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Samurai Wisdom SAMURAI WISDOM P001-250_Samurai Wisdom.indd 1 9/16/08 11:17:32 AM Thomas Cleary SAMURAI WISDOM Lessons From Japan’s Warrior Culture 武 Five Classic Texts on Bushido TUTTLE PUBLISHING Tokyo • Rutland, Vermont • Singapore P001-250_Samurai Wisdom.indd 3 9/16/08 11:09:17 AM Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., with editorial offi ces at 364 Innovation Drive, North Clarendon, Vermont 05759 U.S.A. Copyright © 2009 by Th omas Cleary All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Samurai wisdom : lessons from Japan’s warrior culture / translated by Th omas Cleary. -- 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 978-0-8048-4008-8 (hardcover) 1. Bushido--Early works to 1800. 2. Military art and science--Japan--Early works to 1800. 3. Martial arts--Japan--Early works to 1800. I. Cleary, Th omas F., 1949- II. Tsugaru, Kodo, 1682-1729. Buji teiyo. English. III. Yamaga, Takatsune, 1650-1713. Budo teiyo. English. IV. Yamaga, Soko, 1622-1685. Selections. English. 2009. BJ971.B8S24 2009 170’.440952--dc22 2008036913 ISBN 978-0-8048-4008-8 Distributed by North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 U.S.A. Tel: 1 (802) 773-8930 Fax: 1 (802) 773-6993 [email protected] www.tuttlepublishing.com Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141 0032 Tel: (81) 3 5437-0171; Fax: (81) 3 5437-0755 [email protected] Asia Pacifi c Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 61 Tai Seng Avenue #02-12 Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280-1330; Fax: (65) 6280-6290 [email protected] www.periplus.com First edition 13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. P001-250_Samurai Wisdom.indd 4 10/2/08 1:42:29 PM Contents INTRODUCTION Bushido: The Way of the Samurai Warrior ....................................9 BOOK ONE: The Way of the Knight By Yamaga Soko 1. Establishing the Basis .............................................................34 2. Aspiring to the Way ...............................................................36 3. Striving to Put Aspiration into Practice .................................37 4. Mental Techniques: Cultivating Mood and Maintaining Will ...................................................................38 5. Distinguishing Righteousness from Profiteering ....................46 6. Making Peace with Destiny ....................................................48 7. Integrity ..................................................................................50 8. Honesty ..................................................................................52 9. Firmness and Constancy .........................................................53 10. Refining Character and Perfecting Ability, Devotion to Loyalty and Filial Piety ......................................54 11. Rely on Humanity and Justness ..............................................58 12. Thoroughly Understanding Things .........................................60 13. Broad Study ............................................................................62 14. Self-Examination and Self-Discipline ....................................64 15. Detailing Dignified Manners; Unfailing Respectfulness ........65 16. Circumspection in Looking and Listening .............................69 17. Circumspection in Speech ......................................................71 18. Be Careful of Appearances .....................................................81 19. Moderating Consumption of Food and Drink .......................96 20. Dignified Housing Design ...................................................106 21. Clarifying the Uses of Implements .......................................116 22. Dignified Manners in Ceremonial Functions .......................123 23. Circumspection in Daily Activities: General Discussion of Everyday Affairs ...............................126 P001-250_Samurai Wisdom.indd 5 11/11/08 11:12:38 AM 武 6 Samurai Wisdom 24. Correcting a Day’s Activities ................................................127 25. Use of Money; Ethics of Receiving and Giving ...................130 26. Prudence at Parties ...............................................................132 BOOK TWO: The Warrior’s Rule By Tsugaru Kodo-shi I. Th e Basis of Order .................................................................136 1. Martial Virtues .....................................................................136 2. Warrior Wisdom ..................................................................140 3. Warrior Justice ......................................................................141 4. Warriors’ Work .....................................................................143 5. Warriors’ Preparedness ..........................................................145 6. Th e Courage of the Warrior .................................................145 II. Th e Way of Rule ...................................................................147 1. Establishing Will ..................................................................147 2. Personal Cultivation .............................................................150 3. Ordering the Home ..............................................................152 4. Knowing People ...................................................................153 5. Promoting People .................................................................160 6. Ordering Offi ces ...................................................................162 7. Understanding Aff airs and Objects ......................................164 8. Establishing Regulations ......................................................165 9. Civil Administration ............................................................166 10. Review and Perceptivity .......................................................170 11. Studying Military Science ....................................................171 12. Reward and Punishment ......................................................174 13. Acculturation ........................................................................177 14. Great Government ...............................................................178 15. Transmission of Authority ....................................................179 P001-250_Samurai Wisdom.indd 6 8/14/08 10:33:14 AM Contents 7 武 BOOK THREE: Essentials of Military Matters Compiled by Yamaga Takatsune 1. Th e Origin of Military Education ........................................186 2. Transmission of the System ..................................................187 3. Th e Law of the Warrior ........................................................192 4. Th e Basic Aim of Leadership ...............................................193 5. Th e Main Bases of Teaching and Training ...........................195 6. Th e Main Aims of Military Training ....................................196 7. Questions and Answers on Military Education ...................200 BOOK FOUR: The Education of Warriors By Yamaga Soko Author’s Preface .............................................................................216 I. Th e Universal Sources .....................................................216 1. Th e Source of Humanity ......................................................216 2. Th e Source of the Way .........................................................217 3. Th e Source of Phenomena ....................................................217 II. Essentials of Leadership ................................................219 1. Th e Offi ce of the Lord ..........................................................219 2. Th ree Tasks ...........................................................................220 3. Admonition ..........................................................................220 4. Establishing Offi ces ..............................................................220 5. Selection and Training ..........................................................221 6. Military Preparedness ...........................................................223 7. Rules and Regulations ..........................................................226 8. Internalization and Examination ..........................................227 9. Reward and Punishment ......................................................228 P001-250_Samurai Wisdom.indd 7 8/14/08 10:33:14 AM 武 8 Samurai Wisdom III. War Strategy ................................................................228 1. Military Education ...............................................................228 2. Planning and Intelligence .....................................................228 3. Principles of Warfare ............................................................229 4. Battlegrounds .......................................................................229 5. Th e Time to Fight ................................................................234 6. Practicalities of Combat .......................................................235 7. Essentials of Combat ............................................................237 BOOK FIVE: Primer of Martial
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