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The Significance of World Heritage: Origins, Management, Consequences the Future of the World Heritage Convention in a Nordic Perspective

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The Significance of World Heritage: Origins, Management, Consequences the Future of the World Heritage Convention in a Nordic Perspective DALARNA UNIVERSITY WHILD REPORT NR 2013:1 The Significance of World Heritage: Origins, Management, Consequences The Future of the World Heritage Convention in a Nordic Perspective Papers Presented at Two Conferences in Falun (Sweden) 2010 and in Vasa (Finland) 2011 Edited by Bo G Jansson This anthology contains papers presented at two international conferences on World Heritage organized by WHILD (= The World Heritages: Global Discourse and Local Implementations) – a Scandinavian network for the development of knowledge in the fields of research, education and tourism related to World Heritage. The network is hosted by Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden. The first of the two conferences – The Significance of World Heritage: Origins, Management, Consequences – was held in Falun December 8th-10th 2010 under the direction of Professor Bo G Jansson and Dr Cecilia Mörner. The latter of the two conferences, a follow up to the first one, was held in Vasa, Finland December 13th-16th 2011 under the direction of an organizing committee consisting of Professor Emeritus Erland Eklund (Åbo Academy), Doctoral student Kristina Svels (Åbo Academy), Dr Jan Turtinen (Swedish Heritage National Board), and Senior Adviser Barbara Engels (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Germany). The two conferences are, taken together as a unit, the first of their kind in Scandinavia. Published by WHILD (= The World Heritages: Global Discourse and Local Implementations) – a Scandinavian network initialized in 2003 with funding from The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation for the development of knowledge in the fields of research, education and tourism related to World Heritage. The network is hosted by Dalarna University. Dalarna University www.du.se ©The authors and Dalarna University Graphic design Eva Kvarnström Report nr 2013:1 ISSN 1403-6878 ISBN 978-91-85941-50-6 Contents 6 Bo G Jansson: Foreword chapter 1 global strategies and policies of world heritage in the future 7 Marie-Theres Albert: The Global Strategy of World Heritage: Challenges and Weaknesses of the 5 C’s 27 Liu Hongying: The Policies of the World Heritage in the Future chapter 2 cultural landscapes, cultural commons, historic urban landscapes 38 Ken Taylor: Cultural Landscapes: Global Meanings and Values with Some Thoughts on Asia 61 Aldo Buzio & Alessio Re: Management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: From Cultural Districts to Commons 76 Maria Antónia Nobre Trindade Chagas: Contextual Promixity Between “Cultural Landscape” and “Historic Urban Landscape” chapter 3 world heritage and public awareness 96 Barbara Engels: Communicating World Heritage: Challenges for Serial World Heritage Properties 106 Herdis Hølleland: What does Skiing have to do with World Heritage!?: Glimpses into Visitors Awareness of World Heritage chapter 4 local and glocal perspectives on world heritage 122 Marit Johansson: Angra do Heroísmo – a World Heritage Site and a Hometown: A Study of the Local Effects of a World Heritage Status 138 Somi Chatterjee: The Changing Definitions of Global and Local in the World Heritage Properties and its Implications 163 Maj-Britt Andersson: Breaking the Norms: A Study of a Norm System within a World Heritage Nomination chapter 5 world heritage archaeology and craftmanship 179 Alicia Castillo Mena: Archaeological Heritage Management in the World Heritage: A Preventive Archaeology Proposal 195 Jorun M. Stenøien & Marit Rismark: The Construction of Craftmanship through Built Heritage Dialogues at World Heritage Sites chapter 6 reaffirmation of world heritage in serbia 214 Nevena Debljović Ristić: Medieval Monasterial Complexes Integral Protection: Between the Cultural and Spiritual Heritage 224 Marina Nešković: Stari Ras and Sopoćani: Identifying Problems and Defining a Modern Protection Model chapter 7 world heritage and environmental sustainability 238 Maths Isacson: Heritage of Risk 252 Allan Sande: World Heritage in The Lofoten Islands and The Barents Sea chapter 8 world heritage and tourism 274 Noel B. Salazar: The Double Bind of World Heritage Tourism 292 Peter Björk: Organising for Success: Exploring Factors that Facilitate Tourism Cooperation and Branding 307 Kajsa G. Åberg: Knowledge and Recruitment in Destination Development: Starting Points of Study chapter 9 the falun copper mine world heritage: historical aspects 311 Urban Claesson: The Copper Mining Town of Falun as a Challenge for the Church 1687-1713: A Key for a New Mentality? 317 Iris Ridder: Fortune Telling, Gambling and Decision-Making at Stora Kopparberget in the Early 17th Century 333 Torsten Blomkvist: The Mine Spirit in the Copper Mine of Falun: Expressions of a Social Counter Strategy? 344 Juvas Marianne Liljas: The Music Saloon in Falun during the 19th Century Foreword This anthology contains papers presented at two international conferences on World Heritage organized by WHILD (= The World Heritages: Global Discourse and Local Implementations) – a Scandinavian network for the development of knowledge in the fields of research, education and tourism related to World Herita- ge. The network is hosted by Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden. The first of the two conferences – The Significance of World He- ritage: Origins, Management, Consequences – was held in Falun December 8th-10th 2010 under the direction of Professor Bo G Jansson and Dr Cecilia Mörner. The latter of the two conferen- ces, a follow up to the first one, was held and in Vasa, Finland December 13th-16th 2011 under the direction of an organizing committee consisting of Professor Emeritus Erland Eklund (Åbo Academy), Doctoral student Kristina Svels (Åbo Academy), Dr Jan Turtinen (Swedish Heritage National Board), and Senior Adviser Barbara Engels (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Germa- ny). The two conferences are, taken together as a unit, the first of their kind in Scandinavia. Time spent reading this book with care will be most worthwhile. Some of the contributors to the book belong to the internationally most prominent scholars in the field of World Heritage research today, among them are Professor Marie-Theres Albert (Branden- burg University, Cottbus) and Professor Emeritus Ken Taylor (The Australian National University, Canberra). All in all, the volume gives a good picture of the current understanding in Scandinavia of the phenomenon of World Heritage. Falun in January 2013 Bo G Jansson Professor of Comparative Literature Head of the Culture, Identity and Representations research profile at Dalarna University 6 1 Global Strategies and Policies of World Heritage in the Future 7 The Global Strategy of World Heritage – Challenges and Weaknesses 1 of the 5 C’s Marie-Theres Albert Professor Ph.D. [email protected] Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Abstract Since adopting the Budapest Declaration on World Heritage in 2002, the World Heritage Committee has been implementing a new global strategy to recognize the universality of the 1972 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. As an instrument for sustainable development of all societies the declaration clearly promotes heritage in all its diversity by means of dialogue and mutual understanding. Even though the Budapest Declaration included measures on how di- versity, sustainable development or mutual understanding through World Heritage nominations could be achieved, the implementa- tion of this new strategy had not been successful. Consequently, at the 31st Session of the WH Committee in New Zealand in 2007, additional strategies were agreed upon. In confronting the glob- al challenges facing World Heritage the Committee decided on strengthening community involvement as a strategic objective for the years to come. What follows is a critically reflective presenta- tion and discussion of UNESCO’s Global Strategy. chapter 1 global strategies and policies of world heritage in the future 8 Introduction When, in November 1972, UNESCO’s General Conference adop- ted a convention for the protection and conservation of natural 1 and cultural assets of all kinds and from all eras, UNESCO itself looked back on almost 30 years of experience. The living memory of the Second World War and the repercussions of the holocaust were so grave that not only individual countries, but the entire world community committed itself to ensuring world peace and the peaceful coexistence of nations. It followed that in November 1945 the world community felt encouraged to found the United Nations Organization. Shortly thereafter England and France took the initiative to establish UNESCO. The men and women who founded UNESCO did so in reaction to Nazism. They wanted to establish an organization that would respect the rights of all pe- oples in regards to their spiritual and intellectual progress, free- dom of speech and development, as well as culture and education. UNESCO was to be as a specialized agency of the UN--belonging to one of the main bodies of the UN, The Economic and Social Council. Since its founding, UNESCO has been the only organisa- tion within the UN with a mandate on Culture. Its most important aims include: equal access to education for all people, the right of each individual person to seek objective truth, and to guarantee the free exchange of thoughts and knowledge (Albert 2000, pp. 11–14). Policies for peace are based on recognizing the rights and duties of individuals within the community of nations. This requires that each individual be granted the right to search for and defend his or her individual truth. Already at UNESCO’s beginning
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