NO LIMITS to BORROWING: the CASE of BAI and CHINESE Yeon-Ju Lee, Laurent Sagart
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De Sousa Sinitic MSEA
THE FAR SOUTHERN SINITIC LANGUAGES AS PART OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (DRAFT: for MPI MSEA workshop. 21st November 2012 version.) Hilário de Sousa ERC project SINOTYPE — École des hautes études en sciences sociales [email protected]; [email protected] Within the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) linguistic area (e.g. Matisoff 2003; Bisang 2006; Enfield 2005, 2011), some languages are said to be in the core of the language area, while others are said to be periphery. In the core are Mon-Khmer languages like Vietnamese and Khmer, and Kra-Dai languages like Lao and Thai. The core languages generally have: – Lexical tonal and/or phonational contrasts (except that most Khmer dialects lost their phonational contrasts; languages which are primarily tonal often have five or more tonemes); – Analytic morphological profile with many sesquisyllabic or monosyllabic words; – Strong left-headedness, including prepositions and SVO word order. The Sino-Tibetan languages, like Burmese and Mandarin, are said to be periphery to the MSEA linguistic area. The periphery languages have fewer traits that are typical to MSEA. For instance, Burmese is SOV and right-headed in general, but it has some left-headed traits like post-nominal adjectives (‘stative verbs’) and numerals. Mandarin is SVO and has prepositions, but it is otherwise strongly right-headed. These two languages also have fewer lexical tones. This paper aims at discussing some of the phonological and word order typological traits amongst the Sinitic languages, and comparing them with the MSEA typological canon. While none of the Sinitic languages could be considered to be in the core of the MSEA language area, the Far Southern Sinitic languages, namely Yuè, Pínghuà, the Sinitic dialects of Hǎinán and Léizhōu, and perhaps also Hakka in Guǎngdōng (largely corresponding to Chappell (2012, in press)’s ‘Southern Zone’) are less ‘fringe’ than the other Sinitic languages from the point of view of the MSEA linguistic area. -
Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese
Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2020 Committee: Zev Handel William Boltz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2020 Grainger Lanneau University of Washington Abstract Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor Zev Handel Asian Languages and Literature Middle Chinese glottal stop Ying [ʔ-] initials usually develop into zero initials with rare occasions of nasalization in modern day Sinitic1 languages and Sino-Vietnamese. Scholars such as Edwin Pullyblank (1984) and Jiang Jialu (2011) have briefly mentioned this development but have not yet thoroughly investigated it. There are approximately 26 Sino-Vietnamese words2 with Ying- initials that nasalize. Scholars such as John Phan (2013: 2016) and Hilario deSousa (2016) argue that Sino-Vietnamese in part comes from a spoken interaction between Việt-Mường and Chinese speakers in Annam speaking a variety of Chinese called Annamese Middle Chinese AMC, part of a larger dialect continuum called Southwestern Middle Chinese SMC. Phan and deSousa also claim that SMC developed into dialects spoken 1 I will use the terms “Sinitic” and “Chinese” interchangeably to refer to languages and speakers of the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. 2 For the sake of simplicity, I shall refer to free and bound morphemes alike as “words.” 1 in Southwestern China today (Phan, Desousa: 2016). Using data of dialects mentioned by Phan and deSousa in their hypothesis, this study investigates initial nasalization in Ying-initial words in Southwestern Chinese Languages and in the 26 Sino-Vietnamese words. -
Reconstructing the *S- Prefix in Old Chinese
LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 13.1:29-59, 2012 2012-0-013-001-000034-1 Reconstructing the *s- Prefix in Old Chinese Laurent Sagart1 and William H. Baxter2 CRLAO1 University of Michigan2 This paper presents the treatment of the Old Chinese *s- prefix in the Baxter- Sagart system of Old Chinese reconstruction. The main functions of the prefix are to increase the valency of verbs and to derive oblique deverbal nouns. The phonetic evolutions to Middle Chinese of *s- with different kinds of OC root initials are discussed. Two salient features of the proposed system are (1) that *s- plus plain sonorants go to MC s- or sr-, and (2) that s- preceding voiced obstruents becomes voiced. Problems within a competing proposal by Mei Tsu-Lin, in which OC *s- devoices both sonorants and voiced obstruents, are pointed out. Key words: Old Chinese, reconstruction, morphology, s- prefix Mei Tsu-Lin (2012) presents a theory that an Old Chinese (OC) causative and denominative prefix *s-, of Sino-Tibetan (ST) origin, is responsible for two kinds of alternation in Middle Chinese (MC): an alternation between sonorants and voiceless obstruents and another between voiced and voiceless stops. An example of the first alternation is (in Mei’s reconstruction; our Middle Chinese notation is added in square brackets): (1) 滅 *mjiat > mjat [mjiet] ‘extinguish, destroy’ 烕 *s-mjiat > xjwat [xjwiet] ‘to cause to extinguish, destroy’ (Mei’s gloss) Examples of the second are: (2) 敗 *brads > bwai [baejH] ‘ruined, defeated’ *s-brads > pwai [paejH] ‘to ruin, to defeat’ 別 *brjat > bjat [bjet] ‘to be different, leave’ *s-brjat > pjat [pjet] ‘to divide, to separate’ Mei’s theory has the advantage of simplicity: an *s- prefix devoices both sonorants and voiced obstruents, imparting a causative meaning to the derived words. -
Toponymic Culture of China's Ethnic Minorities' Languages
E/CONF.94/CRP.24 7 June 2002 English only Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 9 (c) of the provisional agenda* National standardization: treatment of names in multilingual areas Toponymic culture of China’s ethnic minorities’ languages Submitted by China** * E/CONF.94/1. ** Prepared by Wang Jitong, General-Director, China Institute of Toponymy. 02-41902 (E) *0241902* E/CONF.94/CRP.24 Toponymic Culture of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ Languages Geographical names are fossil of history and culture. Many important meanings are contained in the geographical names of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ languages. I. The number and distribution of China’s Ethnic Minorities There are 55 minorities in China have been determined now. 53 of them have their own languages, which belong to 5 language families, but the Hui and the Man use Chinese (Han language). There are 29 nationalities’ languages belong to Sino-Tibetan family, including Zang, Menba, Zhuang, Bouyei, Dai, Dong, Mulam, Shui, Maonan, Li, Yi, Lisu, Naxi, Hani, Lahu, Jino, Bai, Jingpo, Derung, Qiang, Primi, Lhoba, Nu, Aching, Miao, Yao, She, Tujia and Gelao. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and center of Southern China. There are 17 minority nationalities’ languages belong to Altaic family, including Uygul, Kazak, Uzbek, Salar, Tatar, Yugur, Kirgiz, Mongol, Tu, Dongxiang, Baoan, Daur, Xibe, Hezhen, Oroqin, Ewenki and Chaoxian. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and east of Northern China. There are 3 minority nationalities’ languages belong to South- Asian family, including Va, Benglong and Blang. These nationalities distribute mainly in Southwest China’s Yunnan Province. -
'Goose' Among Language Phyla in China and Southeast Asia
Citation Mark J. ALVES. 2015. Etyma for ‘Chicken’, ‘Duck’, & ‘Goose’ among Language Phyla in China & Southeast Asia Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8:39-55 URL http://hdl.handle.net/1885/16086 Reviewed Received 6/6/15, revised text accepted 11/10/2015, published October 2015 Editors Editor-In-Chief Dr Mark Alves | Managing Eds. Dr Peter Jenks, Dr Sigrid Lew, Dr Paul Sidwell Web http://jseals.org ISSN 1836-6821 www.jseals.org | Volume 8 | 2015 | Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ANU Copyright vested in the author; Creative Commons Attribution Licence ETYMA FOR ‘CHICKEN’, ‘DUCK’, AND ‘GOOSE’ AMONG LANGUAGE PHYLA IN CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Mark J. Alves Montgomery College <[email protected]> Abstract This paper considers the history of words for domesticated poultry, including ‘chicken’, ‘goose’, and ‘duck’, in China and mainland Southeast Asia to try to relate associated domestication events with specific language groups. Linguistic, archaeological and historical evidence supports Sinitic as one linguistic source, but in other cases, Tai and Austroasiatic1 form additional centers of lexical forms which were borrowed by neighboring phyla. It is hypothesized that these geographic regions of etyma for domesticated birds may represent instances of bird domestication, or possibly advances in bird husbandry, by speech communities in the region in the Neolithic Era, followed by spread of both words and cultural practices. Keywords: etymology, animal domestication, archaeology, Southeast Asia, China ISO 639-3 codes: aav, hmx, map, mch, mkh, och, sit 1 On Etyma for Domestic Birds in the Region: Borrowing and Onomatopoeia Cultural exchange often leads to lexical exchange, and it is thus probable that the borrowing of a word for a domesticated animal involves at least trade of the animal, and perhaps borrowing of related animal husbandry practices. -
The Survey on the Distribution of MC Fei and Xiao Initial Groups in Chinese Dialects
IALP 2020, Kuala Lumpur, Dec 4-6, 2020 The Survey on the Distribution of MC Fei and Xiao Initial Groups in Chinese Dialects Yan Li Xiaochuan Song School of Foreign Languages, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an, China /Henan Agricultural University e-mail: [email protected] Xi’an/Zhengzhou, China e-mail:[email protected] Abstract — MC Fei 非 and Xiao 晓 initial group discussed in this paper includes Fei 非, Fu groups are always mixed together in the southern 敷 and Feng 奉 initials, but does not include Wei part of China. It can be divided into four sections 微, while MC Xiao 晓 initial group includes according to the distribution: the northern area, the Xiao 晓 and Xia 匣 initials. The third and fourth southwestern area, the southern area, the class of Xiao 晓 initial group have almost southeastern area. The mixing is very simple in the palatalized as [ɕ] which doesn’t mix with Fei northern area, while in Sichuan it is the most initial group. This paper mainly discusses the first extensive and complex. The southern area only and the second class of Xiao and Xia initials. The includes Hunan and Guangxi where ethnic mixing of Fei and Xiao initials is a relatively minorities gather, and the mixing is very recent phonetic change, which has no direct complicated. Ancient languages are preserved in the inheritance with the phonological system of southeastern area where there are still bilabial Qieyun. The mixing mainly occurs in the southern sounds and initial consonant [h], but the mixing is part of the mainland of China. -
Sino-Tibetan Languages 393
Sino-Tibetan Languages 393 Gair J W (1998). Studies in South Asian linguistics: Sinhala Government Press. [Reprinted Sri Lanka Sahitya and other South Asian languages. Oxford: Oxford Uni- Mandalaya, Colombo: 1962.] versity Press. Karunatillake W S (1992). An introduction to spoken Sin- Gair J W & Karunatillake W S (1974). Literary Sinhala. hala. Colombo: Gunasena. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University South Asia Program. Karunatillake W S (2001). Historical phonology of Sinha- Gair J W & Karunatillake W S (1976). Literary Sinhala lese: from old Indo-Aryan to the 14th century AD. inflected forms: a synopsis with a transliteration guide to Colombo: S. Godage and Brothers. Sinhala script. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University South Asia Macdougall B G (1979). Sinhala: basic course. Program. Washington D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, Department Gair J W & Paolillo J C (1997). Sinhala (Languages of the of State. world/materials 34). Mu¨ nchen: Lincom. Matzel K & Jayawardena-Moser P (2001). Singhalesisch: Gair J W, Karunatillake W S & Paolillo J C (1987). Read- Eine Einfu¨ hrung. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ings in colloquial Sinhala. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Reynolds C H B (ed.) (1970). An anthology of Sinhalese South Asia Program. literature up to 1815. London: George Allen and Unwin Geiger W (1938). A grammar of the Sinhalese language. (English translations). Colombo: Royal Asiatic Society. Reynolds C H B (ed.) (1987). An anthology of Sinhalese Godakumbura C E (1955). Sinhalese literature. Colombo: literature of the twentieth century. Woodchurch, Kent: Colombo Apothecaries Ltd. Paul Norbury/Unesco (English translations). Gunasekara A M (1891). A grammar of the Sinhalese Reynolds C H B (1995). Sinhalese: an introductory course language. -
Peer Reviewed Title: Critical Han Studies: the History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority Author: Mullaney, Thoma
Peer Reviewed Title: Critical Han Studies: The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority Author: Mullaney, Thomas S. Leibold, James Gros, Stéphane Vanden Bussche, Eric Editor: Mullaney, Thomas S.; Leibold, James; Gros, Stéphane; Vanden Bussche, Eric Publication Date: 02-15-2012 Series: GAIA Books Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/07s1h1rf Keywords: Han, Critical race studies, Ethnicity, Identity Abstract: Addressing the problem of the ‘Han’ ethnos from a variety of relevant perspectives—historical, geographical, racial, political, literary, anthropological, and linguistic—Critical Han Studies offers a responsible, informative deconstruction of this monumental yet murky category. It is certain to have an enormous impact on the entire field of China studies.” Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania “This deeply historical, multidisciplinary volume consistently and fruitfully employs insights from critical race and whiteness studies in a new arena. In doing so it illuminates brightly how and when ideas about race and ethnicity change in the service of shifting configurations of power.” David Roediger, author of How Race Survived U.S. History “A great book. By examining the social construction of hierarchy in China,Critical Han Studiessheds light on broad issues of cultural dominance and in-group favoritism.” Richard Delgado, author of Critical Race Theory: An Introduction “A powerful, probing account of the idea of the ‘Han Chinese’—that deceptive category which, like ‘American,’ is so often presented as a natural default, even though it really is of recent vintage. A feast for both Sinologists and comparativists everywhere.” Magnus Fiskesjö, Cornell University eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. -
LOT Dissertation Series
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19983 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Scholz, Franziska Title: Tone sandhi, prosodic phrasing, and focus marking in Wenzhou Chinese Issue Date: 2012-10-18 References Alexiadou, Artemis. 1997. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Arvaniti, Amalia. 2003. Peak scaling in Greek and the role of declination. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences , Barcelona. 2269-2272. Avesani, Cinzia. 1987. Declination and sentence intonation in Italian. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 1(1). 8- 23. Baltazani, Mary. 2006. Focus, prosodic phrasing, and hiatus resolution in Greek. Laboratory Phonology 8 , ed. by Louis Goldstein, D.H. Whalen and Catherine T. Best, 473-494. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Baumann, Stefan, Johannes Becker, Martine Grice, and Doris Mücke. 2007. Tonal and articulatory marking of focus in German. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences , Saarbrücken. 1029-1032. Baumann, Stefan, Martine Grice, and Susanne Steindamm. 2006. Prosodic Marking of Focus Domains - Categorical or Gradient? Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Speech Prosody , Dresden. 301-304. Bishop, Jason. 2010. Information Structural Expectations in the Perception of Prosodic Prominence. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 108(1). 203-225. Boersma, Paul, and David Weenink. 2001. Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International 5(9/10). 341-345. Breen, Mara, Evelina Fedorenko, Michael Wagner, and Edward Gibson. 2010. Acoustic correlates of information structure. Language and Cognitive Processes 25(7). 1044-1098. 194 REFERENCES Breen, Mara, Duane G. -
Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women. -
Bibliography
276 Bibliography "China-Japan: Treaty Concerning Basic Rights," American Journal of International Law 35, no. 3 (1941): 125–128. Akami, Tomoko, "Japan's new empire and the Dōmei News Agency in occupied Southeast Asia, 1942-45," Japan Focus 13, 1. no. 3 (2015): 1–28. Al-Ali, Nadje and Nicola Pratt, What Kind of Liberation? Women and the Occupation of Iraq (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009). American Information Committee, Japan's Cultural Aggression in Asia: A General Study of Methods and Results (Shanghai: American Information Committee, 1939), 13. Anon, "Fang Junbi nüshi ji hua chuban" [A collection of paintings by Ms Fan Tchunpi has been published], Nan Hua pinglun 3, no. 17 (December 1932): 8. _______, "Fang Junbi yuhua zhan jinri juxing yuzhan" [Preview of Fan Tchun-pi's exhibition of oil paintings starts today], Zhonghua ribao, May 4, 1945, 2. 277 _______, "Zhong-Ri funüjie de xiangqin xiang ai" [Mutual affection and love between Japanese and Chinese women], Xin Zhongguo 2, no. 11–12 (December 1939): no page numbers. _______, Quanguo meinü fengjing yuefenpai [Nationwide calendars of beauties and scenery] (Shanghai: Xin Zhonghua tushu gongsi, c.1940). _______, Xin Wuhan [New Wuhan] (Wuhan: Wuhan shi zhengfu, 1940). _______, "Fazhan zhong de hankou" [Developing Hankou], E bao 1 (November 1940): no page numbers. _______, "Hankou de jinjiao" [The environs of Hankou], E bao 2 (December 1940): no page numbers. _______, "Diyici huiyi jingguo" [Record of the first meeting], in Xuanchuanbu quanguo diyijie huiyi shilu [Record of the first national conference of the MoP), ed. Xuanchuanbu (Nanjing: Xuanchuanbu, 1941), 57–60. -
Issues in the Analysis of Chinese Tone Jie Zhang* Department of Linguistics, the University of Kansas
Language and Linguistics Compass 4/12 (2010): 1137–1153, 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00259.x Issues in the Analysis of Chinese Tone Jie Zhang* Department of Linguistics, The University of Kansas Abstract Chinese tone has played an important role in the development of phonological theory from dis- tinctive features and autosegmental phonology to Optimality Theory and its various adaptations. This article reviews some past and current issues in the analysis of Chinese tone and points out how the development of theoretical phonology has shaped the highs and lows of this research enterprise. To fruitfully proceed into the future, I plead to phonologists working in this area to cultivate a new respect for empirical data based on well-designed phonetic and psycholinguistic studies. This is necessitated by the observations that speakers’ knowledge of tone and tone sandhi may not be identical to their patterns in the lexicon, and impressionistic transcriptions, no matter how careful, can be inaccurate. Moreover, patterns of tone in Chinese are rich in variation, gradi- ence, and exceptions due to dialectal contact and the influence from the dominant Standard Chi- nese, and existing research has shown that the productivity of Chinese tone sandhi patterns is influenced by both categorical factors such as phonological opacity and gradient factors such as the phonetic nature and the frequency of usage of the sandhi. An empirical basis built around these issues will allow the study of Chinese tone to make continued contributions to the development of phonological theory and our understanding of speakers’ phonological knowledge. 1. Introduction It is well known that Chinese languages are tonal, in that the pitch with which a syllable is uttered can cue meaning differences.