DEADLINE JANUARY 31, 2019 (all are mini-suites) - $132 plus 14.50 tax per night. Hotel parking is free. Complementary shuttle to National Airport and the Airport Lincoln Birthday Luncheon—Monday, Feb 12 No. ____x $45 = $______Metro. MOLLUS room rates will be honored Make check payable to LBNCC February 7-15 and rooms must be booked before January 15. Indicate quantity next to each meal selection SHERATON SUITES Choose: ( ) Salmon ( ) Breast of Chicken ( ) Vegetarian OLD TOWN ALEXANDRIA 801 N. Saint Asaph Street NAME: ______Alexandria, Virginia 22314 Reservations: 1-888-627-7049 or 703-836-4700, ext. 6106 Tel.: ______Email: ______(Please identify yourself with MOLLUS) Guest(s):______LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 9 HONOR OUR HISTORY John White Geary Giant of His Times Dr. Andy Waskie, Pennsylvania Commandery

Early Life Mexican War Few men have ever had such an impact At the outbreak of the Mexican War, on the history of their times, nor contributed Geary quickly formed a unit of volunteers more to the develop-ment of their nation which he named American Highlanders.6 and state, and, were thrust into more crucial Geary’s company was incorporated into and pivotal roles at the very fl ash point of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, then action, nor more often infl uenced the course forming in Pittsburgh. (Geary later used of historic events than John White Geary. the same nickname for the Twenty-eighth Geary was born in Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment which Pennsylvania on December 30, 1819. He he raised in early 1861 for the three years’ was descended from the sturdy Scotch-Irish service in the Civil War). Soon Geary was pioneers who had scratched out farms from Brigadier General John White Geary (PA #198) 1819-1873 elected Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment the vast wilderness. His father, Richard under the command of Colonel W. B. Geary, was well educated and refi ned for Roberts. his day. He had failed at the iron business Engineering Geary’s Highlanders departed in January and opened a school where he taught for Geary found work as an engineer for the 1847 down the Ohio River, with fl ags fl ying the remainder of his life. Geary’s mother, state of Kentucky on the Green River Rail amidst large crowds of enthusiastic well- Margaret White, hailed from Washington Road. Having obtained fi nancial security -wishers. After a long journey of 11 days County in Western Maryland. Geary grew to through land speculation and investment and several delays for repairs, the boat rea- be a giant in stature, reaching 6 feet 6 inches in Kentucky, he was able to return home to ched New Orleans where they would board tall, and weighed over 250 pounds. He Western Pennsylvania to pursue his engi- 3 a ship for Mexico. 7 had a sturdy and athletic physique, a long neering work. Geary kept a detailed diary of his expe- dark beard, dark piercing eyes, and a dark Employed by the Alleghany Portage Rail riences at war beginning in December 1846 complexion, all which gave Geary a most Road as assistant superintendent and engi- commanding presence. neer, he successfully produced the rail path at the outset of his service. His entries pre- Geary’s father educated his two survi- over and through the Alleghany Mountains sent an informed look at his Mexican War ving sons and sought to instill in them his to Pittsburgh from Philadelphia. His inge- service as well as the adventure, his travels, love of learning and an intense ambitious nious designs enabled the trains to be trans- duty, and sacrifi ce. quest for success. John White Geary, after a ported via inclines up and over the moun- After sailing many days in calm and fi rm preparation by his father’s school, en- tains. The same innovation later be came storm, cases of smallpox began to appear tered Jeff erson (now Washington & Jeff er- part of Pennsylvania’s famed Horseshoe among the men as their ship approached the son) College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. Curve. Geary’s designs attracted worldwide Mexican shore. Although the U.S. troops After his father’s death, Geary withdrew attention and brought many to marvel at his were to rendezvous on Los Lobos Island 4 from college to provide for the family by achievements. in preparation for General Winfi eld Scott’s opening his own school at the age of 15. By Among his many interests was military invasion of Mexico, an epidemic was feared working hard at a number of jobs (inclu- history. Geary joined the Pennsylvania and their ship was diverted to a quarantine ding teaching in a school he opened) and militia and rapidly rose in rank. He devoted station. following a thrifty lifestyle, Geary was able himself to improving the volunteer system, Geary remained with three of his com- to return to Jeff erson College and graduated. even representing the Cambria and Somerset panies until all signs of disease had dis- After graduation, Geary passed through a counties’ Brigade of the Twelfth Division appeared. Geary and his quarantined men period in which he experimented with a va- of the Pennsylvania militia as the elected fi nally reached Vera Cruz on April 12, 1847, brigadier general at the National Military riety of occupations including the mercanti- after the city had already fallen to Scott. 5 2 Convention in Washington D.C. in 1842. le trade, civil engineering, and law. Scott and the U.S. Army had already begun

10 LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 the advance to Mexico City. Geary and constitute an entire work by itself. His city debt was controlled and eventually his men had fi nally reached the rest of the sailing to Panama and perilous journey on eliminated.14 regiment on April 23 outside Jalapa. The to the Pacifi c at Panama City and his brave Geary’s wife had been in poor health Second Pennsylvania had already seen ac- and resolute battle with bandits and hostile since they departed for the West. After tion under Colonel Roberts at Cerro Gordo. natives, and struggle against sickness is all the birth of their second son, Willie, Mar- After some garrison duty, Geary and his the stuff of legends. After an epic adven- garet Anne Geary never fully recovered unit began the advance. Geary alternated ture, Geary and his family fi nally reached and Geary came to the realization that it in command of the advance guard, skir- in the middle of the legen- would be best to send his family home. mishing, and fulfi lling other offi cial duties. dary gold rush of 1849.10 Finally, in 1852, Geary decided to return Chafi ng at inactivity, Geary hoped to be Geary had been appointed Postmaster home to Pennsylvania temporarily but the sent forward, but news of an armistice of San Francisco and mail agent for the ensuing death of his wife and other rela- and peace treaty negotiations at the very Pacifi c Coast with authorization to estab- tives caused Geary to change his plan and gates of the city of Mexico soon dashed his lish U.S. Post Offi ces and name postmas- he decided to remain in Pennsylvania.15 He hopes. Peace negotiations failed how ever, ters for them. In addition, he was to lay out never returned to California. and General Scott was now forced to cap- mail routes ensuring security in the mail 11 ture the capital city. Geary, in command of delivery throughout California. Geary “Bleeding Kansas” his regiment as part of General John Quit- undertook his duties in San Francisco After the death of his wife, Geary threw man’s Brigade, was ordered to attack at with characteristic energy, effi ciency, and himself into farming and personal busi- Chapultepec. Here, he was slightly wound- management skill, which brought an order ness pursuits, fully intending to spend the ed and was present with the storming to the process and was admired by citizens rest of his life so engaged. However, his party as they captured the castle. Later, he for his successful operation. background and hard-earned experiences counted fi ve bullet holes in his uniform. Soon however, the Taylor administra- in education, engineering, and the law, Scott ordered Geary’s men onto the tion in Washington brought a new appoin- as a resolute and courageous war hero in Belen Gate, where they heroically fought. tee to Geary’s offi ce. In approbation of Mexico, as well as service as a successful The next day, the Mexicans raised the white Geary’s labors, he was thereafter elected politician and administrator in California, fl ag and the Second Pennsylvania was to the offi ce of Alcalde (the Mexican offi ce all begged further useful service, especially the fi rst command to enter Mexico City. of mayor and chief magistrate), the last in the gathering crises on the national Geary could be justifi ably proud of his in California history by the people of San scene. Geary’s devotion to his country and 8 Pennsylvani ans and his own service. Francisco, and shortly thereafter was also to his Democratic Party affi liation did not Peace was fi nally came early in 1848, appointed Judge of First Instance by U.S. go unnoticed in Washington. The admini- and Geary and his men triumphantly retur- Major-General Bennett C. Riley, military stration of Democrat Franklin Pierce, a 12 ned home, although there was an attempt governor of the territory. Mexican War comrade of Geary’s called on by a disgruntled rival to impugn Geary’s On May 1, 1850, in the fi rst election him to except the governorship of the con- record, but this eff ort was found baseless. under U.S. administration, Geary was tentious territory of Utah in 1855, which, The offi cers of his regiment and his supe- elected the Mayor of San Francisco by a however, Geary declined. riors all expressed high regard for Geary, large majority. In 1856, Pierce called Geary once again 9 his men, and the record of the regiment. During this period, the state constitu- to Washington to off er him the governor- tional convention met in Monterey. Geary ship of Kansas Territory. Since adoption Postmaster of San Francisco could not participate, as he was already of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Kansas had After only a brief return home, Geary strenuously engaged in his duties in San become a battleground between pro- and was appointed U.S. Postmaster in Cali- Francisco, but he exerted enough personal anti-slavery factions in the territory. Al- fornia by President James K. Polk, an ally infl uence on the delegates of that conven- ready two territorial governors had failed Geary had duly supported so resolutely in tion to insert the Free State Clause into the to quell the sectarian violence. President his election bid. This appointment seemed new constitution, essentially aligning Cali- Pierce prevailed upon a reluctant Geary 13 like a well-deserved recognition of his fornia with the Union and against slavery. to accept the offi ce on patriotic grounds stellar service in the Mexican War. At the age of 31, Geary declined a peti- and out of friendship to Pierce. Geary had Geary planned the arduous journey tion to run for a second term as mayor, but nothing to gain in accepting this diffi - via the Isthmus of Panama with his wife he accepted an appointment as president of cult trust. The territory was torn between and young son, Eddie. The story of the the Board of Commissioners of the Funded factions; support by federal authorities adventuresome journey to California could Debt and, under his astute direction, the was doubtful; the attempts of predecessors

LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 11 had miserably failed; there were even had attacked Hickory Point. Geary had to the introduction of slavery into the terri- death threats against anyone who attemp- contend with an invasion by a territorial tory. Without that support, Geary was a ted reconciliation. Geary was happy and militia of well-armed Missourians amoun- mere fi gurehead. prosperous at home. He was needed as a ting to almost 3,000 men. They moved to Geary’s impartial policies and fi rm en- single parent for his sons and as master of attack the Free State town of Lawrence, forcement of laws had brought peace to the his own self interests.16 which braced for the attack. Geary rushed territory. The pro-slavery Democrats now Despite his reservations, Geary excepted to confront the forces he found arrayed sought to bribe Geary to favor their cause the charge. He was assured of complete for battle. Bravely, he strode into the very with promises of future higher offi ce in the support by the national government, of the midst of the invaders and conferred with state government. Despite the off ers, Geary military and federal judiciary, and given their leaders. The fearless veteran of many remained fi rmly behind his stated policy. complete authority to govern to a single battles exhorted the militia to disperse. He Having averted a crisis by succeeding in charge, i.e., “…to maintain the public threatened to use the 300 federal troops disbanding the rival militias, and quieting peace, and to bring to Punishment against who were on hand. He accused the leaders confl icts in the state legislature, Governor all acts of violence or disorder by whom of acting against both Kansas and United Geary then addressed the legitimate albeit perpetrated and on what ever pretext.”17 States law, and in the name of the Presi- the pro-slavery legislature in Lecompton Based on the pleas of the President, dent of the United States, he ordered them in January 1857. In his address to the the needs of the nation, his devotion to to desist and withdraw. Seeing the wisdom assembly, Geary reiterated his resolute and liberty and assurance of support, Geary of the governor’s words, the force reluc- steadfast adherence to “equal and exact accepted the governorship. He arrived at tantly acceded and removed itself.20 justice,” and support for democratic prin- Fort Leavenworth on September 9, 1856. The new governor’s fi rm policies ciples. Geary also set forth several sound He appeared before the territorial legisla- brought the support of the army, without recommendations for civic improvements ture in Lacompton soon after and pledged which he could not have restored order. that were remarkable for their farsighted to govern faithfully and with impartiality Soon, a relative calm descended upon commonsense. under the provisions of the United States Kansas. Geary, however, had serious The legislature took little heed of Constitution and the Law of Kansas Terri- opposition to his administration. Most of Geary’s recommendations and passed a tory. He promised to administer equal and Pierce’s federal government appointees in number of measures antithetical to his poli- exact justice to all.”18 the territory were decidedly pro-slavery cy. The governor’s vetoes of these measu- Geary could hardly imagine the fi res- in sentiment and policy. These offi cials res were overridden forthwith. Geary was torm into which he was thrust. In steering wanted to ensure slavery in Kansas. After even subjected to the indignity of an armed a strict impartial course, the new governor Geary’s unequivocal and impartial stance, confrontation on the very fl oor of the built up resentment and resistance from they began an active campaign to thwart legislature, which immediately condemned both factions. the new governor. They sought to end free- Geary’s moderate resolution of protest. The partisan groups supported by their state immigration and to resist all eff orts of More unjust laws were followed by equally partisan press did not receive the the governor to enforce law and order. indignant vetoes, followed by legislative new governor or his policies with approv- Geary wrote to President Pierce in Sep- overrule. His governance was stymied. al or support. A campaign of vilifi cation tember 1856 complaining of the incompe- Geary wrote to President-elect Buchanan and slander against the new governor, tence, or worse, active undercutting of his in February to appeal for the new admin- unique even in that age of vitriol was now authority. Geary asked that several federal istration’s support against the evil machi- unleashed.19 Governor Geary ordered judges be removed and a new federal nations of the pro-slavery forces. Finally, the immediate disbandment of all armed marshall, attorney general, and secretary he stated that, “without said support, my groups roaming the territory, regardless of of state be appointed.21 All entreaties to usefulness here must be materially dimi- affi liation. President Pierce fell on deaf ears. It was nished, and the sooner I am relieved, the When pro-slavery forces from Missouri an election year and the Democrats had better will I be satisfi ed.”22 moved on the town of Lawrence yet again picked another candidate to run for presi- Finally convinced that Buchanan would as in the past, Geary threatened them with dent, Pennsylvanian James Buchanan, who no more support fair popular sovereignty the use of federal troops, a sign of resolute had no record on Kansas. It soon became any more than Pierce did and frustrated strength that seemed to stagger the Mis- clear to Geary that instead of receiving the by the constant battles against partisan sourians. Later, Geary demonstrated his support for his eff orts in Kansas, in fact, offi cials and a hostile legislature, Governor impartiality and dedication to his pledge the Pierce administration was undermining Geary sent in his resignation on the day of by capturing Free State marauders, who him and his policies and actively sought Buchanan’s inauguration, March 4, 1857.23

12 LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 Geary left Kansas hurriedly, never to in obvious remembrance of his brave men men bravely held the right fl ank of Gen- return. Despite his best eff orts to remain of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment in eral Meade’s army on Culp’s Hill while true to his principles and fulfi ll his charge, Mexico; and that respected British Army steadfastly resisting heavy assaults by the Geary had been thwarted. Later, he wrote, unit of renown). The regiment was quickly enemy. “I have learned more of the depravity of assigned to fi eld service under General After the costly Union defeat at Chicka- my fellow man than I ever before knew. Banks in Western Maryland guarding the mauga in Northern Georgia in September I have thought my California experience Potomac River border with secessionist 1863, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps was strong, but I believe my Kansas exper- Virginia; and securing the railroad and of the Army of the Potomac, including ience cannot be beaten.”24 canal connections to the West. Geary’s White Stars were detached and In October 1861, Geary and his men sent to join General Grant and Sherman’s War of the Rebellion saw their fi rst action at Bolivar Heights army besieged in Chattanooga. Geary had returned to his home to above Harpers Ferry. The winter was spent The army took advantage of General resume his life and enterprises, recoup his guarding, patrolling, and in constructing Geary’s experience as a railroad engineer shattered health, and observe the political projects. Early in 1862, Geary and the and he was entrusted with management of disputes that threatened to erupt into Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania crossed the important aspects of the unique and monu- open confl ict. In late 1857, Geary met a Potomac River and captured the rebel mental transfer of two entire Army Corps young widow at a Harrisburg reception. stronghold of Leesburg. As a reward for by rail from one theater of operations to She was Mary Church Henderson of his admirable service, in recognition of another. In less than two weeks, the force Carlisle Pennsylvania. After a brief court- his experience and military skill, Geary had traveled from Virginia and reached ship, they married. Soon thereafter, the was promoted to Brigadier General in the Tennessee in a timely manner. Geary was couple welcomed their fi rst child, Mary.25 United States Volunteer Army on April assigned the military governorship of Upon hearing of the fi ring on Fort Sum- 25, 1862. He was immediately assigned Murfreesboro, Tennessee for a time after ter, Geary was instantly at work recruiting to command the First Brigade in Banks’ arrival there in deference to his administra- troops for the cause of Union. He reques- Corps containing his own former regiment. tive experience. ted from the War Department and received On August 9, 1862, Geary and his On the evening of October 27, 1863 authority to raise a regiment for the federal brigade were engaged at the battle of Cedar General Geary left with a small force to service, and journeyed to Philadelphia, Mountain against the Confederates under defend the critical valley approach to Chat- second most populous city in the nation Stonewall Jackson. In this action, Geary tanooga where he was attacked by superior and fertile ground for recruiting troops. was severely wounded, almost losing his numbers of Confederates. Called the Battle He established a camp of rendezvous and right arm to amputation. After convales- of Wauhatchie, Geary’s men stood heroi- training in Oxford Park in the Frankford cence at his home, General Geary returned cally and repelled the repeated assaults of section of the city. to the army. He was promoted to command a desperate enemy. General Geary’s own Knowing of Geary’s background, of the Second Division of the newly desig- son Eddie, who was an offi cer in Knap’s experience and vaunted reputation as a nated Twelfth Corps under General Slo- Battery, was involved in the intense fi ght war hero, 66 separate companies from cum. Geary was continuously in command and killed in action. Eddie Geary died in 26 throughout the Commonwealth applied for of this famed division through to the end of his father’s arms. acceptance into his regiment. Geary was War and established an enviable reputation At Lookout Mountain, Geary reques- authorized a 15-company unit, divided for meritorious service in many bloody ted of his commander that he lead the into three battalions. Geary was able to confl icts. Named the White Star Division assault. In a bold attack led from the front pick the best organizations and quickly after the designation of a star insignia by General Geary, the White Stars fought assembled the men, even having enough for the corps in the Army of the Potomac their way to the summit, securing the vital men to create a battery of artillery attached beginning in March 1863, the White Star position for the . This action is to the regiment (later known as Knap’s Second Division of the Twelfth Army often called the Battle above the Clouds, Battery, named for the patron who donated Corps would prove itself a fi ne fi ghting as the forces passed through fog-shrouded the guns to the battery). Geary’s regiment force in all the battles in which it was layers to reach the summit. When Geary’s was mustered into federal service on June en gaged in both the eastern and western battle fl ags waved from the top of the 28, 1861 and designated numerically the theaters of operations during the Civil War. mountain, they were greeted by thunderous Twenty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Geary’s White Stars were heavily cheers from the soldiers waiting below in Volunteers (which Geary called his Amer- en gaged at Chancellorsville and at Get- the valley. ican Highlanders and Cold Stream Guard tysburg. It was at Gettysburg that Geary’s

LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 13 In the opening spring campaign of 1864, the Civil War was over and won. The tical games, however, negotiating with the as part of Sherman’s army, the White Star Union was preserved. Democrats while allowing himself to be Division formed part of the newly created General Geary proudly marched at the courted by the Cameron political machi- Twentieth Corps and marched out to cut head of his victorious troops in the Grand ne. Many doubted Geary’s sincerity and the Confederacy in two. General Geary and Review of the Western Army in Washing- loyalty to the Republican Party, but he was his men were engaged in almost contin- ton D.C. on May 24, 1865. Geary’s old nevertheless nominated to run for gover- uous battle all the way to Atlanta, taking regiment, the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania nor on the Republican (National Union) a leading role in every action in which Volunteers was with him all through the ticket.29 Friends and associates maintained they participated. At the pivotal battle of war and up to disbandment in June 1865. that Geary’s change in party affi liation Peachtree Creek at the gates to the city of Geary’s regiments were the fi rst to reen- was due to his war experiences and abhor- Atlanta, Geary’s men found themselves in list for the duration of the war as veteran rence of slavery.30 Geary fi nally accepted the very vortex of the Confederate attack. volunteers. No regiment once assigned the Republican nomination and began an Their lines began to waver when one of to Geary’s command ever left until duly active and vitriolic campaign against his Geary’s trusted staff offi cers, Capt. Thomas mustered out of service at the expiration of Democratic opponent. The campaign re- Elliott of the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, its term. volved around the question of treatment of waded into the midst of the troops just on Major General Geary lost thousands the South and President Johnson’s policies, the verge of collapse. He seized a battle of troops as casualties of war under his as well as domestic concerns, treatment of fl ag from the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, command, but he showed himself willing business, and the railroads. then rallied the men to stand and hold the to endure the same dangers and hardships Election appeals were made to the re- center of the line. Elliott fell here, ren- as his men. He demanded obedience; he turned veterans of the Union to support the dering invaluable heroic service. Geary led from the front, and suff ered fatigue, Republican ticket. Even General Grant had changed front to meet the heavy assault and wounds, and the loss of his own son in an opinion on the election. Grant told the led his men to victory.27 defense of the United States. General Chicago Republican newspaper, “to ask After the capture of Atlanta, General Geary ended his army career by serving any soldier to vote for such a man (Demo- Sherman determined on a bold March to on a military tribunal which tried Major crat Heister Clymer), of at one time known the Sea, severing the Confederacy and Henry Wirz, commandant of the notorious disloyalty, against another who had served opening contact to the coast held by Union Andersonville prisoner of war camp for through four years in the Union army with forces and to navy supply lines. Geary war crimes. Wirz was found guilty and credit to himself and benefi t to his country, marched at the head of one of the march hanged in Washington in December 1865, was gross insult.”31 The election was de- columns as the army approached the rebel thus closing out the war. cided on October 2, 1866 in favor of John stronghold of Savannah, Georgia. General White Geary. He had defeated Clymer by Geary hurried a part of his command into Governor of Pennsylvania over 17,000 votes. Geary was inaugurated Savannah and the city soon surrendered. Returning home after four full years of governor at Harrisburg on January 15, Because of his bold initiative and vigi- war, Geary contemplated his life and fu- 1867. lance at Savannah, Geary was rewarded ture. In the spring of 1866, the politicians As governor, Geary enjoyed two terms by Gen eral Sherman, who made Geary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania of successful administration. His policies military governor of the city. On January turned their thoughts to the gubernatorial were sound, and the state enjoyed prosperi- 12, 1865 General Geary was promoted to election and a replacement for the popular ty and progress. He had reduced the public major general “for fi tness to command and war governor, Andrew Gregg Curtin. Soon debt, increased revenues, and created a 28 promptness to execute.” the name of John White Geary was receiv- In this spring campaign of 1865, the ing much attention. Geary had been a army advanced north through the Caroli- lifelong Democrat, but the party had fallen nas in pursuit of the fl eeing Confederate from favor as a result of the war. army of Joe Johnston. Geary was in the Geary now became associated with vanguard of the Union army once again leaders of the Republican Party, such as leading his White Star Division in action at Representative John Covode and party Averasboro and Bentonville, North Caroli- boss and former Secretary of War, Simon na; and Geary was nearby when Johnston Cameron. Geary was playing his own poli- surrendered his army to Union forces on April 26 near Durham Station. For Geary, Geary as Governor of Pennsylvania, 1872.

14 LOYAL LEGION HISTORICAL JOURNAL / WINTER 2018 healthy business climate. Geary’s admin- Having been out of offi ce after two 15 Giant. p. 86 istration provided for assistance to the terms for only a brief period, the state and 16 Lives. p. 472; Giant. p. 87; Tinckom. p. less fortunate, and he helped to reform the nation were shocked to learn of the sudden 58. laws to the benefi t of the citizenry. Geary’s and unexpected death of the great man 17 Gihon, John H. M.D., Geary and place in the history of the government was on the morning of February 8, 1873. He Kansas. Private Secretary of Governor now well earned. was only 54 years old. After a large and Geary. Governor Geary’s Administration in Kansas:. 1857 p. 373-745; Giant. p. 91; impressive state funeral, he was laid to rest Tinckom. p. 60.; Etcheson, Nicole. Black- A Character Larger than Life in Harrisburg Cemetery overlooking the -White. Slavery. Liberty: The Kansas Civil Susquehanna River. Few men had ever had War.. North & South Magazine. September Despite the sterling qualities and such an impact on the events of their own 2000. Vol. 3, Nr. 7 p. 48. remarkable character of a truly unique in- days. Wherever trouble or a crisis seemed 18 Geary, John W. “Governor Geary’s dividual continuously placed in the vortex imminent, Geary seemed to appear and Administration.” Kansas Historical Collec- of events leading to momentous changes tion, 1886-1888 4 (1890): 373-745.; Etche- play a critical role in the outcome. John in history, John White Geary was fi rst and son, Nicole. Black-White. Slavery. Liberty: White Geary excelled in so many diverse foremost a politician,32 beset by ambition The Kansas Civil War. North & South fi elds and succeeded in accomplishing so Magazine. September 2000. Vol. 3, Nr. 7 p. as large as the man himself. much in his 54 years that one can only 48; Lives. p. 474; Tinckom. p. 65; 87. General Geary was recognized by conclude that Geary was indeed a giant of 19 Tinckom. p. 67. his commanders for his administrative his times. ֍ abilities, if not for his skill on the battle- 20 Giant. p. 95; Tinckom. p. 74. fi eld, and his executive experiences as 21 Giant. p. 96; Tinckom. p. 94-96. 1 Armor, William C. Lives of the Gover- an elected offi cial. He had functioned as nors of Pennsylvania. James K. Simon. 22 Giant. p. 99; Tinckom. p. 97. a military governor in the Mexican War Philadelphia. 1873. pgs. 466-467 (herea- 23 Lives. p. 475; Giant. p. 99; Tinckom. p. and had acted as the governor of Kansas fter: Lives.); Geary, Mary DeForest. John 97. Territory before the war. After transfer to White Geary: A Giant in Those Days. 1980. pgs 2-3 (hereafter: Giant); Tinckom, 24 Giant. p. 100; Tinckom. p. 98. the western army, Geary was appointed Harry Marlin. John White Geary, Soldier- 25 Giant. p. 103. commandant at Murfreesboro, Tennes- -Statesman. Philadelphia, 1940. pgs 1-2 26 Bates, Samuel P. Martial Deeds of see; garrison commander at the Atlanta, (hereafter: Tinckom); Blair, William Alan, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. T. H. Davis Georgia; and military governor of Savan- Editor. A Politician Goes to War: The Civil War Letters of John White Geary. & Co., 1876. pgs. 629-640; Lives. p. 486; nah. By all accounts, he performed well University Park, 1995. p. xvii (hereafter: Politician. p. 133; Giant. p. 170; Tinckom. in these duties. Geary was characterized Politician). p. 109. in the history of Westmoreland County, 2 Lives. p. 467; Giant. p. 6; Tinckom. p. 2. 27 Lives. p. 483; Politician. p. 183; Giant. Pennsylvania as “a man of executive abili- p. 193; Tinckom. p. 110. 3 Lives. p. 468; Giant. p. 10-11; Tinckom. ty and of great energy rather than a man of p. 2-3. 28 Bates, Samuel P. Martial Deeds of brilliant intellectual powers.”33 Although Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. T. H. Davis 4 Lives. p. 468; Giant. p. 10-11; Tinckom. & Co., 1876. pgs. 629-640; Lives. p. 484; he had shortcomings—a less than amiable p. 3-4. Politician. p. 224; Giant. p. 208; Tinckom. personality, a propensity to exaggerate his 5 Giant. p. 15; Tinckom. p. 6. p. 111. own accomplishments, and an immense 6 Lives. p. 468; Giant. p. 16; Tinckom. p. 6. 29 Lives. p. 485; Giant. p. 219; Tinckom. ego and ambition—Geary had excelled in p. 113. 7 Giant. p. 17; Tinckom. p. 7. every fi eld in which he chose to work. He 30 Lives. p. 485; Giant. p. 223; Tinckom. was a patriot who loved his country and 8 Lives. p. 469; Giant. p. 36; Tinckom. p. p. 114. 33. volunteered to fi ght in two wars to support 31 Politician. p. xiii; Giant. p. 234; Tin- his nation. 9 Lives. p. 469; Politician. p. xvii; Giant. ckom. p. 141. p. 46; Tinckom. p. 40. John White Geary was indeed a patriot 32 Politician. p. ix; Coulter, Richard: Ri- who loved his country. He was also a dedi- 10 Lives. p. 469; Giant. p. 48; Tinckom. p. chard Coulter Papers,1827-1908, William cated member of the Democratic Party, 42. L. Clements Library, The University of Michigan; Mexican War Collections. who nevertheless wholeheartedly support- 11 Lives. p. 469; Tinckom. p. 47-48. Typescript Journal, 1847 January 1-1848 ed the war eff ort against rebellion. By all 12 Lives. p. 470; Giant. p. 65; Tinckom. p. July 14 100 pages. evidence, he was against slavery, but was 48-49. 33 Politician. p. xiii; Boucher, John N. no abolitionist. As a staunch Presbyter- 13 Lives. p. 471; Giant. p. 68; Tinckom. p. History of Westmoreland County, Pennsyl- ian, he came naturally to his aversion to 51. vania, Lewis Publishing Co. 1906. slavery and had personally witnessed the 14 Lives. p. 471; Giant. p. 77; Tinckom. p. excesses of the “peculiar institution.” 56

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