L'évolution Des Fonctions Du Secrétaire Général De L'onu

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L'évolution Des Fonctions Du Secrétaire Général De L'onu L’évolution des fonctions du Secrétaire général de l’ONU Mémoire Hélène Sabalbal Maîtrise en droit - Maître en droit (LLM) Québec, Canada © Hélène Sabalbal, 2013 Résumé Aujourd‟hui, le Secrétaire général de l‟ONU est un acteur important sur la scène internationale notamment dans le domaine du maintien de la paix. Médiateur et chef des opérations de paix, il est devenu premier diplomate alors qu‟en 1945, lors de la création de la Charte de l‟ONU, il est présenté comme premier fonctionnaire de l‟Organisation. Il se voit déléguer des missions de plus en plus complexes comme la gestion d‟opérations multidimensionnelles et le commandement et contrôle de forces menant des actions coercitives. Cet élargissement de ses fonctions reste malgré tout licite, et se justifie, d‟une part, par la possibilité d‟interpréter de façon extensive la Charte qui lui attribue un rôle administratif et politique mais sans donner beaucoup de précisions aux dispositions concernant le Secrétaire général, et, d‟autre part, par le mécanisme des délégations permis dans le droit des organisations internationales qui donne la possibilité aux organes de déléguer certaines tâches. III Table des matières Résumé .................................................................................................................................. III Table des matières ................................................................................................................. V Remerciements ..................................................................................................................... IX Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Titre 1-L‟élargissement des fonctions du Secrétaire général à travers les possibilités d‟interprétation de la Charte de l‟ONU ............................................................................. 11 Chapitre 1- L‟interprétation de la Charte : un traité resté inchangé aux dispositions peu précises .......................................................................................................................... 11 Section1-L‟adaptation de la Charte aux évolutions de la société à travers le mécanisme d‟interprétation ........................................................................................ 12 Sous-section 1-La Charte s‟adapte aux évolutions de la société à travers le mécanisme de l‟interprétation ................................................................................ 12 Sous-section 2- La Charte est un traité soumis aux règles d‟interprétation de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités ........................................................ 13 Sous-section 3- Qui interprète la Charte? .............................................................. 14 Section 2-Les méthodes d‟interprétation ................................................................... 16 Sous-section 1-Les règles générales d‟interprétation ............................................. 16 a-La méthode textuelle ....................................................................................... 17 b-La méthode contextuelle ................................................................................. 18 c-La méthode téléologique et les pouvoirs implicites ........................................ 20 Sous-section 2-Les moyens complémentaires d‟interprétation .............................. 23 Chapitre 2- La double fonction conférée au SG par la Charte explicitement ............... 29 Section Les pouvoirs administratifs du plus haut fonctionnaire « serviteur » ........... 29 Section 2-Le pouvoir d‟initiative du Secrétaire général à travers ses fonctions politiques et diplomatiques ........................................................................................ 33 Chapitre 3- Le développement des fonctions diplomatiques du SG à travers l‟interprétation extensive de ses pouvoirs ..................................................................... 39 Section 1-Remarques générales sur les modes de règlement pacifique des différends notamment les modes non juridictionnels ................................................................. 39 Sous-section 1-La présentation des modes diplomatiques et juridiques de règlement pacifique des différends ........................................................................ 39 Sous-section 2-Remarques générales sur la négociation, la médiation et les bons offices ..................................................................................................................... 44 Section 2-L‟exercice des fonctions diplomatiques par le Secrétaire général ............ 50 Sous-section 1-L‟exercice de la médiation par le Secrétaire général à la demande des organes délibérants .......................................................................................... 50 Sous-section 2- L‟exercice de la médiation et des bons offices par la propre initiative du Secrétaire général ............................................................................... 52 Sous-section 3- L‟intervention du Secrétaire général à la demande des parties au différend ................................................................................................................. 57 Sous-section 4- L‟échec de certaines médiations du Secrétaire général et leurs causes ..................................................................................................................... 58 V Section 3-Les pouvoirs implicites développés par les Secrétaire généraux pour remplir leurs rôles de diplomate ................................................................................ 61 Sous-section1- Le droit de participer aux débats et aux travaux du Conseil de sécurité ................................................................................................................... 62 Sous-section 2- Le droit de recueillir des informations ......................................... 65 Sous-section 3-Le droit de procéder à des enquêtes .............................................. 69 Sous-section 4-Le droit de parler à travers la présentation de rapports ................. 73 Titre 2- Le droit des organisations internationales et le mécanisme de délégation entre le Secrétaire général et les autres organes chargés du maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales ................................................................................................................... 77 Chapitre 1- La délégation au Secrétaire général de fonctions exécutives dans le cadre des OMP consensuelles ................................................................................................. 77 Section1-L‟adaptation de l‟ONU aux failles du système de la sécurité collective ... 78 Sous-section1-L‟adaption des organisations internationales à l‟évolution de la société à travers la création d‟organes subsidiaires ............................................... 78 Sous-section 2- Les opérations de maintien de la paix sont des organes subsidiaires ............................................................................................................ 79 Section 2-Les fonctions du Secrétaire général dans le cadre des OMP .................... 81 Sous-section 1- Le Secrétaire général peut-il créer une OMP ? ............................ 81 Sous-section 2- Les résolutions relatives à la création d‟OMP et leur interprétation par le Secrétaire général ........................................................................................ 84 Sous-section 3 –Les responsabilités de gestion du Secrétaire général dans le cadre des opérations de maintien et leur Schéma ............................................................ 85 Chapitre 2-Le rôle du Secrétaire général dans le cadre du chapitre VII ....................... 91 Section1- La compétence du Conseil de sécurité de déléguer ses pouvoirs du Chapitre VII ............................................................................................................... 91 Sous-Section 1-Les règles générales régissant le processus de délégation de pouvoir dans les organisations internationales ...................................................... 91 Sous-section 2-Les bases légales justifiant la délégation des pouvoirs du chapitre VII au Secrétaire général ....................................................................................... 96 Section 2- Les règles encadrant l‟exercice des pouvoirs du chapitre VII par le Secrétaire général .................................................................................................... 100 Sous-section 1- Les limitations à l‟exercice des pouvoirs du chapitre VII par le Secrétaire général ................................................................................................ 100 Sous-section 2-L‟interprétation par le Secrétaire général des résolutions du chapitre VII et leur contrôle ................................................................................. 101 Section 3-Le rôle du Secrétaire général dans la mise en œuvre du chapitre VII .... 103 Sous-section1- La participation du Secrétaire général à la qualification des situations (art. 39) ................................................................................................ 104 Sous-section 2- Le commandement des opérations coercitives et enjeux futurs 106 Sous-section 3- La gestion d‟opérations multidimensionnelles .......................... 112 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................
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