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Climate Change and Sustainable Development Liber Amicorum in Honour of J.B

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Climate Change and Sustainable Development Liber Amicorum in Honour of J.B Climate Change and Sustainable Development Liber Amicorum in Honour of J.B. (Hans) Opschoor Climate Change and Sustainable Development New Challenges for Poverty Reduction Edited by M.A. Mohamed Salih Professor, Politics of Development, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague and Department of Political Science, University of Leiden, The Netherlands Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA © M.A. Mohamed Salih 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2009922772 ISBN 978 1 84844 409 6 Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, UK Contents List of fi gures vii List of tables and box viii List of contributors ix Foreword Jacqueline Cramer, The Netherlands Minister for Spatial Planning and the Environment xvii Preface Louk Box, Rector, Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands xix List of acronyms and abbreviations xxii Introduction 1 M.A. Mohamed Salih 1. Polycentric systems as one approach to solving collective- action problems 17 Elinor Ostrom 2. An ecosystems services approach: Income, inequality and poverty 36 Kerry Turner and Brendan Fisher 3. Ecospace, humanspace and climate change 47 Ton Dietz 4. After us, the deluge? The position of future generations of humankind in international environmental law 59 Nico Schrijver 5. A child rights perspective on climate change 79 Karin Arts 6. Climate change and development (cooperation) 94 Joyeeta Gupta 7. Environmental security, politics and markets 109 Bas de Gaay Fortman 8. Humans are the measure of all things: Resource confl icts versus cooperation 126 Syed Mansoob Murshed 9. From climate refugees to climate confl ict: Who is taking the heat for global warming? 142 Betsy Hartmann v vi Climate change and sustainable development 10. Rural poverty, cotton production and environmental degradation in Central Eurasia 156 Max Spoor 11. Spatializing development and environmental discourses: The case of sustainable development and globalization 179 Michael Bernard Kwesi Darkoh and Meleckidzedeck Khayesi 12. Digital dematerialization: Economic mechanisms behind the net impact of ICT on materials use 192 Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh, Harmen Verbruggen and Vincent G.M. Linderhof 13. Ecological cities, illustrated by Chinese examples 214 Meine Pieter van Dijk 14. Green or mean: Is biofuel production undermining food security? 233 Rob Vos Appendix 251 Bibliography 255 Index 303 Figures 2.1 The value of the world exports, gross world product and USD 2/ day poverty line as indices (1990 5 100) 39 2.2 The mean incomes of the poorest 60 per cent of countries and the richest 10 per cent for the years 1820 and 1992 41 2.3 A simplifi ed ESapp Framework starting at understanding changes in the physical environment through to post-policy appraisal 46 7.1 Environmental security strategies of two countries A and B 113 7.2 Achieving the sustainable energy goal 124 10.1 Poverty and vulnerability rates 158 10.2 Rural and national poverty (2003) 159 10.3 House connections to piped water (2002) 162 10.4 Under-5 mortality rate (1990–2003) 163 10.5 Child poverty (USD ,2.15) 165 10.6a Real GDP (1989–2006) 166 10.6b Real GDP (1989–2006) 166 10.7 Spatial diff erences in poverty incidence (1999–2003) 167 12.1 Micro level impact of ICT on materials use 209 13.1 A picture of the water cycle, showing where costs and revenues can be expected 218 13.2 Water recycling in the Taiyue-Jinhe project 228 13.3 The wetland 229 14.1 Nominal and real world market price of agricultural food products 234 14.2 Fuel ethanol prices in Brazil, United States and Europe and international crude oil price, 2002–2007 237 vii Tables and box TABLES 6.1 Changing discourses in policy arenas 105 6.2 Major aid uses by individual DAC donors 106 8.1 Confl ict years, growth, polity and economic typology in selected countries 138 10.1 Poverty incidence in the USSR 160 10.2 Agrarian profi le of CEA countries (2004) 161 10.3 Malnourishment in Central Eurasia, 1993–2004 (%) 163 10.4 Stunting (chronic malnutrition), 2000 (%) 164 10.5 Population aff ected by water and air pollution in Uzbekistan (1998) 176 12.1 Typologies of ICT in the literature 195 12.2 Summary of the factor X debate 207 12.3 Typology of indirect impacts of ICT on material use 210 12.4 Economic analysis of ICT impacts on dematerialization 211 13.1 Space distribution in the considered housing project 227 13.2 Information on the wastewater treatment plant 228 13.3 Investment funding distribution (million yuan) 229 14.1 Global biofuels production by country, 2007 236 14.2 Most rural poor are not net sellers of tradable food staples 243 14.3 Impact on global poverty of surge in agricultural commodity prices 246 BOX 13.1 Research under Switch by working package 6.4 219 viii Contributors Karin Arts (PhD in International Law, Vrije Universiteit, van Amsterdam, The Netherlands) is Associate Professor in International Law and Development at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands. Her books include Integrating Human Rights into Development Cooperation: The Case of the Lomé Convention (The Hague/ London/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000); European Development Policy: From Model to Symbol? (edited with Anna Dickson, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004); International Criminal Accountability and the Rights of Children (edited with Vesselin Popovski, The Hague/ Cambridge: Hague Academic Press/Cambridge University Press, 2006); International Law and the Question of Western Sahara (edited with Pedro Pinto Leite, Leiden/Oporto: International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 2007). Louk Box (PhD Columbia University, USA) is Professor of International Cooperation and Rector at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague (Netherlands). He is Emeritus in the same chairs at Maastricht and Utrecht Universities. He published with Rutger Engelhard Science and Technology Policy for Development: Dialogues at the Interface (London: Anthem Press, 2006) and more recently ‘Whither the “International Community”? Grotius, Fukuyama and The Hague’, in D.Vriesendorp et al. The Hague Legal Capital? (The Hague: Hague Academic Press, 2008). He succeeded Hans Opschoor as Rector of the Institute (2005-2010) and shares with him a preference for linking academic and policy work, capacity development and public debate (spiced at times with a good dose of poetry). Jacqueline Cramer (PhD Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Currently, Professor Cramer is the Netherlands Minister of the Environment and Spatial Planning in Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende’s fourth government. Previously she held several pivotal professorial appointments at the University of Amsterdam, University of Tilburg, Erasmus University, as well as the University of Utrecht’s Copernicus Institute, the Netherlands. Professor Cramer was a Crown- appointed member of the Social and Economic Council, member of the supervisory board of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the University of Maastricht and Arnhem-Nijmegen University, the Council ix x Climate change and sustainable development for Transport, Public Works and Water Management, the Council for Environmental and Nature Conservation Research. She served on the supervisory committee of the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment and as chair of the Residents and Sustainable Construction Forum. She has also been a member of the supervisory boards of a number of organizations including Shell Nederland, ASN Bank and the Netherlands Development Finance Company (FMO). Michael Bernard Kwesi Darkoh (PhD University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) is Professor of Environmental Science and Chairman (director) of the International Tourism Research Centre (ITRC), University of Botswana. His books include Tourism and Environment in the Okavango, Botswana (Gaborone: Pula Press, 2006); Human Impact on Sustainable Development in Africa (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003); Pollution Control and Waste Management in Developing Countries (London: Commonwealth Secretariat & SFI Publishing, 2000); Tanzania’s Growth Centre Policy and Industrial Development (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1994) African River Basins and Drylands Crises, (Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1992). A.J. (Ton) Dietz (PhD Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands) is Professor in Human Geography, Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, and Director of the Amsterdam Research Institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies. Previously he was Director of the Amsterdam Research Institute for Global Issues and Development Studies; and Scientifi c Director of CERES, the National Research School for Resource Studies for Development, and Professor of Social Sciences, Utrecht University. His latest books include, edited with M.A. Mohamed Salih and Abdel Ghaff ar M. Ahmed, African Pastoralism: Confl icts, Institutions and Government (London, Perth and Virginia: Pluto Press, 2001); The Impact of Climate Change on Drylands, with a Focus on West Africa, edited with R. Ruben and A. Verhagen, (Dordrecht/Boston/London:
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