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1 2005JHA....36..359R © Acknowledgments for for I REFERENCES this tory and Kurmu§ 10. 5. 6. 9. 7. 2. 4. 8. 3. l. Science would their For Whence this Though Recently For N. Shank, Swerdlow, On G. article librarians of J. M. Bessarion's Copernicus's accounts Science and Copernicus's fictionalism", a depends death. cxvii Trebizond, in astrology cit. history the Book the violations to theoretical heliocentric the Mathematical support straightforward (Ottoman: (Ankara, Venus, whatever would 1984), article Toomer, like suggestions (Bursa), proto-Tychonic History Swerdlow, heliocentric Book op. considerable (ref. completed Sun), Commentariolus was a the B. (1973), rejection XII.l-2 to op. For cit. 54-64, seem and cosmology astronomy in QushjT: of Regiomontanus's indicate 1 in medieval reading Samarqand and 260-89; ), space Marilyn his Commentariolus, ihsan 1463, Ptolemy's model fell in encouraging see 185. is derivation I), arose It Almagest op. M. its motivation falconer. not with encouragement. If is ("Copernicus to 471. xxxiii Swerdlow (hay'a). 'Ali circular Copernicus ku~ Good while the H. worth that All true, to of cit. Goldstein Fazlioglu, that the director, access from allowed E. Islamic in would commentary", his Shank, the on Epitome Ogilvie reaching (Ottoman: S. (ref. Qushji Ottomans the school nesting remaining (2002), Copernicus's resulted this summaries (New and sources, his science, noting introduction Kennedy, I motion, Goldstein's the " was for and 1), still Epitome, to world insistence would • in "Regiomontanus first agrees devotes depending writing L. and York and Provided 472-5. hypothesis, their was most his exploring 219-35) and that Neugebauer, and rely, David in a in J. draft x or qush) thus fellow (Aldershot the observatory, an decision problem" "The make (2002), first can that and Daston, 1461. Proceedings lack My Bessarion deficiencies of as Kerry collections: Regiomontanus in which of position, De intersection to upon origin of placing argued ancient the be that printed Berlin, the is instead King, the has heritage thereof, gratitude Swerdlow's Copernicus's revolutionibus alternative by at since found the mathematical 179-207, the in Epitome, is work Commentariolus, Magruder argued op. of the was and on the provided favour the was by Turkish distance-period though him and 1984), in see: his Sally upon the Ptolemy, cit. inN. !!f see of Max foremost Brookfield, to Swerdlow, subject of NASA 1496 originally heliocentric firmly are, latter Nevzat the Ulugh medieval that his A. extends (ref. orbs pp. Swerdlow, of the see models reconstruction 555 plausible, M. Ragep, planetary American Planck word Say1h, alternative in (2 Copernicus's transformation 184-5. of much (Oklahoma). just Swerdlow 1), violated of physical (specifically Swerdlow Venice, within Astrophysics Beg", (n. in parts, course, the 51. upon from Kaya VT, for cosmology. his had as 2). as the relationship The later current op. system", Swerdlow and Institute well in has theory: falcon mind the well 1998), XI; the New Philosophical after the orbs, to mathematical the right observatory idem, cit. De and (Istanbul), problematic and little, tradition Noel do former as my only propositions Black motivation those around Regiomontanus's York to (ref. from a article. revolutionibus. and Neugebauer, consideration or A with 0. environment Research Journal.fi!r Astronomy For the own. Data after for for has if translation hawk; astronomical Neugebauer, Swerdlow of 1), i. Sea for any, and Swerdlow, the of geocentric Ptolemy's Fazhoglu, curators translated 1510. the Mars 437. rejecting in the Society, models, town System Islamic since planets Orner Berlin, for textual ku~~u found Islam His­ 369 Sun, and for and But op. the the of of of A it 2005JHA....36..359R © 370 31. 30. 29. 28. 26. 27. 24. 25. 21. 22. 20. 23. 13. 19. 16. 12. 11. 18. 17. 15. 14. Science A F. F. This The In Hypothesis E. For For Fazhoglu, Saliba, See Saliba, Swerdlow, Needless Ibid., Ibid. For C.f E. possible J. J. Ragep, S. S. Toomer, an an Ragep, xii.l reference an be by 0. for of of a cannot lettering and There and a encyclopaedia ansiklopedisi, Ragep, 47-48, translation. Studies historical ara~tzrmalar, positions passage Encyclopedia "Osmanh (200 world xvi 1996), 149-50. work and Kennedy, 475-6 Kennedy, case History fifteenth account AI- elaboration op. Ulugh op. verified. C. overview, Neugebauer, Mercury", (2001), in his of F. to I), op. Kashl op. Burnett has transmission cit. (ref. op. of cit. is Arabic, i, "Freeing J. be say, translates the 55). in "~a<;ll-zade Islamic (n. op. 145-63 in no 58-127. does borrowing, in cit. is Ragep, cit. Beg", the (ref. remarks", been discounted. cit. of (ref. felsefe-biliminin question century "Ulugh Almagest 10), Publications Ltd. 8). to the 49-71 "A Cf Qushjl's But implication cit. on Qushjl's (ref. Islamic (ref. xiv/1 al-Tuf:zfa ed. (ref. see of et not Arabic the of 17), letter of similarity Toomer, 17), scientific edited predecessors X. ( the in (ref. astronomy al. the espec. A 'Tusl by this astronomers, a~·l, correspond 16), meaning G. 11). (espec. Beg Studies court", 1), through 172 history occurs Rfunl'', (2003), (Leiden, role 166. E. history Filoz()f5ki diagram one exact (Toomer, of 3), life, Saliba, point, sciences which 472. and I (,:alaroglu al-Shahiyya and (English as Jamshld 156-7). present of ofBessarion op. ix.S, might life in see scientist", 61-63). translated Orientalia, sciences in in the is from Copernicus: of Italy The ()f orientation 1-66; cit. see arkaplam: in 2004), bk. in (including have the to i. "Arabic 'basis', 442 Arabic ancient op. modern vestnik, and ed. speculate tum ", Fazhoglu, (ref. evidence encyclopaedia the translation), F. has ii, philosophy: al-Kashl history (Istanbul, F. • and cit. been and by ch. J. philosophy: (Beirut, (The Provided Arabic. 810-24. was been Jamil 3), by in Ragep, in especially science, T. xxix (ref. G. 8. planetary mathematical xxv sense of n. idem, removed Semerkand transmitting 23-24. G. The QushjT) Hockey royal The of used that indicating Saliba, advanced the 38. to "Ali Saliba, 3), 1999), (2004), (1960), 1983), the Ragep Earth's his 194 An of work "Copernicus Historia two diagrams Astronomy the For ed. gift) to 555). Ku~~u", of exact sciences by A hypothesis, that regarding father: aspect for (Springer/Kluwer, (Arabic translate "Reform theories additional Islam by historicaljournal, i, 722-44. an "Al-Qushjl's as by the (Swerdlow 191-213; 125-42. 216-19 a matematik-astronomi visual motion upon materials R. a informed astronomy possible Qu\b mathematica, whole oflslamic in Rashed Scientific NASA (Leiden, and text); Yasamlan which after the the q: and of simplification. is and al-Dln epicycle and i.e. in Ptolemaic astrology reprinted has striking. M. question Greek to in context", connection his and I discussion idem, (3 a reform the Astrophysics have something Peurbach 2004), honour Bagheri, (3 not tentative influence research vols, al-Shlrazl Islamic Neugebauer, forthcoming). vols, eleventh ve xxiv iii been !m68£cn<;. slightly "Qushjl'', If yapztlanyla in of of in ( London astronomy xii, Science one 1993), eccentric of (1997), One E. the the New "A the edited between predecessors: theory and of okulu", and on David else 502. S. accepts (1236-1311). newly modified medieval Earth's this century Ptolemaic caveat: science", Regiomontanus in Kennedy York, personalities 161-203. and op. Both is Data in or 241-56. Biographical that passage, Pingree, constructed. in context, Copernicus at printed, Osmanhlar found Divan cit. New that the rotation. the in the 1975), AD", needs Saliba's System Islamic (ref. Osiris, model Greek this initial Some et York, Latin court letter ilmi The al., but see xiv ed. I), to in at is i, 2005JHA....36..359R © 38. 36. 35. 32. 37. 34. 33. Science The This Qusbjl Equator For Referring One the A: accompanying the allow find, felt eccentric describes assign diagram, also of centre f. orientation. appropriate. and can lower concentric issue F. the this here moves moves prove i.e. retrograde motion models, LQES. would is History 132a J. evidently Qushji so the apogee; eccentric Almagest Almagest in translates adjust chapter figure that Ragep, a among since of to for planets that the parallel Sun's of the normally (east with is the but the since one both world. model speculates here, counter-sequential order same the the motion in deferent £: LSET= Publications Ltd. Na~Ir Journal has counter-sequentially (MS has Tl1sl other text to the mean model text.) 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LGSK= the eccentric Tadhkirafi the motion the to as in signs, into missing translated with ofthe can (or planets, and equal the motion used • it at all two to "This memoir ofArabic is is two Provided Ptolemy be first motion so east) Sun, three and both of that, in its possible and in here; to centre", a motion to that For used the models the line figure motion separate mind, single occur glance and the 'ilm the which by with like equal of on Regiomontanus models G: manuscripts the an epicyclic see epicyclic of EK.) for science. Robert anomaly; mean had retrogradation astronomy motion epicyclic al-hay'a for the eccentric is which of centre) 180° eccentric i.e. the diagram Ragep, of by one both is to is in representations. anomaly. It denied the upper both contrary equal of motion simultaneously, the the the motion apart. is might Morrison anomaly. the an of is lower model also must Sun's treatise as op. by the perigee/perigee; an with for NASA anomaly planets, model equator (2 model to centre the This with Na~lr adaptation think of reproduced cit. upper vols, to the (or both planets to be essentially is possibility mean the observation. and occur A (ref. But written motion will sequential motion would the ofthe LKES; ofthe that al-Dln they Astrophysics New on the mean and (see will upper as motion, work as 32), the "mean epicyclic at the of would lower York, lower be Qushjl epicycle. 0. it by conjunction of of a appear al-Tflsl Sun in surface a epicyclic of HT: the ii, is the second for Pedersen, diagram planets, anomaly. centre) master and the Looking for 414,437-8. an motion" planets, while 1993), while thereupon planets same case the retrograde shows and eccentric equal eccentric the in (1201-74). of Perhaps lower time a Data "Ali if is model the the others." lettering the the a that forthcoming i, whereas at one A (See that namely sequential, sphere below, to 138-9.) was the in Qnshjl survey eccentric eccentric eccentric eccentric one planets. undergo the System were arc; model, for MS Qushjl Qushjl would below above more 371 (See may sum and and one the the the H, 0: In of to to