DOCSLIB.ORG

Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: a Review of Flame Retardants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: a Review of Flame Retardants polymers Review Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants R. A. Ilyas 1,2,* , S. M. Sapuan 3,4, M. R. M. Asyraf 5 , D. A. Z. N. Dayana 4, J. J. N. Amelia 4, M. S. A. Rani 6,7, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim 8 , N. M. Nurazzi 9, H. A. Aisyah 3,* , Shubham Sharma 10 , M. R. Ishak 5, M. Rafidah 11 and M. R. Razman 12,* 1 School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia 2 Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia 3 Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (D.A.Z.N.D.); [email protected] (J.J.N.A.) 5 Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (M.R.M.A.); [email protected] (M.R.I.) 6 Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 7 Centre for Tropicalisation, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia 8 Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Citation: Ilyas, R.A.; Sapuan, S.M.; Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; [email protected] Asyraf, M.R.M.; Dayana, D.A.Z.N.; 9 Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Amelia, J.J.N.; Rani, M.S.A.; Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; [email protected] Norrrahim, M.N.F.; Nurazzi, N.M.; 10 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Main Campus, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Aisyah, H.A.; Sharma, S.; et al. Kapurthala 144603, India; [email protected] or [email protected] Polymer Composites Filled with 11 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Metal Derivatives: A Review of Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; rafi[email protected] 12 Flame Retardants. Polymers 2021, 13, Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.A.I.); [email protected] (H.A.A.); polym13111701 [email protected] (M.R.R.) Academic Editor: Paolo Ferruti Abstract: Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, Received: 29 April 2021 particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, Accepted: 19 May 2021 low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer Published: 23 May 2021 composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials with regard to jurisdictional claims in to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend published maps and institutional affil- on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For iations. example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. industrial applications. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article Keywords: flame retardant; polymer composites; metal; metal components; characterization; com- distributed under the terms and bustion mechanism conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Polymers 2021, 13, 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111701 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers Polymers 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 23 Polymers 2021, 13, 1701 2 of 21 1.1. IntroductionIntroduction PolymerPolymer composites composites are are globally globally recognized recognized due due to to their their thermal thermal insulation insulation properties. proper- Toties. improve To improve their thermaltheir thermal and heat andresistant heat resist performanceant performance further, further, certain certain metallic metallic materials ma- areterials added are toadded polymers, to polymers, such as coppersuch as [copper1], nickel [1], [2 nickel], magnesium [2], magnesium [3–5], and [3–5], zinc and [6]. Thezinc inclusion[6]. The inclusion of metal componentof metal component in polymer-based in polymer-based composites composites has produced has new produced promising new materialspromising with materials high potential with high in potential various engineering in various engineering sectors. Metal-filled sectors. Metal-filled composites offercom- numerousposites offer advantages, numerous suchadvantages, as heat conduction,such as heat staticconduction, electricity static discharge, electricity conversion discharge, ofconversion mechanical of signalmechanical into electrical signal into signal, electr andical electromagnetic signal, and electromagnetic interference shielding interference sig- nalshielding [7]. Metal-filled signal [7]. polymer Metal-filled composites polymer have composites been widely have used been in recent widely years, used particularly in recent asyears, flame particularly retardants, as due flame to their retardants, superior due characteristics. to their superior Figure 1characteristics. shows the trending Figure of 1 researchshows the conducted trending onof research flame retardant conducted metal on flame filled polymerretardant composite. metal filled Itpolymer can be seencom- thatposite. the It trending can be seen of this that research the trending is increasing of this byresearch 2000% is over increasing 20 years. by These2000% conduc- over 20 tiveyears. polymer These compositesconductive potentiallypolymer composites combine significant potentially advantageous combine significant characteristics advanta- of plasticsgeous characteristics and metals, offering of plastics less and cost metals, with high offering production less cost rate with [8], designhigh production flexibility rate [9], noncorrosive[8], design flexibility [10], and [9], lightweight noncorrosive properties [10], and [11]. lightweight Processing methods,properties including [11]. Processing the use ofmethods, an internal including mixer andthe extrusionuse of an internal and injection mixer molding, and extrusion can be and adopted injection to fabricate molding, these can compoundsbe adopted to [12 fabricate–14]. these compounds [12–14]. 100 82 80 61 60 52 53 50 48 44 43 43 Articles 40 34 31 29 29 28 27 28 20 20 18 9 10 4 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year FigureFigure 1.1. TheThe numbernumber ofof publicationspublications on flameflame retardant metal polymer composite composite in in the the last last two two decadesdecades indicatingindicating the increasing interest interest from from (Scopus, (Scopus, May May 2021, 2021, Search: Search: “Metal” “Metal” and and “Flame” “Flame” andand “Polymer”).“Polymer”). FiberFiber reinforcedreinforced composites composites can can be be classified classified into into four four groups groups according according to to their their matri- ma- ces:trices: metal metal matrix matrix composites composites (MMCs), (MMCs), ceramic ceramic matrix matrix composites composites (CMCs), (CMCs), carbon/carbon carbon/car- compositesbon composites (C/C), (C/C), and polymerand polymer matrix matrix composites composites (PMCs) (PMCs) or polymeric or polymeric composites composites [15]. The[15]. four The forms four forms of polymer of polymer composite composite materials mate arerials widely are widely used in used vehicles, in vehicles, aircraft, aircraft, space- craft,spacecraft, boats [boats16], civil [16], engineering civil engineering [17], packing [17], packing [18], cross [18], arms cross in arms transmission in transmission towers [tow-19], anders [19], portable and fireportable extinguisher fire extinguisher [20]. The [20]. use ofThe polymer use of polymer composites composites is increasing is increasing rapidly duerapidly to their due excellent to their excellent mechanical mechanical properties, prop sucherties, as creep such [ 21as– creep23], flexural [21–23], [24 flexural], chemical [24], resistancechemical resistance [18], and corrosion[18], and corrosion resistance resist [25].ance Polymer [25]. Polymer materials materials are formed are fromformed hydro- from carbonhydrocarbon chains, chains, which which burn easilyburn easily under under intense intense heat; heat; they they can alsocan also burst burst into into flames flames or emitor emit smoke smoke when when
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synergistic Effects of Zinc Borate and Aluminum Trihydrate on Flammability Behaviour of Aerospace Epoxy System
    SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF ZINC BORATE AND ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE ON FLAMMABILITY BEHAVIOUR OF AEROSPACE EPOXY SYSTEM A. De Fenzo1,2, Cristina Formicola1,2 , Mauro Zarrelli1,2*, Alberto Frache3 Michele Giordano1,2 and Giovanni Camino3 1 IMCB – Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, CNR – Research National Council, P E. Fermi 1, Portici 80055, ITALY 2 IMAST – Technological District on Polymeric and Composite Materials Engineering, P E. Fermi 1, Portici 80055, ITALY 3 Material Science and Chemical Engineering Dept., Polytechnic of Turin in Alessandria, Via Teresa Michel 5, 15100 Alessandria, ITALY *[email protected] SUMMARY Flame retardancy of mono-component epoxy resin, used for aerospace composites, treated with zinc borate (ZB), aluminum trihydrate (ATH) and their mixtures at different percentages have been investigated by morphological and thermal characterization. Cone calorimeter data reveal that peak HRR decreases when synergistic effects between additives occur. Keywords: Epoxy Resin; Fire retardancy; Zinc borate; Aluminum trihydrate; Cone calorimeter INTRODUCTION Zinc borate is an effective inorganic flame retardant and it possesses characteristic properties of flame retardancy (FR), smoke suppression, promoting charring, etc.[1-2] particularly important according to new fire standards. Zinc borate is commonly used as multifunctional flame retardant in combination with other halogenated or halogen-free flame retardant systems to boost FR properties [3-4]. Its efficacy depends upon the type of halogen source (aliphatic versus aromatic) and the used polymer root. The zinc borate can generally display synergistic effects with antimony oxide in fire retardancy. In the presence of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) or magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), this synergy can be augmented significantly [5].
    [Show full text]
  • Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials John D
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-25-2005 Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials John D. Krause University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krause, John D., "Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials" (2005). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/730 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials by John D. Krause A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Environmental and Occupational Health College of Public Health University of South Florida Major Professor: Yehia Y. Hammad, Sc.D. Noreen D. Poor, Ph.D. Ann C. Debaldo, Ph.D. Diane Te Strake, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 25, 2005 Keywords: mold, mould, carbon dioxide, antimony trioxide, flame retardant © Copyright 2005, John D. Krause Dedication For their love, support, patience and understanding throughout this endeavor, I dedicate this work to my family, daughter, and most of all, my loving wife. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the following individuals and companies for their assistance in this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Phase Synthesis of Anhydrous Zinc Borate from Zinc and Boron Oxide and Utilization As a Flame Retardant in Dye and Textile
    Gazi University Journal of Science GU J Sci 27(3):987-991 (2014) Solid Phase Synthesis of Anhydrous Zinc Borate from Zinc and Boron Oxide and Utilization as a Flame Retardant in Dye and Textile Barış AYAR 1, Metin GÜRÜ 2, Çetin ÇAKANYILDIRIM 3,♠ 1Hitit University, Ömer Derindere Vacational High School, 19500 Osmancık, Çorum, Turkey 2Gazi University, Eng. Faculty, Chemical Eng. Depart. 06570, Maltepe-Ankara, Turkey 3 Hitit University, Eng. Faculty, Chemical Eng. Depart. 19030 Çorum, Turkey Received:30/01/2014 Revised: 01/04/2014 Accepted:17/04/2014 ABSTRACT Durability of materials against flame and stability at high temperatures are very important in order to increase the field of use. Non-flammability is not the only requirement; these materials should not have toxic gas products during the burning, also. Anhydrous zinc borate was chosen as flame retardant due to its advantages, such as; light weight, high melting point, low thermal expansion, and intrinsic smoke suppression and corrosion resistance properties. For the synthesis, metallic zinc and anhydrous boron oxide powders were mixed in the attritor working at 600 rpm. Powder product was sintered under atmospheric conditions according to the phase change temperature that was determined by TGA-DSC analyses. Synthesized zinc borate was grinned up to nanometer size by Spex type grinder. Zinc borate was introduced in binder to decrease the flammability. The properties of the produced materials were determined and compared by LOI, TGA-DSC, SEM and oven according to the zinc borate ingredients. Key Words : Zinc borate, Pigment, Flame retardant, Flame resistant dye 1. INTRODUCTION Dyes are widespread used in our lives as a coating many cases, alumina, magnesium hydroxide, antimony material to resist corrosion [1].
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Inorganic Flame Retardants. Plastics Can Be Given Flame Retardant Characteristics by Introducing Elements of Organic, Inorganic and Halogen Origin
    4. Inorganic Flame Retardants. Plastics can be given flame retardant characteristics by introducing elements of organic, inorganic and halogen origin. Such elements include magnesium, aluminium, phosphorous, molybdenum, antimony, tin, chlorine and bromine. Flame retardants are added in either the manufacturing step of the polymer or the compounding step of the polymeric article. Phosphorous bromine and chlorine are usually included as some organic compound. Inorganic flame retardants are usually added together with other flame retardants to provide a more efficient flame retardant action through synergism. Halogen flame retardants usually need an addition of about 40% in order to be effective, and this affects the properties of the polymer quite negatively. Structural integrity of the polymer article is often very important, and a drastic decrease in strength and other mechanical properties is simply not acceptable. The efficiency of halogen flame retardants is often enhanced by the addition of inorganic flame retardants. A smaller mass percentage halogen flame retardant is now needed, so the adverse effect on the polymer properties is also reduced (Touval, 1993) . 4.1 Antimony Compounds The antimony compounds used for flame retardancy include antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and antimony-metal compounds. In 1990 in the United States alone, the use of antimony trioxide amounted to 20 000 metric tons just for the flame retardancy of plastics. Antimony oxide is readily found in nature but in very impure form. This is not suitable for 29 direct use as flame retardant, so antimony oxide is often rather produced from antimony metal. There are therefore many different grades of antimony oxide that can be used for flame retardants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Zinc Borate Production Process
    A-PDF MERGER DEMO The Development of Zinc Borate Production Process By H.Emre ELTEPE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Chemical Engineering Major: Chemical Engineering ø]PLU,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\ ø]PLU7XUNH\ November, 2004 We approve the thesis of H.Emre ELTEPE Date of Signature ………………………………………….. 21.12.2004 Prof. Dr. Devrim BALKÖSE Supervisor Department of Chemical Engineering ………………………………………….. 21.12.2004 Prof. Dr. Semra ÜLKÜ Co-Supervisor Department of Chemical Engineering ………………………………………….. 21.12.2004 Prof.Dr. Tamerkan ÖZGEN Department of Chemistry ………………………………………….. 21.12.2004 Assist.Prof.Fehime ÖZKAN Department of Chemical Engineering ………………………………………….. 21.12.2004 Assist.Prof.$\VXQ62)82ö/8 Department of Chemical Engineering ………………………………………….. 21.12.2004 Prof. Dr. Devrim BALKÖSE Head of Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest gratefullness to my advisors Prof. Devrim BALKÖSE and Prof. Semra ÜLKÜ for their support, guidance and sharing their valuable experiences throughout the study and the preparation of the thesis which has been a very important experience for my future carreer. I would like to state my special thanks to my friends $\NXW(5'2ö'8 Sevdiye ATAKUL, Mehmet GÖNEN, gQL] %ø562< DQG <DUNÕQ g=*$5ø3 for their help, encouragement and friendship throughout this project. I would also like to thank to Gökhan (5'2ö$1, Duygu2÷X].,/,d 0LQH%$+d(&ø and Evrim YAKUT for their help for SEM, EDX and X-RAY analyses, Burcu ALP for TGA analyses and Özlem Ça÷lar DUVARCI and Filiz ÖZMIHÇI for FTIR analysis ùHULIH ùDKLQ g=$/3 DQG %HOJLQ TUNÇEL for their help throughout the experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • 123. Antimony
    1998:11 The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals 123. Antimony John Erik Berg Knut Skyberg Nordic Council of Ministers arbete och hälsa vetenskaplig skriftserie ISBN 91–7045–471–x ISSN 0346–7821 http://www.niwl.se/ah/ah.htm National Institute for Working Life National Institute for Working Life The National Institute for Working Life is Sweden's center for research and development on labour market, working life and work environment. Diffusion of infor- mation, training and teaching, local development and international collaboration are other important issues for the Institute. The R&D competence will be found in the following areas: Labour market and labour legislation, work organization and production technology, psychosocial working conditions, occupational medicine, allergy, effects on the nervous system, ergonomics, work environment technology and musculoskeletal disorders, chemical hazards and toxicology. A total of about 470 people work at the Institute, around 370 with research and development. The Institute’s staff includes 32 professors and in total 122 persons with a postdoctoral degree. The National Institute for Working Life has a large international collaboration in R&D, including a number of projects within the EC Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development. ARBETE OCH HÄLSA Redaktör: Anders Kjellberg Redaktionskommitté: Anders Colmsjö och Ewa Wigaeus Hjelm © Arbetslivsinstitutet & författarna 1998 Arbetslivsinstitutet, 171 84 Solna, Sverige ISBN 91–7045–471–X ISSN 0346-7821 Tryckt hos CM Gruppen Preface The Nordic Council is an intergovernmental collaborative body for the five countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. One of the committees, the Nordic Senior Executive Committee for Occupational Environmental Matters, initiated a project in order to produce criteria documents to be used by the regulatory authorities in the Nordic countries as a scientific basis for the setting of national occupational exposure limits.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Antimony
    ANTIMONY AND COMPOUNDS 11 CHAPTER 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of antimony. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. When available, mechanisms of action are discussed along with the health effects data; toxicokinetic mechanistic data are discussed in Section 3.1. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized by health effect. These data are discussed in terms of route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and three exposure periods: acute (≤14 days), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (≥365 days). As discussed in Appendix B, a literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies examining health effect endpoints. Figure 2-1 provides an overview of the database of studies in humans or experimental animals included in this chapter of the profile. These studies evaluate the potential health effects associated with inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to antimony, but may not be inclusive of the entire body of literature. A systematic review of the scientific evidence of the health effects associated with exposure to antimony was also conducted; the results of this review are presented in Appendix C.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrated Zinc Borates and Their Industrial Use
    Review Hydrated Zinc Borates and Their Industrial Use David M. Schubert AvidChem LLC, Lone Tree, CO, 80124 USA; [email protected] Received: 17 June 2019; Accepted: 26 June 2019; Published: 30 June 2019 Abstract: Zinc borates are important chemical products having industrial applications as functional additives in polymers, bio-composites, paints and ceramics. Of the thirteen well documented hydrated binary zinc borates, Zn[B3O4(OH)3] (2ZnO∙3B2O3∙3H2O) is manufactured in the largest quantity and is known as an article of commerce as 2ZnO∙3B2O3∙3.5H2O. Other hydrated zinc borates in commercial use include 4ZnO∙B2O3∙H2O, 3ZnO∙3B2O3∙5H2O and 2ZnO∙3B2O3∙7H2O. The history, chemistry, and applications of these and other hydrated zinc borate phases are briefly reviewed, and outstanding problems in the field are highlighted. Keywords: borate; zinc; polymer additive; fire retardant; bio-composite 1. Introduction Zinc borates rank in the top ten boron-containing industrial chemicals in terms of global production and use [1]. Tens of thousands of tons of zinc borates are used annually in various applications utilizing their special properties. The family of binary zinc borates of general composition aZnO∙bB2O3∙cH2O, where c is >0, contains at least thirteen unique crystalline compounds; the most important these is 2ZnO∙3B2O3∙3H2O, or Zn[B3O4(OH)3], which is usually referred to in commerce as 2ZnO∙3B2O3∙3.5H2O, owing to an early error in characterization. Major applications of zinc borates include lending durability to bio-composite building materials and improving fire performance and electrical properties of polymers. Zinc borates also serve as corrosion inhibitors, fire retardants and preservatives in coatings, fluxes in ceramic bodies and glazes, hosts for scintillation compounds, and ingredients in agricultural micronutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • FLAME RETARDANTS in PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS Chapter 3
    FLAME RETARDANTS IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS Chapter 3 FINAL REPORT August 2015 EPA Publication 744-R-15-001 3 Chemical Flame Retardants for FR-4 Laminates This chapter summarizes the general characteristics of flame retardants and associated mechanisms of flame retardancy. The flame-retardant chemicals currently used in printed circuit boards (PCBs) are also briefly introduced, with more detailed information about their potential exposure pathways, toxicity, and life-cycle considerations presented in later chapters. 3.1 General Characteristics of Flame-Retardant Chemicals Fire occurs in three stages: (a) thermal decomposition, where the solid, or condensed phase, breaks down into gaseous decomposition products as a result of heat, (b) combustion chain reactions in the gas phase, where thermal decomposition products react with an oxidant (usually air) and generate more combustion products, which can then propagate the fire and release heat, and (c) transfer of the heat generated from the combustion process back to the condensed phase to continue the thermal decomposition process (Hirschler, 1992; Beyler and Hirschler, 2002). In general, flame retardants decrease the likelihood of a fire occurring and/or decrease the undesirable consequences of a fire (Lyons, 1970; Cullis and Hirschler, 1981). The simplest way, in theory, of preventing polymer combustion is to design the polymer so that it is thermally very stable. Thermally stable polymers are less likely to thermally degrade, which prevents combustion from initiating. However, thermally stable polymers are not typically used due to cost and/or other performance issues such as mechanical and electrical properties incompatible with end-use needs for the finished part/item.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimony Trioxide [CAS No. 1309-64-4]
    Antimony Trioxide [CAS No. 1309-64-4] Brief Review of Toxicological Literature Prepared for National Toxicology Program (NTP) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Contract No. N01-ES-35515 Project Officer: Scott A. Masten, Ph.D. NTP/NIEHS Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Prepared by Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina July 2005 Chemical Name: Antimony Trioxide CAS RN: 1309-64-4 Formula: Sb2O3 Basis for Nomination: Antimony trioxide was nominated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences for chronic toxicity, cardiotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies due to the potential for substantial human exposure in occupational settings and lack of adequate two-year exposure carcinogenicity studies. Additional studies of antimony trioxide are of interest, in lieu of studies with antimony trisulfide or another antimony compound, considering the higher volume of use and magnitude of human exposure, and the lack of two- year exposure carcinogenicity studies for any antimony compound by any route of administration. Antimony trisulfide was nominated to the NTP by the National Cancer Institute in 2002 for carcinogenicity studies (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=25BEBA08-BDB7-CEBA- FC56EAD78615ADCF). Subsequent to the nomination review process, the NTP concluded that antimony trisulfide should not be studied further at this time for the following reasons: 1) antimony trisulfide does not appear to represent a major form of antimony to which humans are exposed; 2) carcinogenicity studies of antimony trisulfide is unlikely to lead to a sufficient understanding of the carcinogenicity hazard for antimony compounds as a group; and 3) there is concern regarding the safe handling of pure antimony trisulfide in experimental settings due to its flammable/combustible nature.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) [11] 3,945,974 Schwarcz Et Al
    United States Patent (19) [11] 3,945,974 Schwarcz et al. (45) Mar. 23, 1976 54 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR 2,855,266 l Of 1958 James .............................. 260/45.75 2,948,638 8/1960 Baird............................... 260/45.75 HALOGEN-CONTAINING PLASTIC 3,202,567 8/1965 Muri et al. ...................... 106/15 FP COMPOSITIONS 3,705,128 12/1972 Knowles........................... 260/45.75 75) Inventors: Joseph Schwarcz, Highland Park; 3,766, 57 10/1973 Parts................................ 260/45.75 Bernard Engelbart, Trenton; 3,770,577 1 1/1973 Humpbrey....................... 260/45.75 Edward L. White, Freehold, all of N.J. OTHER PUBLICATIONS 73 Assignee: NL Industries, Inc., New York, Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. 61, N.Y. No. 12 pp. 3241 to 3244 Dec. 19, 1939. (22 Filed: Dec. 20, 1973 21) Appl. No.: 426,492 Primary Examiner-V. P. Hoke 52 U.S. C.260/31.8 R; 260/45.7 R; 260/45.75 W; 57 ABSTRACT 260/45.75 B (5) Int. Cl.............................................. C08J 3/20 Zinc is added to a halogen-containing plastic composi 58 Field of Search. 260/45.75 R, 45.7 R, 45.75 B, tion with or without a flame retardant additive to 260/45.75 W, 45.75 K, 29. R serve as a smoke suppressant during combustion of the plastic. (56) References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 16 Claims, No Drawings 2,772, 59 l/1956 Elliott............................. 260/45.75 3,945,974 2 tions and in particular plasticized polyvinyl chloride SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR include zinc dust, zinc oxide, zinc carbonate, normal HALOGEN-CONTAINING PLASTC zinc
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Retardant (Fr) Systems and Techniques
    FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 2 FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 3 FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 4 FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 5 A strong push is toward low smoke compounding. Minimum smoke emission requires that no Adding 5-10 phr Zinc Borate helps either system. One half as much antimony can be used if Zinc weight, solid Akrochlor R-70 resin can be used at 25-30 phr in EPDM. Make sure R-70 is melted It also provides filler that helps prevent “drips” and sticky rubber forming if the compound burns or fire retardant (fr) systems and halogens or antimony oxide be used. Ideally, other burnable materials like black and petroleum Borate is present. Use of a bromine halogen donor in place of the chlorine donor allows less FR during mixing (220°F minimum). Mill-mixing R-70 sometimes results in molding flaws and melts. Drips are typically more of a plastic concern than rubber. oils are minimized. Besides providing less burnable material, non-black fillers tend to reduce smoke material to be used. The Br radical reacts 2300 times faster and is more efficient than Cl but the poorer flame resistance. In general, good dispersion of the flame retarders is essential. Imagine Smoke and Flame Resistance: techniques generation vs. carbon black. Use of halogens creates an acidic smoke that in a closed space (train Cl is usually less expensive overall. Br is used mostly in plastics where they take advantage of the two identical compounds, one with finely dispersed ingredients; the other with poor dispersion: car, mines, underground subway, and tunnels) can be deadly.
    [Show full text]