Walter Gropius E a Bauhaus

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Walter Gropius E a Bauhaus Extraído de: [http://educaterra.terra.com.br/voltaire/cultura/2005/03/12/002.htm] * * * Walter Gropius e a Bauhaus No mesmo ano em que a recém fundada República alemã assinava o humilhante Tratado de Versalhes, assinado em Paris em 1919, o movimento modernista germânico dava um importante passo para a consagração internacionalmente. Naquela ocasião, em sintonia com uma época inaugurada por revoluções, golpes e tumultos de toda ordem que se estenderam pelos anos vinte, um reduzido grupo formado por profissionais das mas variadas atividades artísticas e técnicas, liderado pelo o arquiteto Walter Gropius lançou na cidade de Weimar, a Atenas da Alemanha, o Manifesto da Bauhaus , em abril de 1919. A ação de vanguarda deles iria provoca uma alteração duradoura na história da arquitetura e das artes plásticas em geral. Não era para menos visto que a ambição do movimento era “a nova construção do futuro.” Começava então uma das mais importantes transformações do século 20: a aliança entre a estética e a tecnologia, entre o artista e a indústria. O sol e a bigorna Desde tempos imemoriais artistas e artesãos ocupavam espaços distintos no universo das artes em geral. Os primeiros, os artistas, sempre se viram como um espécie de aristocracia das belas artes, os favoritos das musas, os eleitos de Apolo, o deus-Sol que tudo alumia, enquanto os artesão, humildes, tinham como inspirador a Hefesto, o deus corcunda da forja que, infeliz, malhava o ferro incandescente na bigorna numa oficina nos subterrâneos da Terra, suando por todos os poros em meio às labaredas e às ferramentas ardentes. Walter Gropius (1883- 1969) Um dos primeiros propósitos da fundação da Bauhaus, em abril de 1919, foi a superação desse estigma histórico-corporativo pela educação do artista-artesão, alguém tão hábil com as mãos como enfronhado na concepção mais elevada da arte, um ser capaz de conceber um objeto qualquer, esteticamente relevante, e, ao mesmo tempo, hábil em executá-lo em conjunto com os demais colegas da construção. Fazer, enfim, com que o belo Sol de Apolo entrasse em harmonia com a fornalha do torto Hefesto. Ou ainda, metaforicamente, promover a simbiose da estética cosmopolita de Goethe com o aço alemão dos Krupp. Para levar tal concepção à prática, Walter Gropius, então jovem arquiteto promissor, transferindo-se de Berlim para Weimar, determinou a junção das duas escolas que lá existiam: a Escola de Artes e Ofícios (a Kunstgewerbeschule) e a Escola de Belas Artes (a bildende Kunst): que vieram a formar a célebre Staatliches Bauhaus, ou simplesmente Escola da Bauhaus, instalada no edifício de Van der Velde. A formação do artista-artesão Apesar das proposta modernista da Escola, o processo de admissão dos pretendentes ainda respeitava uma liturgia comum às antigas corporações de ofício da Alemanha medieval. O candidato, após submeter-se a uma série de exigentes provas, terminava sendo avaliado pelo Conselho de Mestres, dando início então à sua formação que o conduzira, em círculos concêntricos, a obtenção do diploma de Mestre da Bauhaus. A estética ideológica do primeiro momento da escola, o Período de Weimar, entre 1919- 1923, estava marcada pelo Expressionismo (*) e pelo lirismo de uma sociedade libertária identificada, ainda que à distância, com a Revolução Bolchevique de 1917 e com o Levante Espartaquista de janeiro de 1919, no qual sucumbiram Rosa Luxemburgo e Karl Liebcknecht, líderes da organização extremista. Num primeiro momento do processo de aprendizagem, tendo como objetivo a derrubada da “parede de arrogância” que separava o artista do artesão, os alunos-aprendizes passavam pela fase do contanto direto com os elementos do mundo material, botânico e zoológico, como uma iniciação à sensibilização. A escola propunha-se a reagrupar todos os trabalhos criativos da arte aplicada: a escultura, a pintura, o artesanato e os ofícios em geral. Na verdade os integrantes da Escola da Bauhaus constituíam um tipo de nova ordem monacal, ainda que secular, composta por mestres e aprendizes, erguida para, em conjunto, construir a modernidade, a partir do que Johannes Itten, um dos grão-pedagogos da escola, denominou de “ estado criativo primitivo”. Superado o primeiro contanto com as formas elementares, saltavam eles então para o aprendizado da construção, da composição das cores e dos tecidos, dos instrumentos- ferramentas e, por fim, do estudo geral sobre a natureza. Familiarizam-se nesta etapa com a argila, a pedra, a madeira, o metal, o têxtil, as cores e o vidro. Literalmente metem a mão na massa, estando então aptos para a construção graças aos conhecimentos de engenharia recebidos na derradeira etapa do processo educativo. Nesta fase a formação do aluno da Bauhaus reduzia-se muito “a área de atrito entre o artesanato e a indústria, entre arte e técnica.” A confiança de Gropius no resultado levou-o a dizer: “O espírito das pequenas comunidades deve conduzir-nos à vitória, a vitória das pequenas e fecundas comunidades, os conjurados e as confrarias que, em silêncio, guardam o segredo inexplicável e libertarão a bandeira da arte por cima da imundície quotidiana..” (*) O termo Expressionismo foi usado pela primeira vez na Alemanha em 1911 por Wilhelm Worringer para definir as novas tendências na literatura (W.Laqueur – Weimar 1918-1933, Paris, 1978, p.156). A questão da tecnologia Os efeitos devastadores e mortíferos que a Grande Guerra de 1914-18 provocara, causaram um profundo abalo na confiança otimista que o positivismo do século 19 depositara na tecnologia. O otimismo engendrado pelas conquistas obtidas pela máquina viu-se então obscurecido pelo pessimismo sombrio que tomou conta das perspectivas sobre os dias futuros. A intelectualidade alemã da época dividiu-se radicalmente entre os que passaram a abominá-la (Oswald Spengler, Martin Heidegger, Ernst Jünger), definindo-a como “diabólica”, e os que procuraram aceitá-la como parte integrante da paisagem do mundo moderno contra a qual era inútil e sem sentido lutar. Bauhaus (pôster) A Escola Bauhaus alinhou-se junto a este último grupo, dos que consideravam que as novas catedrais a virem ser erguidas o seriam com aço, com cimento e vidro. Não só isso. Tratou inclusive de propor uma estética que melhor expressasse o domínio da tecnologia, inspirando-se na geometria euclidiana e nas formas mecânicas (os oposicionistas acusaram- na de Amerikanismus, de importar uma estética não-germãnica ) Posicionamento que levou a que a Escola Bauhaus se deixasse fascinar pelas linhas retas, pelas formas cúbicas, triangulares ou circulares e pelo total despojamento decorativo. Segundo a ambição do projeto social-utópico dos teóricos da Bauhaus, - profundamente hostil ao passado Barroco e à Art Nouveau, mais recente - o desenho fortemente geometrizado do edifício presente no novo cenário urbano, resultado do encontro da ciência com a técnica, causaria um impacto racionalista na sociedade, imunizando-a e afastando-a das paixões extremadas (por exemplo, do patriotismo e do nacionalismo chauvinista exacerbado pela guerra de 1914-18). O clímax dessa tendência cubista foi alcançado na Grande Exposição da Bauhaus de 1923, com conferências de Gropius e Wassily Kandisnky, o pintor modernista russo que havia se transferido para a Alemanha. Feita a devida ruptura com o passado, tudo, do design dos móveis aos prédios, dos materiais aos projetos urbanistas, devia ser claro, transparente, funcional e adequado aos novos tempos igualitários e democráticos que emergiam do mundo após a Grande Guerra. A estética baseada no “despojamento proletário”, oposto ao decorativismo aristocrático-burguês, anunciava a nova era de um mundo dominado pelos trabalhadores espelhava-se na racionalidade e na planificação geral da vida. Mudando de lugar: de Weimar à Dessau Passando os primeiros anos em Weimar, local onde também realizara-se a Assembléia Constituinte de 1919 que lançou os pilares da República, a República de Weimar, a Escola da Bauhaus mudou-se em fevereiro de 1925 para Dessau, a convite do governador do estado de Anhalt, tomando lá, em 1927, a denominação de Hochschule für Gestaltung, instituto Superior da Forma. O principal motivo desta transferência deveu-se a que o governo regional da Turíngia (estado onde Weimar ficava), nas mãos de partidos direitistas, mostrou-se abertamente hostil aos propósitos estéticos da Escola e ao que ela representava. A direita nacionalista (precursora do nacional-socialismo) associava o movimento modernista na literatura, nas artes em geral e na arquitetura, ao Kulturbolchevismus, isto é, ao Bolchevismo Cultural. A pretensão nada modesta dos vanguardistas de “irem ao povo e transformarem o mundo”, como fora anunciado pelo Conselho dos Intelectuais”, de 9 de novembro de 1918, pareceu- lhes algo abominável, um despropósito insano totalmente estranho à germanidade, uma traição aos valores nacionais e à Alemanha. O Modernismo era o maléfico Mesfistófeles insinuando-se para desvirtuar a boa alma alemã, uma degenerescência enfim. Como então registrou um funcionário do governo da Turíngia “Não se deve permitir que um pequeno núcleo de interessados, que em grande parte são estrangeiros, sufoque a massa saudável dos jovens artistas alemães... K.Nonn – Deutsche Zeitung, abril de 1924). As ameaças à Escola não vinham somente de fora. Duas correntes começaram a cindir-se no interior da própria direção da instituição. Uma delas, a do escultor e gravurista Gerhard Marcks, por exemplo, em nome do purismo e contra “a exploração econômica”, defendia a continuidade da ligação estreita da Bauhaus com o estado, enquanto Gropius
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