Gertrud Grunow Biografie

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Gertrud Grunow Biografie Linn Burchert Gertrud Grunow (1870 –1944) Leben, Werk und Wirken am Bauhaus und darüber hinaus Impressum Autorin © Linn Burchert, 2018 Gestaltung Bodendörfer | Kellow Angaben zur Autorin Linn Burchert ist seit 2018 Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Kunst- und Bildgeschichte der Humboldt-Universität Berlin. Nach ihrem Studium der Kulturwissenschaft und Vergleichenden Literatur- und Kunstwissenschaft in Potsdam (2008–2014) assistierte sie am Lehrstuhl für Kunstgeschichte der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (2014–1017). 2018 schloss sie ihre Dissertation „Das Bild als Lebensraum. Ökologische Wirkungskonzepte in der abstrakten Kunst, 1910–1960“ ab. Forschungsschwerpunkte sind: Beziehungen von Kunst-, Ideen- und Wissen- schaftsgeschichte sowie Naturkonzepte in der Kunst von 1750 bis in die Gegenwart. Gefördert durch die Thüringer Staatskanzlei Linn Burchert Gertrud Grunow (1870 –1944) Leben, Werk und Wirken am Bauhaus und darüber hinaus Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorbemerkungen und Danksagungen ...............................8 Gertrud Grunow: Leben, Lehre, Forschung ....................11 Biographie ........................................................................................................... 14 Grunows Lehre kurz zusammengefasst ............................................................... 17 Lehrsystem und Übungspraxis ............................................................................ 19 Die drei Ordnungen des Kreises ......................................................................... 27 Grunow am Bauhaus, 1919 –1924 ....................................33 Grunow und Johannes Itten ................................................................................ 41 Grunow und Walter Gropius ............................................................................... 45 Grunow und Lothar Schreyer .............................................................................. 47 5 Grunow und Paul Klee ........................................................................................ 51 Grunow und Wassily Kandinsky .......................................................................... 56 Grunow und László Moholy-Nagy ...................................................................... 58 Grunows Schülerinnen und Schüler .................................................................... 62 Grunow in Hamburg, 1924 –1933 .....................................67 Psychologie und Philosophie an der Universität Hamburg ................................. 69 Grunow und Heinz Werner: Entwicklungspsychologie und Synästhesie ............ 70 Grunows Netzwerke in Hamburg ........................................................................ 74 Weitere Kontakte, Beziehungen und Rezeption .............77 Hildegard Heitmeyers Unterricht der Grunow-Lehre.......................................... 79 Grunow und der Maler Otto Nebel .................................................................... 82 Grunow, der Musiktheoretiker Hans Kayser und die Sphärenharmonie ............... 85 Grunow und der Maler/Naturheiler Gerhard Schunke ....................................... 87 Grunow, Erich Parnitzke und Kunst und Jugend zur NS-Zeit.............................. 92 Grunow und ihre Vertrauten im Nationalsozialismus .......................................... 99 Erich Parnitzke und die Grunow-Rezeption nach der NS-Zeit .......................... 103 Inhaltsverzeichnis Kulturhistorischer Kontext: Diskurse und Konzepte .... 105 Zivilisationskritik: Beschleunigung und Neurasthenie ....................................... 107 Schulreformen seit dem 19. Jahrhundert .......................................................... 111 Körperkultur, rhythmische Gymnastik, Tanz ...................................................... 113 Farbtherapien und andere Heilkunden ............................................................. 118 Umweltpsychologie und Psychophysik ............................................................. 124 Synästhesie in Forschung und Kunst ................................................................. 126 Farbtheorien, Farbsysteme, Zusammenhänge von Farbe und Ton .................. 130 Grunow-Forschung .......................................................... 137 Der Grunow-Schunke-Komplex und Der Gleichgewichtskreis (2001) .............. 139 Nachlass von Erich Parnitzke ............................................................................. 147 6 Nachlass von Otto Nebel .................................................................................. 147 Bauhaus-Archivalien im Landesarchiv Thüringens............................................. 148 Nachlass von Karl Falkenberg-Kuhl ................................................................... 148 Schlussbemerkungen ....................................................... 149 Bibliographie .................................................................... 153 Vorbemerkungen und Danksagungen Vorbemerkungen und Danksagungen Auf GERTRUD GRUNOW stieß ich im Jahr 2016 im Rahmen meiner Dissertation. Für diese recherchierte ich zu Heils- und Therapiekonzepten in der abstrakten Kunst der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Nachdem ich die von ACHIM PREISS heraus- gegebene, vermeintlich aus der Feder Grunows stammende Schrift Der Gleich- gewichtskreis. Ein Bauhausdokument (2001) durchgearbeitet hatte, wollte ich mehr über diese Lehrerin erfahren, die bislang in den Publikationen zum Bauhaus nur am Rande Erwähnung fand. Als umfangreichste Veröffentlichung nahm ich als nächstes RENÉ RADRIZZANIs Einführung und Textsammlung Die Grunow-Lehre. Die bewegende Kraft von Klang und Farbe (2004) zur Hand. Hatte Preiß im Vorwort zu Der Gleichgewichtskreis schon auf Ungereimtheiten im Text hingewiesen, fand ich bei Radrizzani die Bemerkung, dass das von Preiß veröffentlichte Manuskript von einem ehemaligen Schüler Grunows ausgehend von ihren Schriften erstellt und durch eigene Ideen ergänzt wurde. In einem zweiten Schritt, so Radrizzani, sei der Text aber auch von Preiß selbst manipuliert worden. Zum einen stellte sich 8 mir die Frage, ob diese Vorwürfe tatsächlich stimmten, zum anderen, ob und wie die Gedanken Grunows und GERHARD SCHUNKEs – so der Name des Schülers – sich überhaupt noch trennen ließen. Schließlich ging es um die Frage, inwiefern es – abgesehen von den wenigen überlieferten Artikeln und den durch Radrizzani ver- öffentlichten Typoskripten – eine authentische Grundlage für die Erforschung der Grunow-Lehre gab. Mit meinen Fragen wendete ich mich an Radrizzani. Nicht er selbst, sondern dessen Frau antwortete mir mit dem Verweis auf eine Weimarer Kunstpädagogin. Diese habe vor einigen Jahren einen Film mit Radrizzani gedreht, in dem dieser sich zu der Preiß-Publikation geäußert habe. So kam ich im Frühjahr 2017 mit GABRIELE FECHER in Kontakt, die mir den besagten Film zeigte: In diesem praktiziert Radrizzani als wohl letzter Zeitzeuge die Grunow-Lehre gemeinsam mit Schülerin- nen. Er selbst hatte den Unterricht durch die Grunow-Assistentin HILDEGARD ­HEITMEYER kennengelernt. Der Film war bereits 2009 entstanden, jedoch aus ver- schiedenen Gründen unveröffentlicht geblieben. Aus dem ersten Treffen mit Gabriele Fecher ergab sich ein stetiger Austausch über Grunow. Zur selben Zeit nahm ich Kontakt zur Verlegerin BETTINA PREISS auf, von der ich weiteres Material aus dem Nachlass des Grunow-Schülers ERICH PARNITZKE sowie den Hinweis auf Familie Wagner in Weimar erhielt. Diese Familie ist mit der Ehefrau Schunkes verwandt und hatte das besagte Manuskript an Achim Preiß gegeben. GABRIELE WAGNER gestattete mir die Einsicht in das Doku- ment, was mir den Vergleich mit der Gleichgewichtskreis-Publikation sowie auf- grund der handschriftlichen Ergänzungen auch Erkenntnisse über die Entste- hungsgeschichte ermöglichte. Auch zu CORNELIUS STECKNER nahm ich Kontakt auf, der mir Informationen zu Schunke und weitere wichtige Hinweise gab. Dessen im Internet veröffentlichte, umfangreiche biographische Recherchen zu Grunow stellten eine Grundlage für meine Forschungen dar. Vorbemerkungen und Danksagungen Trotz ihrer großen Präsenz am frühen Bauhaus, ihrer breiten Vernetzung zu bekannten Persönlichkeiten der Philosophie, Wissenschaft und Kunst, und nicht zuletzt trotz ihrer Mitarbeit in der entwicklungspsychologischen Forschung an der Universität Hamburg ist Grunow weitestgehend in Vergessenheit geraten. Mit Blick auf das Bauhausjubiläum 2019 fassten Gabriele Fecher und ich daher den Entschluss, ein Projekt zu initiieren, um der wenig bekannten Bauhaus-Meisterin Grunow zu diesem Anlass, aber auch darüber hinaus, Präsenz und Stimme zu ver- leihen. So begannen die Planungen zur Erstellung einer informativen Webseite mit Biographie, Bibliographie, dem Radrizzani-Film und einem Leitartikel über Grunow von etwa zwanzig Seiten. Dass sich der geplante Artikel zum Umfang eines Büchleins auswuchs, davon zeugt das vorliegende Dokument. Die vielfältigen Verbindungen Grunows zu ver- schiedenen Personen, Institutionen und Disziplinen ließen eine knappe Darstel- lung nicht zu, zumal ich auf immer weitere spannende Bezüge stieß. Zum einen basiert der Text auf Erkenntnissen aus und weiterführenden Gedanken im Kontext 9 meiner Dissertation, zum anderen stellte ich ganz neue Recherchen an – so etwa zu Grunow und ihren Vertrauten in der NS-Zeit. Hierbei unterstützte mich BÖRRIS BUTENOP, der Enkel vom oben erwähnten Erich Parnitzke. Parnitzke hatte in den 1930er Jahren Schriften Grunows in der Zeitschrift Kunst und Jugend herausge- geben und ein umfangreiches Konvolut an bislang
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