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Underwater Acoustic Noise Measurement of Vessels CASE STUDY THE ROYAL NORWEGIAN NAVY UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NOISE MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS A vessel’s acoustic signature provides recognition to friends and enemies alike. The acoustic range at Heggernes in Norway measures all types of NATO naval vessels, and is one of only a few in the world. New and refitted vessels are measured to NATO standards, to identify changes and deviations from specified noise levels. Reliability and accuracy are essential for their hydrophones and customized software. Surface vessel Buoy CHALLENGE Characterize the acoustic signature of NATO submarines and surface ships in operation Measurement Buoy building Communication boxes Sea level SOLUTION Hydrophone Durable underwater acoustic ranging system including hydrophones, analysis equipment and customized software Seabed RESULTS Anchor Hydrophone • Vessels characterized and compared to design specifications with unquestionable data accuracy Submarine • Minimal hydrophone recalibration requirements Anchor BRÜEL & KJÆR CASE STUDY – UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NOISE MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS 01 The control building for the underwa- ter acoustic range at Heggernes. The radar system has a range of 25 nm. BACKGROUND erlands is the Naval Electronics and Optics the principle guidelines for operation of the Early in the 1990s, the navies of Germany, Establishment (MEOB). The Wehrtechnische station. Norway and The Netherlands entered into a Dienststelle für Schiffe und Mainewaffen cooperation agreement to establish an under- (WTD71) is responsible for German testing. ACOUSTIC RANGING water acoustic range. Several locations Separate computers, with removable hard The purpose of acoustic ranging is to measure were considered according to a number of disks, are used by each country. Postprocess- the noise generated by vessels at various criteria. Heggernes near Bergen was chosen ing of data on Norwegian vessels is made speeds. A vessel’s acoustic signature is most and the station commenced operating in at Heggernes, while the data on German important for its function in military opera- 1994. and Dutch vessels is made in their respective tions. Noise ranging is performed, for example, The Material Command of The Royal Norwe- countries. Data is archived on magnetic tape. after major maintenance work, modifications gian Navy has overall responsibility for the The naval vessels of other countries, and some or the installation of new equipment, in order operation and maintenance of the station. civilan vessels are also occasionally tested. to reveal any changes in the noise levels It also has responsibility for testing the vessels This is dependent upon the facilities being of the vessel. New vessels are measured to of the Royal Danish and Royal Norwegian available, and the approval of the testing. A ensure that the noise levels are within the navies. The Dutch and German navies are committee comprising representatives of The limits stipulated in the building specifications, responsible for carrying out their own acoustic Defence Ministries of Germany, The Nether- and that they are in accordance with NATO ranging. The responsible authority in The Neth- lands and Norway meets annually to set out requirements. It is also important to check The range area. A number of hydro- phones are located in the dynamic and static ranges BRÜEL & KJÆR CASE STUDY – UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NOISE MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS 02 The view from the office window! The ferry M/S Nordlys passing the Heggernes range that new vessels of the same class have nearly of two and their height below the surface “WE ONLY CALIBRATE identical acoustic signatures. Both the static can be altered as required using a hydraulic and dynamic ranging of vessels are carried winch. For surface vessels the upper pair of THE HYDROPHONES out at Heggernes. Lt. Cdr. Harald Tholo, Royal hydrophones are set to a depth of about 20 m ONCE A YEAR AS OUR Norwegian Navy, explains, “It’s a very great below the surface while the lower hydro- advantage to have a 400 m deep fjord. There phones are at about 90 meters. The hydro- EXPERIENCE SHOWS are less reflections from the seabed and there- phones are connected to the range house by 1 THAT THEY DO NOT GO fore Heggernes is an ideal site for our work.” 500 metre long cables. Lt. Cdr. Tholo explains, OUT OF “The signal-to-noise ratio decreases if the STATIC RANGING hydrophones are too far away from the noise SPECIFICATION.” Static ranging is carried out by mooring the source and the background noise must be at Erling Minde, Royal Norwegian Navy vessel between three buoys in the static range. least 6 dB below the source.” Although the Two hydrophones (underwater acoustic trans- dynamic test range is in “public” water, the ducers) are attached to the seabed (about Police and Coastguard ensure that other ves- 50 m below the surface), one on each side sels are excluded from the area when testing of the vessel. The water is deep enough to takes place. It is important that the position allow submarines to submerge while moored. of the vessel and any deviation relative to The hydrophones are connected to the range the positions of the measuring hydrophones house by 2 000 metre cables. A telephone are correct because loss of noise energy line is also installed for voice communication from the vessel to the hydrophones must be Left to right: Lt. Cdr. Harald Tholo, with the moored vessel. To perform the tests, calculated in the analysis. Therefore, surface Kjell Johansen, Erling Minde the various units on board the vessel (pumps, and underwater tracking systems have been blowers, fans, generators, air conditioning, installed which can determine the position of etc.) are started in turn and the noise they the vessel to be measured at any particular produce is measured. time. The GPS (Global Position System) can fix the position of a vessel with an accuracy of DYNAMIC RANGING about 2 metres. The position of a submerged Dynamic ranging is carried out by means of submarine is determined by sonar. Voice the vessel following a particular course. The communication with the vessel is either by a noise from the vessel is analysed when it secure digital radio link or, to submarines, by passes a specific point on the course, referred underwater telephone. These systems make it to as the closest point of approach (CPA). possible for the acoustic range to have contin- Five hydrophones are used – one is anchored ual control over the location of the vessel at to the seabed; the other four are in banks all times. BRÜEL & KJÆR CASE STUDY – UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NOISE MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS 03 A typical PULSE™ display showing 2- channel FFT analysis graphs and contour plots “WE CHOSE HIGHLY TRAINED EXPERTS Brüel & Kjær hydrophones are also used at The permanent staff of the Heggernes range the Royal Norwegian Navy’s base at Ber- BRÜEL & KJÆR have unique experience and training in gen. The Heggernes facility boasts a large BECAUSE THEIR underwater acoustics. Lt. Cdr. Harald Tholo has amount of the latest “hightech” equipment. PRODUCTS ARE a degree in hydroacoustics. He continued his The height of the hydrophones is controlled studies at the Royal Norwegian Naval Acade- using the SIMRAD hydrophone system. Kjell ACCURATE, EASY TO my and joined the Navy in 1985. Kjell Johnsen Johansen says, “Our latest acquisition is 31 HANDLE AND THE is an engineer and specialises in acoustics foot twin-screw launch which we will use to and sonar. He joined The Royal Norwegian visit the vessels being tested.” COMPANY HAS AN Navy in 1988. Erling Minde is an acoustic EXCELLENT measurement specialist and joined The Royal MEASUREMENTS Norwegian Navy in 1986. Lt. Cdr. Harald Tholo explains, “We follow REPUTATION. WE GET the established NATO Standards for acoustic EXCELLENT SUPPORT, EQUIPMENT ranging.” Kjell Johansen says, “The PULSE™ SERVICE AND The range house at Heggernes has a wide software has been customised and the variety of Brüel & Kjær equipment including: data collection process is highly automated. TRAINING.” • 4-channel PULSE™ Multi-analyzer Frequency corrections for accurate calibra- Lt. Cdr. Harald Tholo, Royal Norwegian Navy • Types 2131 and 2133 Analyzers tion values of the hydrophones and distance • Type 2720 Power Amplifiers correction calculations are made.” The vessel • Types 2306 and 2307 Level Recorders being tested normally makes four test-runs – • Type 2625 Vibration Pick-up Amplifier two east and two west. The results from the • Type 2628 LF Charge Amplifiers four runs are correlated. The data is posted • Type 2650 Precision Conditioning Ampli- back into the PULSE™ system. Kjell continues, fiers “We use FFT analysis extensively and all the • Type 2033 FFT Analyzer computers run under Windows NT®”. Erling • Type 5619 Channel Selector adds, “We calibrate the cables and pream- • Sound Level Meters plifiers before and after every test run. The BRÜEL & KJÆR CASE STUDY – UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NOISE MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS 04 “WE ARE OFTEN IN DISCUSSIONS WITH SHIPBUILDERS WHEN WE MEASURE AGAINST THE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS. WHEN WE TELL THEM THAT WE USE BRÜEL & KJÆR, THERE ARE NO DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE DATA.” Kjell Johnsen, Royal Norwegian Navy calibration is made using sine waves, and both A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE KEY FACTS white and pink noise. He continues, “We only Much of the work carried out on naval vessels • Early in the 1990s, the navies of Germany, calibrate the hydrophones once a year as our at the Heggernes range is secret. However, Norway and The Netherlands entered into experience shows that they do not go out of other ships pass the range and the ferry M/S a cooperation agreement to establish an specification.” Reports are made in a standard Nordlys (11 200 tonnes, built in 1994) is a underwater acoustic range military format using Microsoft® Word. frequent visitor. To illustrate one aspect of the • The acoustic range at Heggernes, near use of the underwater noise measurement Bergen, is used for measuring noise from Accurate system, the ship’s noise signature was mon- all types of NATO naval vessels Lt.
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