Glossary of Terms and Concepts

Origins This book has grown out of my desire to better serve my congregation in the long term.  I want my people to be armed against the corrosive influences of the world‘s culture and philosophies.  I want them to be able to recognize wolves in sheep‘s clothing.  This volume is unabashedly messianic in its approach to theology (see Ezrach‘). I feel that my people need to understand the essentially Jewish concepts that are intrinsic to the Tanakh and the B‘rit Hadashah (the Old and New Covenant). I also teach a class called ―Ironworks‖ whose purpose is to train workers for the Master‘s fields: elders, deacons, teachers, preachers, missionaries. I began sharing with them the and the so that they could better understand the roots of the Christian faith. However, I soon discovered that most were not familiar with the English theological terms either. So I began trying to define transubstantiation, Calvinism, Arminianism, supralapsarianism, infralapsarianism, orthodoxy, heresy… Out of that ongoing effort came this little volume. For non-Hebrew theological terms I have relied heavily on Baker's Dictionary of Theology, ed. E. Harrison, (Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan), 1960. However, much of it has been modified substantially in order to clarify positions that are unique within Adonaism.

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Hebrew Though I would by no means characterize myself as an authoritative Hebrew scholar, I have a great love of Hebrew and . In fact, I believe that because its authors were Jewish, even the New Testament can only be fully understood by those with a grasp of Hebrew. Therefore, I speak to you of Hebrew out of the passion of a starved user, rather than the satiety of a scholar. These definitions are not meant to be exhaustive but referral. They reflect the way I choose to use them in my approach to Scriptural . Since this is not meant to be a technical treatise, some issues, such as the use of masculine and feminine, or the technically appropriate use of plurals, have been largely ignored. The terms are spelled as they are generally used, rather than as they probably SHOULD be used. In many cases, I‘ve included the appropriate reference number found in Strong‘s concordance and many other study tools so that further biblical research can be facilitated.

Transliteration Choosing English letters to replace Hebrew characters (a process referred to as ―transliteration‖) is an incredible challenge. It almost seems that there are as many ways to transliterate as there are Hebrew scholars! After changing the way I spelled words a couple dozen times, out of frustration, I finally settled on a few protocols of my own. They include: 1. With few exceptions, I have chosen to use Merriam-Webster‘s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition as my guide. 2. Most Hebrew words emphasize the last syllable. This emphasis is indicated by the capitalized letters in my pronunciation guides. 2

3. Generally, if the Hebrew word begins with the letter hay I have chosen to use the English ―h‖ as in home. 4. If the Hebrew word begins with the letter het (a guttural sound not found in English), or if the word has het or haf in the middle, I generally use ―ch‘‖ to indicate this sound in my transliteration and ―kh‖ in the pronunciation guide. The same usage applies to an ending khaf. Generally, I‘ve found that anywhere you see ch in anyone‘s transliteration it indicates this guttural sound rather than the Anglit soft ch as in ―church‖ or hard ch as in ―character‖. The reason I use the apostrophe is that I found myself often forgetting that difference when I saw the simple ch and sometimes accidentally memorized the word wrong. Then it was very difficult to that wrong pronunciation out of my head. So, I started using the apostrophe to make it look just different enough to help me remember. I‘m kind of slow. I have to use those kinds of tricks. So sue me. 5. Ch‘ indicates a guttural h sound. Any other time an apostrophe is found in a word indicates a glottal stop. For example Ani Ma‘amin is pronounced ah-NEE mah-ah-MEEN with a glottal stop between ―mah‖ and ―ah‖ 6. For the sake of simplicity (and space), I have not painstakingly phoneticized every single phrase. Most of the principle words have pronunciation helps. A person who wants to make sure they are pronouncing a phrase correctly only has to scan a few surrounding words to get a gist of the appropriate sounds. 7. Generally: o A – ah as in ―father‖ 3

o Ai – igh as in ―high‖ o Ch‘ – kh; this guttural h sound has no English equivalent o Ei – ay as in ―day‖ o Er – air as in ―air‖ o I – ee as in ―feet‖ o Im – eem as in ―redeem‖ o In – een as in ―seen‖ o It – eet as in ―beet‖ o Kn – kuh-n…as in ―connection‖ o Shon – shone as in ―shone‖ o Ur – oor as in ―boor‖ When it comes to alphabetizing this glossary, I have chosen to use the word-by-word system. In word-by-word alphabetizning there are a few rules to keep in mind: 1. The space character is assigned a value lower than that assigned to any letter. This can be easily remembered with the phrase ―nothing before something.‖ 2. Dashes, hyphens and slashes are assigned the same value as the space character. 3. Other punctuation marks, such as commas, apostrophes, and single or double quotation marks are ignored.

May the peace of , which passes all understanding, keep your heart and mind in the knowledge and love of God, and of His Son Jesus Christ our Lord; and the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, be upon you, and remain with you always.

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A A priori – Latin. Knowledge, judgments, and principles which are true without verification or testing. It is universally true. Abaddon – The head angel in charge of the Bottomless Pit. In Hebrew the word means ―lose or destroy.‖ The Greek version (Apollyon; Revelation 9:11) also means ―destroyer.‖ Abba – (AH-bah); (Strong‘s #1); Lit., ―father,‖ but less formal and more affectionate. Better understood as ―dad‖ or ―daddy‖. It was originally Aramaic but was later adopted into Hebrew. Abur ach’er – (ah-BOOR ah-KHAIR); (Strong‘s #5668 +309); Altruism; literally for the sake of another Ach’arei aruch’at hatzohorayim - After lunch Ach’arei hatzohorayim - In the afternoon Ach’arit ha yamim – Lit., ―after the days‖; the end of days. When olam hazeh ends and olam habah begins for everyone. Matthew 13:39-40, 49; 24:3; 28:20; 1 Corinthians 10:11 Ach’aron shel Pesach’ – The last day of Acharonim – — who were authorities on , since the publication of the until today. Ach’at – One Ach’avah – Brotherhood, fraternity. Ach’eret - Otherwise Ach’i - My brother Ach’ich’em - Your brother Ach’inu - Our brother Ach’iv - His brother Ach’otenu - Our sister Ach’oti - My sister Ach’otich’em - Your sister

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Ad ha erev - Until this evening (response upon departing) Ad mach’ar - Until tomorrow (response upon departing) Ad me’ah ve’esrim shanah! - May you live to be 120! Adam – the first human. Rather than being created ex nihilo he was fabricated out of earth (Genesis 2:7). Thus his name comes from the Hebrew root a-d-m from which the word a-da-mah, or ―earth‖ is derived. Adar - Jewish month; the 12th of the biblical year but the 6th of the modern Jewish year. It generally corresponds to February-March. Adar Sheni – Adar 2, the 13th month of the biblical year added in order to give the barley time to ripen for the firstfurits offering during the first month. It occurs in mid-March to mid-April Adat ha E-l Ch’ai - Community of the Living God Adat Hashem - Congregation of Hashem Adiaphora – Latin. Teachings and practices that are neither commanded nor forbidden in scripture. An example might be whether or not to use a sound- board in a church, to meet in a tent or a building, to have 2 or more services or simply one on the day of worship. See also shikul ha da‘at. Admat kodesh - (Heb. Holy Land or Holy Ground) Phrase which appears but once in the Five Books of Moses (Exodus 3.5), in reference to the ground which Moses stood upon during the story of the burning bush. ("And he (God) said: 'do not come closer, remove your sandals from upon your feet, for the place you stand is holy ground"). Admor - Leader and teacher of Adonaists. See also: Tzaddik, Rav, Reb, . Adon ha shamayim ve Eretz - Master of heaven and Earth Adon olam - Master of the Universe 6

Adonai – literally ―my great lord.‖ Though it can be used as an honorific between humans, it is usually used to address or refer to God. Many refrain from pronouncing the tetragrammaton YHWH and choose instead to insert the name Adonai in its stead. Because it implies the sovereignty of the Lord God, Adonaists have chosen to adopt the name for their belief system. This is done in order to contrast their messianic approach and emphasis on the sovereignty of God to what we refer to as ―Cultural Christianity.‖ Adonai Elohei Tzva’ot – Lord God of Hosts Aonai Eloheinu – Lord our God; Mark 12:29 Adonai Elohim – The Lord our God Adonai Elohim Tzva’ot – the Lord God of Hosts Adonai Nissi – the Lord my Banner/Miracle Adonai Shalom - the Lord of Peace Adonai Shamah – the Lord is there Adonai Tzidkenu – the Lord our Righteousness Adonai Tzva’ot – The Lord of Sabaoth; Lord of Heaven‘s Armies; Lord of Hosts; Romans 9:29 Adonai Yireh – the Lord will see to it. The Lord my Provider. Adonaic Law - See Halakha Adonaism - Adonai is a of God that literally means ―Lord.‖ Yahweh is considered not only ―Lord‖ but actually ―Adonai adonaim‖ or ―Lord of lords.‖ Adonaism emphasizes the Sovereignty and Lordship of the Master Lord Yeshua. It makes Him King and firmly establishes Him on the throne. It places a high value on demonstrating one‘s love and gratitude for salvation by humbly obeying His commands. So Adonaism takes its name from its emphasis on this lordship of God.

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Adonaists believe that what is important is neither intellectual methodology, nor external rites, nor hierarchical ecclesiology nor ecstatic experience. We believe that nothing is more important than a person‘s redemption from the consequences of sin and the restoration of the human/divine relationship. Adonaists believe that this redemption is dependent on our humble acquiescence to the sovereignty of God in our lives. Adonaists claim the carpenter, Yeshua of Nazareth, was the only begotten Son of God, God in Flesh. As such He is our Messiah and rightful King. See also Highlander; Lowlander; Ransomed Adoptionism - Adoptionism is an error concerning Christ that first appeared in the second century. Adoptionists denied the preexistence of Christ and, therefore, His deity. They taught that Yeshua was tested by God and after passing this test and upon His baptism, He was granted supernatural powers by God and adopted as the Son. As a reward for His great accomplishments and perfect character Yeshua was raised from the dead and adopted into the Godhead. Please see Heresies for more information. Advent - From the Latin, ―coming.‖ The coming of or the arrival of something very important as in the advent of Christ‘s return. Advent is also a Christian time of preparation preceding Christmas. Af al pe ch’ain - Despite that it is so; In spite of it all Afikomen – Literally ―dessert.‖ During the Pesach‘ seder it is the broken matzah that is hidden and finally brought out at the end of the meal. Aggadah – (ah-gah-DAH); This is the singular Aramaic form. The plural is aggadoth (ah-gah-DOTE). It literally means ―narrative‖ or ―telling‖. Something that is aggadah is a non-halach‘ic (non legal) matter. 8

Aggadoth are stories, legends, historical stories, jokes, ethical tales, and sermons. They are not considered legally binding but are used to explain and elaborate on the Scriptures and the required behavior of Adonaists. aggadic — pertaining to aggadah. Aggadic material makes up a good portionof the and the midrashim. See also Haggadah. Agnosticism - The belief that it is not possible to know if there is or is not a God. (Compare Atheism, Deism, and Theism.) Agunah – (ah-goo-NAH); Lit., ―chained‖. A person who has divorced for the wrong reasons is considered ―agunah‖ or ―chained‖. They are not permitted to remarry with the blessing of the church. Of course they may seek a civil marriage and they will be loved and allowed to attend church and even have certain forms of ministry. However, they are considered to be living in adultery and are thus barred from leadership or teaching positions. Ahadah – Sympathy, pity, understanding Ahavah – (Strong‘s #160) Love Ahavah olam - Everlasting love or eternal love Ahavat Adonai la Olam – The love of God for the world. Consider John 3:16. Ahavat ch’esed - Love of kindness Ahavat ha briyot – ―Love of creatures‖. Consider Proverbs 12:10. Ahavat ha emet - Love of the truth Ahavat Hashem – Love of the Name. Love of the Lord. Ahavat limud – Love of learning Ahavat olam – Everlasting love Ahavat Yisra’el – (ah-hah-VAHT yis-rah-ALE); Lit., ―love of the Jewish people.‖ Ahuv – Beloved; ahuvi would be ―my beloved‖ 9

Ain davar k’zeh - There is no such thing; drop it, it doesn‘t exist Ain mazel b’Yisrael - The people of Yisrael transcend astrological influences Ain shaliach’ le-dvar aveierah – (ighn shah-LEE-akh lay-duh-VAHR ah-vay-RAH); Lit., ―there is no messenger in a case of sin. Normally a messenger is not responsible for the content of the message he delivers; responsibility is borne by the one who sent it. But if a messenger is sent to perform an evil act (a hired assassin, for example), he cannot defend himself with the claim that he was acting at someone else‘s command. The messenger bears responsibility for the evil he does. (insight by J. Telushkin) Akedah – (ah-kay-DAH); Lit., ―binding.‖ This term refers to the time depicted in Genesis 22 when God commanded to bind his son and sacrifice him. It is thus also sometimes referred to as ―akedat Yitzchak.‖ The term is used in Adonaism to communicate Adonaists‘s willingness to sacrifice, if necessary, their own lives or the lives of their families for their beliefs. ( also spelled Aqedah/Akedat) Al hanissim – A prayer of thanksgiving Al tedag - Don‘t worry Alav ha shalom – (ah-LAHV hah-shah-LOME); A phrase customarily said immediately after mentioning the name of someone who has died that is similar to ―may he/she rest in peace.‖ The masculine is alav. The feminine is alev. Sometimes it is simply abbreviated A‖H. and placed after the name as in ―my Grandfather, A‖H, taught me that…‖ Albigenses – A heresy during the middle ages that developed in the town Albi in Southern France. This error taught that there were two : the good god of light usually referred to as Yeshua in the New 10

Testament and the god of darkness and evil usually associated with Satan and the "God of the Old Testament." Anything material was considered evil including the body which was created by Satan. The soul, created by the good god, was imprisoned in the evil flesh and salvation was possible only through holy living and doing good works. Please see Heresies for more information. Alef – the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Alefbet – (also Alephbet); the Hebrew alphabet. Alef v’Tav – The First and the Last; i.e. the Alpha and Omega. - (Heb. To go up) Term used in reference to immigration to . Those who immigrate to Israel ―make aliyah‖. However, aliyah can also be used to refer to when one is called to the altar (bema) to read from the or recite a blessing. Altar of Incense – An acacia wood altar, approximately 18 inches square and three feet tall that was overlaid with pure gold, designed for the burning of incense in front of the Holy of Holies. It was from this altar that Gabriel spoke to Zechariah in Luke 1:11. Am – — people. Am ch’ophsi – A free people; a free nation Am Ha'aretz - (Heb. Person of the Land). A term used in Jewish scriptures for citizens, or some particular class of citizens; in , for persons or groups that dissented from or were uninstructed in rabbinic halakha and rigorous purity and tithing norms. It sometimes signifies the unlearned, sometimes is used condescendingly (boor). It was also used to describe the broad mass of Jewish people of the 1st century CE, who cannot be categorized into any of the sub-groups of the time.

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Am Hasefer – (ahm-ha-say-FAIR); ―People of the Book‖ referring to godly people‘s love for the Scriptures. Am Kadshech’a - People of Your Holiness Am Yisrael - The People of Israel [all Jews] Amah – (a-MA) a cubit Aman – (ah-MAHN) (Strong‘s #539) Steadfastness, faithfulness, to stand firm, to trust, to be certain, to believe in. Amarta amarta - You said, you said; You said it, so it‘s good enough for me Amen – (ah-MEN); Lit., ―so be it.‖ It is generally used as either an ending statement for prayer or as a statement of agreement to a point another has made. Sometimes it is written ―amein‖ or ―amain‖. Amidah – — a.k.a. the Shemoneh Esrei, ―Eighteen Benedictions.‖ These are private, personal, devotional prayers. These may include a kedusha, a prayer in which one sanctifies the day and sets one‘s self aside in a committal to obey Hashem‘s mitzvoth and to serve Him faithfully throughout the day. THE Amidah is the central prayer in Jewish life and liturgy, considered to be the prayer par excellence. Every is religiously obligated to pray the "Amidah" daily; however, in times of emergency saying an abbreviated form of the prayer may fulfill this obligation. It is also known as Amidah (Standing), because it is said standing; or simply Tefilah (Prayer) Sometimes it is referred to as ―Eighteen‖ (shemoneh esreh) because the prayer originally consisted of eighteen benedictions. However, its final version dates from about 90-100 A.D. when a nineteenth point was added, a curse, that some consider to be pointed at those who consider Yeshua ben Adonai to be the Mashiach. 12

Amillennialism - The teaching that there is no literal 1000 year reign of Christ as referenced in Revelation 20. It sees the 1000 year period spoken of in Revelation 20 as figurative. Instead, it teaches that we are in the millennium now, and that at the return of Christ (1 Thessalonians 4:16-5:2) there will be the final judgment and the heavens and the earth will then be destroyed and remade (2 Pet. 3:10). The Amillennial view is as old as the Premillennial view. (Also compare to Postmillennialism). Amoraic — pertaining to the amoraim; the singular is amora. Amoraim – — Literally, ―speakers.‖ The amoraim are the sages of the talmudic period, as distinguished from the earlier tannaim which are the sages of the mishnaic period. Rabbis who lived between 200 and 500 C.E.and compiled the Gemarot of the Talmud. Roughly speaking, the tannaim are the sages quoted in the and contemporary rabbinic works, while the amoraim are the sages mentioned in the Germara. The different Gemarot are actually what make the two different. The Mishnah is the same for both. Amos – — One of the smaller prophetic books in the Tanach‘. Amud - Page Anabaptists - Any of a group of sects of the early Reformation period of the 16th century that believed in rebaptism of people as adults. Infant baptism was not recognized as valid and the Catholic Mass was rejected. Anabaptist means ―one who baptizes again.‖ They believed in non-violence and opposed state run churches.

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Anach’nu – We Analogy – a similarity between two things that is purposely pointed out. A type of reasoning (see middot) in which (because one thing is considered to be similar to another) a conclusion may be drawn. Angel - Angel means messenger. Angels are created (Psalm 148:2,5; Colossians 1:16), non-human, spirit beings (Hebrews 1:14). They are immortal (Luke 20:36), innumerable (Hebrews 12:22), invisible (Numbers 22:22-31), and do the will of God (Psalm 103:20). There are good angels (Genesis 28:12; Psalm 91:11) and bad angels (2 Peter 2:4; Jude 1:6). Holy angels have a ministry to believers. They guide (Genesis 24:7, 40), protect (Psalm 34:7), and comfort (Acts 27:2, 24). The only angels mentioned by name are Gabriel (Daniel 8:16; 9:21), Michael (Daniel 10:13, 21; 12:1), and Lucifer (Luke 10:18). Michael is always mentioned in the context of battle (Daniel 10:13) and Gabriel as a messenger (Luke 1:26). Of course, Lucifer, who became Satan, is the one who opposes God. Angels were originally created for the purpose of serving and carrying out the will of God. The fallen angels rebelled and became evil angels. Satan is such an angel (Isaiah 14:12-16; Ezekiel 28:12-15). Anglit - English Ani - I Ani Ch’ai - I live Ani etkasher ele’ch’a - I‘ll call you Ani hoev otka! – I love you. Ani koreh Ivrit, aval lo medaber (masc.) - I read Hebrew but do not speak Ani koreh vekotev, aval lo medaber (fem.) - I read and write [Hebrew] but do not speak

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Ani ledodi vedodi li - I am my beloved‘s and my beloved is mine Ani lo mevin (masc.); Ani lo mevinah (fem.) - I do not understand Ani lo mevin otch’a (masc.); ani lo mevin otach’ (fem.) - I don‘t understand you Ani lo yode’a (masc.); Ani lo yoda’at (fem.) - I don‘t know Ani ma’amin – (ah-NEE mah-ah-MEEN); Lit., ―I believe.‖ It is sometimes used as the first words of a series of doctrinal statements. Ani medaber Ivrit (masc.); Ani medaberet Ivrit (fem.) - I speak Hebrew Ani mitzta’er (masc.); Ani mitzta’eret (fem.) - I‘m sorry Ani ohev otach’ (masc.); Ani ohevet otch’a (fem.) - I love you Ani tzarich’ lalech’et ach’shav - I must go now Ani ve’atah neshane et ha’olam! - You and I will change the world! Ani yode’a (masc.); Ani yoda’at (fem.) - I know Ani yode’a Ivrit (masc.); Ani yoda’at Ivrit (fem.) - I know Hebrew Ani yode’a milim ach’adot (masc.) - I know a few words [of Hebrew] Ani yoda’at rak milim ach’adot (fem.) - I know only a few words [of Hebrew] Annihilationism - The teaching that when a person dies, he is annihilated, most often this doctrine is applied to the wicked, thereby negating eternal hell fire. This is contradicted by the Bible in Matthew 25:46 which says ―And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.‖ Also, degrees of punishment will be given on the Day of Judgment (Revelation 20:11-15). If all, or only the

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wicked are annihilated, then degrees of punishment would be pointless. Anninut – The time period of mourning between death and the funeral. Anomianism – Lawlessness. The New Testament Greek word for ―law‖ is nomos. Nomos is the Greek word that was used by the translators of the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew word Torah. Several times in the New Covenant, the word nomos appears with an a- prefix attached to it, making a new word, anomos. The a- prefix in Greek means ―no,‖ ―not,‖ or ―without.‖ When the a- prefix is attached to a Greek word it gives the word a negative meaning, just like the a- prefix does in English words such as amoral, asexual, atheist, etc. So a-nomos or anomiansim literally means ―without or against the Torah.‖ See Antinomianism. Antichrist - A figure who opposes God. The word is used to describe a spirit of rebellion against God, "...the spirit of the Antichrist..." (1 John 4:3) and of a specific future person identified as the man of lawlessness (2 Thessalonians 2:3). He actively opposes Christ (2 Thessalonians 2:4) and when he arrives, he will be able to perform miracles (2 Thessalonians 2:9). Some believe he will be an incarnation of Satan and as such will be able to deceive many. His number is 666 (Revelation 13:18). A further possible description of him might be found in Zechariah 11:15-17). Antinomianism - The word comes from the Greek anti, against, and nomos, law. It is the unbiblical practice of living without regard to the righteousness of God, using God's grace as a license to sin, and trusting grace to cleanse of sin. In other words, since grace is infinite and we are saved by grace, then we can sin 16

all we want and still be saved. It is wrong because even though as Christians we are not under the Law (Romans 6:14), we still fulfill the Law in the Law of love (Romans 13:8, 10; Galatians 5:14; 6:2). We are to love God with all our heart, soul, strength, and mind, and our neighbor as ourselves (Luke 10:27) and, thereby, avoid the offense of sin which cost God His only begotten Son. Paul speaks against the concept of antinomianism in Romans 6:1-2: "Are we to continue in sin that grace may abound? May it never be! How shall we who died to sin still live in it?" We are not to use the grace of God as a means of sin. Instead, we are to be controlled by the love of God and in that way bear the fruit of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:22-25). See Anomianism. Antiochus Epiphanes – A mad Greek ruler whose tyranny lasted from 175-165 BC. His entry of and desecration of the Beit haMikdash prefigures the ultimate ―abomination of desolation‖ that will be visited upon us by the coming Anti-Christ. Antisemitism – Literally ―against Semites‖ but is used particularly against the Jewish people. Racism that targets Jewish people specifically. Antisemitism is in direct violation to the Word of God since the Apostle Paul said,  Romans 9:3-5 HCSB For I could wish that I myself were cursed and cut off from the Messiah for the benefit of my brothers, my countrymen by physical descent. (4) They are Israelites, and to them belong the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the temple service, and the promises. (5) The forefathers are theirs, and from them, by physical descent, came the Messiah, who is God over all, blessed forever. Amen. 17

Apikoros - (Aram. Non-believer) Term for an apostate. Apocrypha - The word apocrypha means hidden. It is used in a general sense to describe a list of books written by Jews between 300 and 100 B.C. More specifically, it is used of the seven additional books accepted by the Catholic church as being inspired. The entire list of books of the apocrypha are: 1 and 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, the Rest of Esther, the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach, (also titled Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, The Letter of Jeremiah, Song of the Three Young Men, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, The Additions to Daniel, The Prayer of Manasseh, and 1and 2 Maccabees. The books accepted as inspired and included in the Catholic Bible are Tobit, Judith, 1and 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach (also known as Ecclesiasticus), and Baruch The Jews never recognized these books as being canonical (inspired). There is no record that Yeshua or the apostles ever quoted from the apocryphal books. The Septuagint (LXX) includes the books, not as scripture, but as part of the translation of the Hebrew manuscripts as a whole. Apollinarianism - Apollinarianism was the heresy taught by Apollinaris the Younger, bishop of Laodicea in Syria about 361. He taught that the Logos of God, which became the divine nature of Christ, took the place of the rational human soul of Yeshua and that the body of Christ was a glorified form of human nature. In other words, though Yeshua was a man, He did not have a human mind but that the mind of Christ was solely divine. Please see Heresies for more information. Apologetics - The word "apologetics" is derived from the Greek word "apologia," which means to make a defense. It has come to mean defense of the faith. 18

Apologetics covers many areas: who Yeshua is, the reliability of the Bible, refuting cults, biblical evidences in the history and archeology, answering objections, etc. In short, it deals with giving reasons for Christianity being the true religion. We are called by God to give an apologia, a defense: "but sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts, always being ready to make a defense to everyone who asks you to give an account for the hope that is in you, yet with gentleness and reverence" (1 Peter 3:15). Apostasy - The falling away from the faith. It is a revolt against the truth of God‘s word by a believer. It can also describe a group or church organization that has "fallen away" from the truths of Christianity as revealed in the Bible. Apostle - Someone sent with a special message or commission. Yeshua is called the apostle and high Priest of our confession in Hebrews 3:1. The twelve apostles of Yeshua were Simon Peter, Andrew, James the son of Zebedee, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot. Paul became an apostle after Yeshua' resurrection (2 Corinthians 1:1), along with Barnabas (Acts 14:14), and others. Apostles established churches (Romans 15:17-20), exposed error (Galatians 1:6-9), and defended the truth of the gospel (Philippians 1:7, 17). Some were empowered by the Holy Spirit to perform Miracles (Matthew 10:1, 8) and they were to preach the gospel (Matthew 28:19-20). Aramaic — a northwest Semitic language that is closely related to Hebrew. The earliest Aramaic inscriptions date from the ninth-tenth centuries B.C. Some 200 verses of the Bible are in 19

Aramaic. Major sections of the books of Daniel (2:4-7:28) and Ezra (4:6-6:18 and 7:12-26) were originally written in Aramaic. Jeremiah 10:11, which was a later insertion, was oddly enough written in Aramaic. Two words in Genesis (31:47) and possibly small portions of Numbers and Job appear to be Aramaic in origin. Aramaic‘s square script eventually replaced the archaic Hebrew script. By the time of coming of the Messiah Aramaic was the normal script for writing in Hebrew. Arba – Four Arba minim – The of vegetation used in ritual observance during the holiday of (see Leviticus 23:40) to fulfill the commandment to ―rejoice before the Lord‖. Traditionally they are:  Lulav – a ripe green closed frond from a date palm tree.  Hadass – boughs with leaves from a myrtle tree  Aravah – branches with leaves from a willow tree  Etrog – the fruit of a citron tree Arba pinot ha Eretz - The four corners of the Earth Arbaim yom ve’arbaim lailah - Forty days and forty nights Arch of Titus – This monument to the destruction of and the Beit haMikdash was built in AD 81.

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On it can be seen the Temple‘s Golden Lampstand and the Table of Showbread. Argumentum ad hominem – Latin. It is an irrelevant attack upon a person to deflect the argument from the facts and reasons. Argumentum ad judicium - Latin. This is an argument where appeal is made to common sense and the judgment of people as validating a point. Argumentum ad populum – Latin. This is an argument where appeal is made to emotions: loyalties, patriotism, prejudices, etc. Argumentum ad verecundiam – Latin. This is an argument using respect for great men, customs, institutions, and authority in an attempt to strengthen one's argument and provide an illusion of proof. Arianism - An ancient theological error that appeared around the year 320. It taught that God could not appear on the earth, that Yeshua was not eternal and could not be God. Additionally, it taught that there was only one person in the Godhead: the Father. Yeshua, then, was a creation. It was condemned by the Council of Nicea in 325. The Jehovah's Witness cult is an equivalent, though not exactly, of this ancient error. Please see Heresies for more information. Arminianism - There are five main tenets of Arminianism: 1) God elects or reproves on the basis of foreseen faith or unbelief, 2) Christ died for all men and for every man, although only believers are saved, 3) Man is so depraved that divine grace is necessary unto faith or any good deed, 4) This grace may be resisted, 5) Whether all who are truly regenerate will certainly persevere in the faith is a point which needs further investigation.1 (Compare with Calvinism) 21

Aruch’at boker - Breakfast Aruch’at erev - Dinner Aruch’at tzohorayim – Lunch Aseret ha Devarim – The Decalogue; the Ten Commandments that were written on two stone tablets (luch’ot). This is the scriptural term. The rabbinical term is ―aseret ha diberot‖. Aseret ha Diberot – The Decalogue; the Ten Commandments that were written on two stone tablets (luch’ot). In the Scriptures these are called the ―aseret ha devarim‖, the ―ten words‖ or ―ten utterances‖. Aseret ha Diberot is a rabbinical term. Asherah – The plural is asherim. A carved image of a pagan fertility goddess often symbolized by a dove or a sphinx (emphasizing wisdom); usually a version of Astarte (from the Northwestern Semitic regions) who is also known as:  Athtart (Ugaritic)  Astartu (Akkadian)  Uni-Astre (Etruscan; later becoming Juno)  Inanna (Sumerian for ―Queen of Heaven),  Isis (Egyptian),  Ishtar (Assyrian and Babylonian and for whom the pagan holiday of Easter is named),  Ashtoreth (Hebrew pronunciation of the Phoenician; some question the correlation to Asherah but when considering their descriptions they seem to me to be one and the same),  Aphrodite (Greek),  Venus (Roman). Ashkenazi – Eastern and Central European Jew. Ashkenazi culture and transliteration differs from Sephardic Jews. See Sephardic. Asir todah (masc.); Asirat todah (fem.) - Ever so grateful 22

Assur - (Heb. forbidden) Term used to denote something prohibited by Jewish law. (E.g. "It's assur to east milk with meat"). Assurance - Theologically, assurance is the state of being confident in a condition or outcome. Usually it is applied to one‘s assurance of salvation. Texts often used to support assurance of salvation are John 10:28 ―and I give eternal life to them, and they shall never perish; and no one shall snatch them out of My hand,‖ and 1 John 5:13, ―These things I have written to you who believe in the name of the Son of God, in order that you may know that you have eternal life.‖ At mevinah et hamilim (fem.) - Do you understand the words? Possible Responses: Ken, ani mevinah et hamilim (fem.) - Yes, I understand the words; Ani mevin et hamilim, aval lo et hamishpat (masc.) - I understand the words, but not the sentence; Ani mevin, aval lo medaber (masc.) - I understand but do not speak; Atah (masc. sing.); At (fem. sing.) - You Atah bech’artanu - You have chosen us Atah lo mevin (masc.); At lo mevina’ (fem.) - You don‘t understand Atah lo tzodek (masc.); Ata lo tzodeket (fem.) - You are wrong Atah medaber Ivrit? (masc.); At medaberet Ivrit (fem.) - Do you speak Hebrew? Possible Responses: Me’at - A little; Ken, me’at - Yes, a little; Me’at me’od - Very little; 23

Rak me’at - Just a little; Lo, ani lo medaber (masc.) - No, I do not speak Atah mevin Ivrit? (masc.) - Do you understand Hebrew? Atah mevine? (masc.); At mevina? (fem.) - Do you understand? Atah tzodek (masc.); At tzodeket (fem.) - You are right Atem (masc. plural); Aten (fem. plural) – You Atheism - This word comes from two Greek words, a the negator, and theos, God. Atheism teaches that there is no God of any kind, anywhere, anytime. Logically, an atheist would be an evolutionist though not all evolutionists are atheists. The Bible teaches that all men know there is a God (Romans 2:14-15). Therefore, they will be without excuse (Romans 1:20) on the Day of Judgment. Instead, atheists willingly suppress the knowledge of God by their unrighteousness (Romans 1:18-19). Atonement - To atone means to make amends, to repair a wrong. Biblically, it means to remove sin. The Old Testament atonements offered by the high priest were temporary and a foreshadow of the real and final atonement made by Yeshua. Yeshua atoned for the sins of the world (1 John 2:2). This atonement is received by faith (Romans 5:1; Ephesians 2:8). Man is a sinner (Romans 5:8) and cannot atone for himself. Therefore, it was the love of the Father that sent Yeshua (1 John 4:10) to die in our place (1 Peter 3:18) for our sins (1 Peter 2:24). Because of the atonement, our fellowship with God is restored (Romans 5:10). (See Reconciliation.) Autograph - An original writing of a biblical document. The original manuscript written. The autographs would be the actual, original written document from which copies are made. 24

Autonomy - Freedom from all external constraints. Independence consisting of self-determination. Av - (Heb.) The eleventh month of the (which begins with the month of Tishrei); and fifth according to the Jewish calendar (which starts in the month of Nissan). (See also "Tisha B'av"). Av - (Heb. father or father of). Used in numerous phrases and constructions, such "as av beit din" (lit. father of the house of judgment), one who presides over a Jewish court. (See also beit) Av Beit Din - The supervisor of the Beit Din and all of its functions. In Adonaic Christianity the senior teaching elder of the church is appointed the Av Beit Din or his designee as the administrator in any Beit Din proceeding or hearing. Av haroeh beseter - Father Who sees in secret Av she bashamayim - Father in heaven Avad – (Strong‘s #6) (Jonah 1:6,14; 3:9; 4:10) To wander away; to go astray; to be lost. To die, perish, or be destroyed (but not annihilated). To lose usefulness. Adonaists believe that before they submitted their will to Hashem‘s, and made Him their King, their Master, or their Shepherd, they were ―avad.‖ Avak lashon hara – (ah-VAK lah-SHONE hah-RAH) Lit., ―the dust of an evil tongue.‖ In this case a person is not making a positive statement that could entrap him if the lie is discovered. What the person does is simply choose which part of the truth to tell. It is in the lack of full disclosure or the timing of the telling in which the sin lies. Because it is more insidious, in my opinion this is a far more dangerous sin and should be dealt with more harshly by the elders. Avel - Mourner

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Avelut - (Heb. mourning) The year of mourning after the burial of a parent. (See also ) Averah (aveira) - (Heb.) Sin, transgression of God's will. Avi - My father Avi ‘Ad – Eternal Father Avi ch’ol - Father of all Avich’em - Your father Avinu – Our Father; Luke 1:73 Avinu Malkeinu – ―Our Father, our King‖; a form of address for Hashem, often used in prayer. Avinu she bashamayim - — Our Father in heaven Aviv – First month of the biblical year corresponding to the modern month of Nisan. Avodah – (ah-voh-DAH); Lit., ―divine service.‖ There are three great pillars upon which righteous behavior rests: 1) Torah - Study of the Scripture; 2) Gemilut Ch‘assidim - Acts of kindness toward our fellow man; 3) Humble service to and worship of God. This is often used in the Christian sense of ―sanctification‖ i.e. efforts made toward self-refinement empowered by the Ruach‘ ha Kodesh. Avodah can also be used in the sense of ―liturgical worship‖ where these three elements are formally built into the worship experience. Avodah zarah - (ah-voh-DAH zah-RAH) Idolatry Avodat Hashem – Service rendered to the Name. Avoteinu - Our fathers Avraham – — Abraham, the father of the Jewish people. His name was originally Avram ( ). He is also sometimes called Avraham Avinu, ―Abraham Our Father‖. Avraham avinu - Avraham our father

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Ayin – (ah-YEEN); The Hebrew word for ―well‖ or ―spring‖. Oddly enough, it also means ―eye‖. It is also the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Az haroth - Exhortations. Az mah? - So what? Azazel – a scape goat or a goat demon. Leviticus 16:8- 10, 26 Azkarah – A memorial service. Azoi? - Really? Azov oti - Leave me [alone] Azru li! - Help me! Azuvah - Abandoned

B Ba li - I felt/feel like it Ba Midbar – Lit., ―In the wilderness‖; Used of the fourth book of the Torah which is called in English ―Numbers‖. Ba’al – the principle male Phoenician and Canaanite god. It literally means ―lord‖ or ―master‖ and was further used to imply ―husband‖ in the context of fertility worship. Numbers 25:3-5; Deuteronomy 4:3; Judges 2:13; 6:25; Hosea 9:10; Zephaniah 1:4; Romans 11:4. Ba’al bayit - Master of the house Ba’al hakerem - Master of the vineyard Ba'al Korai - (Heb.) Torah reader at public prayer service. Ba’al midot tovot (masc.); Ba’alat midot tovot - Master of good attributes; a person of good character Baal Nefesh – A religious Jew Ba’al Tefillah - Prayer leader also known as a chazzan. Ba’al Zibbul – (also rendered Ba‘al Zebub or Beelzebub); A derogatory name for Satan (Matthew 4:1). I say derogatory because the Philistines 27

originally meant ―lord of heaven‖ or ―lord of a high abode‖ but the name was changed by the author of 2 Kings to mean ―lord of the flies‖ in 2 Kings 1:2. It is also used as a play on the word ―zevel‖ which means ―rubbish or excrement‖ (Matthew 10:25). Ba’alei din - litigants Ba’ali - My husband Ba’alim – pagan gods Babel, Tower of - The tower built the builders at Babel constructed which became a symbol of their defiance against God (Genesis 11:1-6). It was probably modeled after a ziggurat which is a mound of sun- dried bricks and was probably constructed before 4,000 BC. Baboker - In the morning Bach’ur (masc.); Bach’urah (fem.) - Young man; Young woman B’ahavah - With love Bain haarbayim – (Exodus 12:3) ―Twilight‖ but literally ―between the evenings.‖ The last half of the daylight hours (from about noon to 6:00 p.m.) was divided into two parts: the minor evening oblation (noon to 3:00 p.m.) and the major evening oblation (3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.). Thus, ―between the evenings‖ means between these two periods, or about 3:00 p.m. This was the time midway between the beginning of the sun‘s descent into the west (about noon) and its setting (about 6:00 p.m.). So the Passover lamb was killed at about 3:00 p.m. on Aviv 14. Baleboss - (Yid. M. From the Heb. Ba'al ha'bayit) Head (lit. master) Of the household. Baleboosteh - (Yid. F, From the Heb. Ba'alat Ha'bayit) The lady of the house, and usually an especially praiseworthy one. Balnes - Miracle worker 28

Balshem - Faith healer; performer of miracles Bamidbar – — Numbers, the fourth book of the Torah. Baptism - An immersion or sprinkling of water that signifies one's identification with a belief or cause. In Christianity it is the believer's identification with Christ in His death, burial, and resurrection (Romans 6:4-5). It is done in the name and authority (Acts 4:7) of Christ with the baptismal formula of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19). It does not save us (1 Peter 3:21). However, it is our obligation, as believers, to receive it. Some maintain that baptism is necessary for salvation. It is not. If you want to read more on this see Is Baptism Necessary for Salvation? See also . Baptismal Regeneration - The belief that baptism is essential to salvation, that it is the means where forgiveness of sins is made real to the believer. This is incorrect. Paul said that he came to preach the gospel, not to baptize (1 Corinthians 1:14-17). If baptism were essential to salvation, then Paul would have included it in his standard practice and preaching of the salvation message of Yeshua, but he did not. (See also Colossians 2:10-11.) See also Mikveh. Bar – This is the Aramaic word for ―son‖ or by implication ―son of‖. If it is placed before a name is means ―son of‖ or ―descendant of‖. It began to be used as a primary means of identification during the period. Females with the same personal name often were distinguished by adding berat (daughter, daughter of) and the father's name. The Hebrew equivalents of bar

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and berat are ben (son, son of) and bat (daughter, daughter of). Bar Kochba, Simeon – He led a revolt against Roman rule in 132 AD. He was held by many in his day to be the Mashiach. Because many Messianic Jews disagreed and failed to participate in his rebellion, the relationship between Judaizers and Messianists began to seriously degrade. Bar (masc.) ; Bat Mitzvah (fem.) - Son/Daughter of the Commandment. A boy who has completed a childhood course of study on the Torah and Jewish practice, culminating in the boy leading a shach‘arit service and reading his parasha. This ceremony happens most often at the age of 13. The term actually refers to the person, not to the event, e.g. ―Isaac has become a bar mitzvah.‖ The ceremony of Bar Mitzvah or Bat Mitzvah which is performed by observant Judaizers is not found in the Scriptures. Barch’ot vetefillot - Blessings and prayers Barei lev - Pure in heart Bari veshalem - Safe and sound Baruch’ – Blessed or blessing. The plural is baruch‘ot (sometimes seen as berachot). Baruch’ atah Adonai – (bah-RUKH ah-TAH ah-doe- NYE); These three words begin many prayerful blessings (brach‘ot). It can be translated ―Blessed are You, Adonai.‖ Baruch’ habah! (pl. Bruch‘im habaim) – Traditional greeting meaning ―Welcome!‖ Baruch’ habah b’Shem Adonai - Blessed is the Name of the Lord Baruch’ Hashem – (bah-RUKH hah-SHEM); Lit., ―Blessed be the Name‖. An expression meaning ―Thank God!‖ 30

Baruch’ Hu vebaruch’ Shmo - Blessed be He and blessed be His Name Baruch’ She’amar - Blessed be He who spoke Baruch’ Shem kivod leolam va’ed - Blessed be His glorious majesty forever and ever Baruch’ Shem kivod malch’uto leolam va’ed - Blessed be His glorious name whose kingdom is forever and ever Baruch’ Shemah - Blessed be the Name Basar b’chalav - — meat and milk. Bat - (Heb. daughter or daughter of). Used frequently in ―matronymics‖ (naming by identity of mother). (See also Ben or Bar). Luke 2:36 Bat kol – literally ―daughter of a voice‖ but intending ―voice from heaven‖ that reveals the will of God. Deuteronomy 4:36; Daniel 4:31; Matthew 3:17; Mark 1:11; Luke 3:22; John 12:28; Acts 11:9; 2 Peter 1:18; Revelation 10:4 Bat mitzvah - — Literally, ―daughter of the commandment.‖ A girl who has completed a childhood course of study on the Torah and Jewish practice, culminating in the girl leading a shach‘arit service and reading her parasha. This ceremony happens most often at the age of 12. The term actually refers to the person, not to the event, e.g. ―Rebecca has become a bat mitzvah.‖ The ceremony of Bar Mitzvah or Bat Mitzvah which is performed by observant Judaizers is not found in the Scriptures. Bat Tziyon - Daughter of Zion Batei Din – Plural of Beit Din. Batu’ach’? - Are you sure? B.C.E. — abbreviation of "Before Common Era," corresponding to B.C. in general use. I sometimes

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use B.C.E. and C.E. when responding to Jewish questions since many Jews feel unable to use B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (anno Domini, in the year of our Lord) without compromising their beliefs. Ironically they still must give a nod to Christianity, even in their usage! B’chor - (Heb.) Firstborn status. B’deken - The ritual unveiling of the bride by the bridegroom. This custom developed from the biblical story of , who married Leah by mistake, instead of Rachel, the woman he loved. Bech’ayai! - Really! Sure! Bech’ayech’a! (masc.); Bech’ayech’! (fem.) - On your life!; Really? Oh sure! Bech’ol’zot – Nevertheless Bedikat hammetz – The search for hammetz that is held the night before the first seder and liturgically during the first seder. Afterwards, the bittul hammetz is said which is a formula renouncing any hammetz we may have inadvertently missed during our cleaning. The be‘ur hammetz is the ritual destruction or disposal of the hammetz usually done on the morning of the first Seder by 11:00 AM. Be’einei Hashem - In the eyes of Hashem Behatzlach’a - Good luck!; All the best! Beit – — house or room. Sometimes also spelled bet or beth. I choose to generally use beit. Beit Din – (BAYT-DEEN); A group of elders gathered together in order to render a ruling or judgment on a matter. A Beit Din should be composed of at least three adult believers, at least one of whom needs to be widely knowledgeable in Halakha, and must be sufficiently knowledgeable to instruct the other two members in any matters of Halakha relevant to the case being heard. A Beit Din may be called to rule on 32

such religious matters as the granting of a gett or to determine a persons‘ fitness to lead in ministry. The first known Messianic Beit Din was led by James in city of Jerusalem. Its purpose was to resolve the issue of relations between Jewish Talmidim and Goyish Talmidim especially viz a vis the requirement of circumcision for salvation. Beit ha ch’aim – A cemetery. Beit ha Mikdash – — Literally, ―the Holy House.‖ The First or Second Temple in Jerusalem. Beit ha knesset – (BAYT-kuh-NESS-et); Lit., ―house of assembly.‖ This phrase can be used to refer to a gathering of believers, a or a church. Beit hesped – A funeral home. Beit Hillel — (house of Hillel) Hillel's disciples and the disciples of his disciples, referred to collectively as "the house [i.e., school] of Hillel." Beit midrash – — (BAYT mid-RASH); Lit., ―house of study.‖ A room devoted (even temporarily or occasionally) to that purpose. In the first century, the beit midrash was usually connected to a synagogue, and learning took place in the synagogue's assembly hall or in a room adjoining it. Sometimes refers to the actual study done in such a place. In that sense it is used to emphasize the role of study (biblical or secular) in the life of the church and the tzaddikim. See also Beit sefer, Yeshivah. Beit Midrash l'Shalom - (Heb. The House of Study for Peace) Beit sefer – (BAYT SAY-fair); Lit., ―house of (the) book.‖ A religious or parochial school. See also Beit midrash, Yeshivah. Beit tefilah – House of prayer. Bekarov - Soon

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Bemeshech’ hayom - During the day Ben - (Heb. son, son of; Aramaic. bar) Used frequently in ―patronymics‖ (naming by identity of father), particularly during the Second Temple period. Thus ―ben Joshua‖ would be ―son of Joshua‖. The feminine version would be bat. By extension bar or bat may also imply ―having the properties of.‖ (See also bar, bat and bint). Ben ha M’vorach’ – Son of the Blessed, i.e. the Son of God. Mark 14:61 Ben Torah - (Heb. Son of the Torah) One who is religiously observant and well-versed in the classical religious texts. Bentsch – (BENCH); (Yid. To bless); To recite a blessing or say grace at a meal. The word can also refer to the reciting of any blessing. Berach’ot - Blessings Beratzon - With pleasure Beresheet – — Lit., ―In the beginning‖; the first book of the Torah called in English Genesis. (also spelled ) Beriah – Flight or escape. Also spelled Berihah or Bricha. Berishonah - In the first place Beseder, B’H - Fine, baruch‘ Hashem (blessed be the Name). Besorah - — (Plural , ―Besorot‖) Literally, ―good news‖ or ―tidings.‖ This is the Hebrew equivalent of ―Gospel,‖ and is used to refer to the four books in the Torat ha Shlich‘im that tell Yeshua‘s story. Be’tach’! - Sure! Be’ulah - married

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Bet – the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Sometimes spelled beth. Betodah me-rosh - Thank you in advance Betulah - Unmarried woman Bevakasha - Please [or your welcome] Bevakasha et zeh - This, please B’ezrat Hashem — (the acronym appearing as BE‘H) - With Hashem‘s help B’H – An abbreviation of the Hebrew ―Baruch‘ Hashem‖ meaning ―blessed is God.‖ It is used to express gratitude to the Lord and to recognize the fact that all our success and health comes from Him. Bikkurim – First fruits. The tithes and offerings due to our Master. Bikur ch’olim – (bee-COOR khoe-LEEM); Lit., ―visiting the sick.‖ It refers to doing mitzvot, or good deeds, for someone who is ill. These can include taking them a meal, visiting them in the hospital, or sending them a ―get well‖ card. Bilui naim - Have a good time Bimah – (BEE-mah); The raised platform or stage at the front of the sanctuary from which the people are taught the Scriptures. Bimheirah b’yameinu - Speedily in our days Bin or Binah – (bee-NAH); Lit., ―reasoned understanding.‖ A Hebrew word for discernment that appears 247 times in the OT. It is etymologically related to the word ―discrimination‖ as in the ability to tell the difference between truth and falsehood and so may be defined as the ability to distinguish truth from falsehood or the ability to decipher the hidden meaning of profound statements. In this second meaning, binah entails the process of drawing out, expanding, analyzing or synthesizing the initial insights gained from ch‘ach‘mah. It is either 35

inextricably linked to ―tevunah‖ (discernment) or almost interchangeable with it. It also can be used to infer intuition or conceptualization or analysis. For further treatment see ―tevunah‖. Bin gezerah shavah lemachtzah – Partial comparisons cannot be drawn. You cannot pick and choose. If a law applicable to X is applied to Y through the use of gezerah shavah, then all the laws applicable to X must be applied to Y. Binat halev - An understanding of the heart Binyan Av – Analogy by common theme or concept. A foundational passage is used to interpret other passages. There are two forms of binyan av; mikasuv ech‘ad, a conclusion drawn from a single verse, and mishnei kesuvim, a conclusion drawn from two verses. - — (Heb. Grace after meals sometimes called the ―Birchon‖) Prayer traditionally recited after meals. This is done in fulfillment of the command in Devarim 8:10, ―You will eat and you will be satisfied and bless Hashem, your G-d, for the good land that He gave you.‖ Bitach’on - Trust [in God] Blasphemy - Speaking evil of God or denying Him some good which we should attribute to Him. Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit is the rejection of the message of the Holy Spirit concerning the work of the Messiah. For instance, stating that Yeshua did his miracles by the power of the devil (Matthew 12:22-32). In our days it would include ignoring the Spirit‘s call to accept the forgiveness God is extending through the atoning work of the Messiah on the cross. Blasphemy is thus an unforgivable sin (Mark 3:28-30). Blasphemy arises out of pride (Psalm 73:9, 11), hatred (Psalm 74:18), injustice (Isaiah 52:5), etc. Christ was mistakenly accused of blasphemy (John 10:30-33). Bli safek - Without a doubt 36

Blintz – a crepe-like dessert filled with cheese and/or fruit. B’liya’al (Belial) – A name for Satan which means ―without profit, worthless‖. 2 Corinthians 6:15 B’nai Noach’ – Goyim who are not believers in the Mashiach‘ but choose to obey the Noahide Laws. These are generally considered by Judaizers to be ―righteous Gentiles‖. The Seven Noahide Laws are generally listed as: 1. Believe and trust in God – don‘t worship idols. 2. Respect and praise God – do not blaspheme. 3. Respect the sanctity of human life – do not murder. 4. Respect family values – Do not be sexually perverse. 5. Respect the rights and property of others – do not steal. 6. Respect all creatures – do not eat flesh from a live animal. 7. Responsibility for society – establish systems of justice and education. See Noahide Laws. B'nai Yisrael - (Heb. The children of Israel) Term used to describe the nation of Israel. Bobbeh – Grandmother (also spelled bubbee) Boch’er - Bachelor; unmarried man; young man Boker tov - Good morning Boot - (Heb. Mud) Slang term for strong Turkish coffee. Born Again - The new birth enjoyed by a Christian upon his conversion and regeneration. It is a work of the Holy Spirit within a believer. It is related to faith in Christ and Him crucified (John 3:3-5). It means that the person is no longer dead in sins (Ephesians 2:1), no longer spiritually blind (1 Corinthians 2:14), and is

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now a new creation in Christ Yeshua (2 Corinthians 5:17). Brach’a – — (brah-KHAH); The plural is brach‘ot (brah-KHOTE). A Hebrew word that can be literally translated ―blessing‖ or ―benediction‖ but connotes heaviness, meaning or impact. It comes from the Hebrew berekh (knee) again implying a weight causing one to kneel. This indicates the connection with recognizing the weight of Hashem‘s many blessings driving us to our knees in worship (Matthew 9:8). See also ―k‘lala.‖ Used in sense of a prayer, it refers to the many different prayers Adonaists may raise to thank God for various things. Many brach‘ot begin with the phrase ―Baruch atah Adonai…‖ (Blessed are You, Adonai). Sometimes it is transliterated ―broch‘o‖. Brach’a vehazlaha - Blessing and Much Success Brachia - (Heb. blessing). An offering of gratitude that praises God for a benefit conferred or a great event experienced. (See also shemonah esreh). Brei’sheet – Lit., ―in the beginning‖. The first book of the Bible called in English Genesis. Bri’at haolam - Creation of the world Bris – Hebrew for circumcision. B’hatzlach’a – The Hebrew phrase for wishing good luck or fortune in Hebrew in the same sense as one says ―good luck‖ in English. It literally means ―with success.‖ See also mazel tov. B’rit – — (BREET); A covenant, specifically between man and God. For example, after Noah demonstrated his faith by obediently building the ark, God made a covenant with him that He would never again destroy humanity by flooding (Genesis 9). God also made a covenant with Abraham, promising that

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through him all nations would be blessed (Genesis 17). He also made covenants with Moses (Exodus 19-24), David (2 Samuel 7), and even Yeshua (Jeremiah 31:31-34 cp Matthew 26:28) B’rit Hadashah – (BREET hah-dah-SHAH); The New Covenant. What many Christians refer to as the New Testament. Jeremiah 31:30-34; Matthew 26:28; Mark 14:24; Luke 22:20; 1 Corinthians 11:25; Galatians 4:24 B’rit milah – the covenant of circumcision, first found in Genesis 17. The term can imply either the act itself (performed on males on the eighth day of their lives) or the ceremonial activity that surrounds the act. Milah or circumcision is now maleh so it is not considered a religious requirement amongst Adonaic talmidim. Bruch’im haba’im - Blessed are those who come [to you and your family]; Welcome BSD — (Aramaic acronym for , ―b‘siya‘tah dishmayah.‖) - With the help of heaven/God. An Aramaic abbreviation often placed at the beginning of letters, books, web sites, etc. B’seder – also spelled Beseder. All right; Fine B’shaah Tova - (Heb. at a good hour) Congratulations to an expectant mother Also the correct response to the announcement of a marriage engagement. In both cases, it is in anticipation of a ―mazel tov‖ for something hoped for, that has not yet occurred. B’Shalom - (Heb. In peace) Farewell greeting. B’Shira - (Heb. In song) B’tselem Elohim – In the image of God. Bubbe meises – Yiddish for ―old wive‘s tales‖. 1 Timothy 4:7 Bubbee – Grandmother (also spelled bobbeh) Bubeleh - (Yid. dear or sweetheart) Affectionate term. 39

Burial chamber — a central room of a burial cave into the sides of which may be cut loculi, or burial recesses.

C Calvinism - A system of Christian interpretation initiated by John Calvin. It emphasizes predestination and salvation. The five points of Calvinism were developed in response to the Arminian position (See Arminianism). Calvinism teaches: 1) Total depravity: that man is touched by sin in all parts of his being: body, soul, mind, and emotions, 2) Unconditional Election: that God‘s favor to Man is completely by God‘s free choice and has nothing to do with Man. It is completely undeserved by Man and is not based on anything God sees in man (Ephesians 1:1-11), 3) Limited atonement: that Christ did not bear the sins of every individual who ever lived, but instead only bore the sins of those who were elected into salvation (John 10:11, 15), 4) Irresistible grace: that God's call to someone for salvation cannot be resisted, 5) Perseverance of the saints: that it is not possible to lose one's salvation (John 10:27-28). These five points are often referred to by the acronym TULIP, Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints. Those who hold to all five points are referred to as ―hyper-Calvinists‖. I do not agree with brother Calvin‘s view of limited atonement and irresistible grace. Canon - This is another word for scripture. The Canon consists of the 39 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New. The Canon is closed which means there is no more revelation to become Scripture. 40

Cantor – In Judaic congregations the cantor is the shaliach‘ tzibor, the one sending up prayers on behalf of the congregation. In Adonaic circles the cantor or worship leader has as gaol the leading of the congregation into the presence of God through worship. In Judaic the cantor‘s voice and technique is what‘s often emphasized. Some people attend just to hear the cantor sing. While we agree that the Cantor must have kol tahm (a pleasing voice) we believe that the cantor should attempt to lead the congregation into a depth of worship rather than simply someone who is listened to. Casuistic – Case law presented in conditional form. Catholic – The term is often applied to the Roman Catholic Church. Actually, the word simply means universal, in the sense of the entire Christian Church worldwide. Sometimes the term ―invisible church‖ is used but I do not encourage this practice. Causality - The relationship between cause and effect. The principle that all events have sufficient causes. CE – an abbreviation for Common Era. It is often used by Judaizers because they are offended by AD which stands for ―the year of our Lord‖. The replacement for BC would be BCE or ―Before the Common Era‖. Charakter – (KARE-uhk-ter); A Greek word that we have transliterated into ―character.‖ A charakter was the engraving on a stylus or stamp. Charaktocracy – (kare-uhk-TAW-kruh-see); A term I made up to discuss rule by those with the best character. Ideally this is the goal of church government. Charismatic Gifts - The special spiritual gifts given to the church. They are for edifying and building up the church. They are mentioned in Romans 12, 1 Corinthians 12 and 14. They are sometimes listed: 41

Word of wisdom, word of knowledge, faith, healing, miracles, prophecy, distinguishing of spirits, tongues, interpretation of tongues. Chiliasm - Also known as millennialism. The belief that there is a future 1000 year reign of Christ where perfect peace will reign. Chosen People – Adonaists believe that the Jewish people have been uniquely singled out by God to be the source of the Scriptures and the Messiah. God told Abraham that all who blessed Abraham‘s descendants would be blessed and those who cursed them would be cursed. God further promised that through Abraham all the nations would be blessed. This came literally true when the Messiah was born among the people of Israel. The Chosen People rejected their Messiah and for a while, they have been set aside. However, when the Messiah returns the people of Israel will recognize Him and convert en masse. He will then reign from Jerusalem, placing them once again in a place of leadership in the world. For these and many other reasons, Adonaists have ahavat Yisra‘el (love of the Jewish people). We pray daily for them and support them in any way we can. Christ - Christ is a title. It is the New Covenant‘s equivalent of the Old Covenant term "messiah" and means "anointed one." It is applied to Yeshua as the anointed one who delivers from sin. Yeshua alone is the Christ. As the Christ He has three offices: Prophet, Priest, and King. As Prophet He is the mouthpiece of God (Matthew 5:27-28) and represents God to man. As Priest He represents man to God and restores fellowship between them by offering Himself as the sacrifice that removed the sin of those saved. As King He rules over His kingdom. 42

By virtue of Christ creating all things (John 1:3; Colossians 1:16-17), He has the right to rule. Christ has come to do the will of the Father (John 6:38), to save sinners (Luke 19:10), to fulfill the Law (Matthew 5:17), to destroy the works of Satan (Hebrews 2:14; 1 John 3:8), and to give life (John 10:10, 28). Christ is holy (Luke 1:35), righteous (Isaiah 53:11), sinless (2 Corinthians 5:21), humble (Philippians 2:8), and forgiving (Luke 5:20: 7:40; 23:34). Christian - The word "Christian" comes from the Greek word christianos which is derived from the word christos, or Christ, which means "anointed one." A Christian, then, is someone who is a follower of Christ. The first use of the word "Christian" in the Bible is found in Acts 11:26, "And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." It is found only twice more in Acts 26:28 and 1 Peter 4:16. However, it is important to note that it is the true Christ that makes someone a Christian, not the Mormon one (brother of the devil), or the JW one (Michael the Archangel), the New Age Jesus (a man in tune with the divine Christ Consciousness), etc. The true Christ is God in flesh: Yeshua. Christology - The study of Christ (Yeshua) as revealed in the Bible. Some of the issues studied are: 1) His deity, 2) His incarnation, 3) His offices (See Christ), 4) His sacrifice, 5) His resurrection, 6) His teaching, 7) His relation to God and man, and 8) His return to earth. Chumros – stringincies of Jewish Law Church - The word is used in two senses: the local (visible) and the universal (invisible) church. The local church consists of all the people that claim to be Christians and go to church. The universal church is the actual body of Christians; those who are truly 43

saved. The true church of God is not an organization on earth consisting of people and buildings, but is really a supernatural entity comprised of those who are saved by Yeshua. It spans the entire time of man's existence on earth as well as all people who are called into it. It would thus include dead saints as well as the living. We become members of the church (body of Christ) by faith (Acts 2:41). We are edified by the Word (Ephesians 4:15-16), disciplined by God (Matthew 18:15-17), unified in Christ (Galatians 3:28), and sanctified by the Spirit (Ephesians 5:26- 27). Circumcision - An operation (note the shedding of blood) that entered one into the covenant in Old Covenant times. It was instituted by God (Genesis 17:10-14) and performed on the eighth day after birth (Luke 1:59). It was a sign of the covenant God made with Abraham (Genesis 17:12; Romans 4:11). In the New Covenant it became ―maleh‖ and so the physical operation is not considered a religious institution. Instead, a circumcision of the heart of the Christian is taught (Romans 2:29; Colossians 2:11-12). This is the true circumcision (Romans 2:29). Many still believe that circumcision holds value and have it done, not for religious purposes, but for their health. Codex - An early book form made from papyri leaves cut, folded, and sewn together in the middle to make a book. First used in the 2nd century. Codex Bezae — late fifth-early sixth-century Greek- Latin manuscript of the gospels and Acts. Cohen – see Common Grace - The grace of God given to the creation as a whole. God still allows the sun to shine upon the unsaved. He feeds them, allows them to work, and have joy. It is common grace that 44

"restrains" the wrath of God until a later time. It is in special grace that salvation is given to the Christians. Communion – Also known as the Lord's Supper (Matthew 26:26-30; Mark 14:22-26; Luke 22:14-20; 1 Corinthians 1:23-26). It is the breaking of bread (Acts 2:42, 46) and a time to give thanks (Luke 22:17, 19). It was originally instituted by Yeshua (Matthew 26:26- 29) on the night of the Passover meal which was an annual occurrence celebrating the "passing over" of the angel of death that claimed the firstborn of every house in Egypt (Exodus 12). Because of this, many Adonaists hold that it should not be held at whatever arbitrary time and date of the local church‘s choosing. Instead they believe that it should continue to be held once a year at the time of the Passover but with the "body and blood" (Mark 14:22-24) of Yeshua replacing the ritual slaying of the lamb. It is to be taken only by believers (1 Corinthians 11:23-28). (For further study see John 6:26-58 and 1 Corinthians 11:27-34). Condemnation - Declaring an evildoer to be guilty; the punishment inflicted. Without Yeshua we stand condemned before God not only because of the sin of Adam (Romans 5:16-18) but also because of our own sin (Matthew 12:37). However, "There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Yeshua. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Yeshua has set you free from the law of sin and of death" (Romans 8:1-2). Christians have passed out of condemnation because they are forgiven in Christ. Conditional immortality - The view that immortality is given only to those who believe in Christ. The rest are destroyed and do not exist. Some adherents to conditional immortality believe that the wicked will be 45

punished in hell for a period proportional to their sins and then they are annihilated. Adonaists regard this as heresy. Consubstantiation - It means an inclusion of one substance in another where the body and blood of Christ co-exist in the elements of the Passover meal. It suggests that a third substance is formed. According to this view the body and blood of Christ are "in, with, and under" the elements. There is no permanent relationship with the elements. Instead, the association is limited to the sacramental action. The transformation is effected by the Word of God and not by a priest. Conversion - Turning from evil to God. God converts (Acts 21:19) the unsaved into the saved, from the unregenerate to the regenerate. It is produced through the preaching of the gospel (Romans 10:14; 1 Corinthians 15:1-4) and results in repentance (Acts 26:20) and a new creation (2 Corinthians 5:17). The fruits of conversion are listed in Galatians 5:22-23. Conviction - The work of the Holy Spirit where a person is able to see himself as God sees him: guilty, defiled, and totally unable to save himself (John 16:8). Conviction of the Holy Spirit of an unbeliever reveals sinfulness and guilt and brings fear. Conviction of the Holy Spirit of the believer brings an awareness of sin and results in confession and cleansing. This conviction is produced by the Holy Spirit (John 16:8), the Gospel (Acts 2:37), the conscience (Romans 2:15), and the Law (James 2:9). Conviction of our sins brings us to the cross. It shows us our need for forgiveness. Coptic - Coptic is the Afro-Asiatic language of the Copts, which survives only as a liturgical language of the Coptic Church. 46

Cosmological argument - An attempt to demonstrate the reasonableness of the existence of God by appealing to the principle that all things have causes. There cannot be an infinite regress of causes, therefore, there must be an uncaused cause: God. Cosmology - The study of the origin and structure of the universe. Counting the Omer – Counting the days between Pesach‘ and . Covenant – An agreement between two parties. The agreement, according to Ancient Near East custom, consists of five parts: 1) Identification of parties, 2) Historical prologue where the deeds establishing the worthiness of the dominant party is established, 3) Conditions of the agreement, 4) Rewards and punishments in regard to keeping the conditions, and 5) Disposition of the documents where each party receives a copy of the agreement (e.g. the two tablets of stone of the 10 Commandments). Ultimately, the covenants God has made with man result in our benefit. We receive eternal blessings from the covenant of grace. (For further study see Genesis 2:16, 17; 9:1-17; 15:18; 26:3-5; Galatians 3:16-18; Luke 1:68-79; Hebrews 13:20). Covenant Theology - A system of theology that views God's dealings with man in respect of covenants rather than dispensations (periods of time). It represents the whole of scripture as covenantal in structure and theme. Some believe there is one Covenant and others believe two and still others believe in more. The two main covenants are covenant of works in the Old Covenant made between God and Adam, and the Covenant of Grace between the Father and the Son where the Father promised to give the Son the elect and the Son must 47

redeem them. Some consider these to be one and the same. The covenants have been made since before the world was made (Hebrews 13:20). Creation - Everything that exists except God himself. This includes material as well as immaterial things and time. God is the creator, (Hebrews 11:3) we are the creatures. The creator/creature distinction must be maintained to properly remain in humble relationship with God. We are not God, cannot create, nor can we help ourselves do good in order to be saved. Only God is God. Only He can create. And, only He has the ability to save man. Cult - A religious group that follows a particular theological system. In the context of Christianity it is a group that uses the Bible but distorts the doctrines that affect salvation sufficiently to cause salvation to be unattainable. A few examples of cults are Mormonism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Christian Science, Christadelphians, Unity, Religious Science, The Way International, and the Moonies. (See also individual cults)

Ch’ (sometimes also transliterated KH) Ch’abdeihu vech’oshdeihu - Take him with a grain of salt Ch’acham - (Heb/Yid.. Smart) A wise person; Jewish title given to pre-70 AD proto-rabbinic sages/scholars and post-70 AD rabbinic scholars. See Ch‘akham. Ch’ach’mah – (Khakh-MAH) Intuitive wisdom. An flash of insight. Sometimes referred to as the ―Aha!‖ moment. Ch‘ach‘mah is a valuable tool but must be tempered by sound biblical scholarship and/or binah. Ch’ag - — Festival, usually refers to one of the three pilgrimage festivals, Pesach‘, Shavuot, and Sukkot.

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Ch’ag kasher vesame’ach’ Pesach’! - Happy & kosher Passover festival! Ch’ag same’ach’! – (Heb.) Happy Holiday! Happy festival!; Joyous festival! A traditional holiday greeting. Can be personalized for the specific moedim: Ch‘ag Pesach‘, Ch‘ag Sukkot, etc. Ch’ai – (KHIGH); Ch’aim (KHIGHM); Lit., ―life‖. For example ―L‘ch‘aim!‖ means ―to life!‖ L‘ch‘aim can be used as a greeting. Ch’akham - — A wise person. Ch’allah – — the traditional braided sweet egg loaf of bread eaten on . The ch‘allah for the weekly Shabbat is traditionally in the usual loaf shape. The one for Rosh Hashana is usually served in a round shape. Ch’alomot tovim - Sweet dreams Ch’amesh – Five Ch’ametz – — (also spelled chometz, hametz) Yeast; in preparations for Pesach‘ it also means leavened bread, which is forbidden on Passover. Also used generally of any food, thought pattern or practice that is muktzeh for as Yeshua said, ―Watch out! Guard yourselves from the ch‘ametz of the P‘rushim and the ch‘ametz of Herod‖ (Mark 8:15). Ch’am li - It is hot to me; I feel hot Ch’ane – (KHAIN) (Strong‘s #2580) Grace; As in Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord. (Genesis 6:8) Ch’anukah - — A minor holiday instituted by the rabbis to celebrate the deliverance and re-dedication of the Second Temple by the Maccabees. Ch‘anukkah literally means ―dedication‖ so it is sometimes called the ―Festival of Dedication.‖ Because of the tradition of lighting huge lamps in Jerusalmen and menorahs in homes it is also 49

sometimes called the ―Festival of Lights.‖ See also Hanukkah. Ch’anukiah – The nine-branched menorah used at Ch‘anukah, as opposed to the biblical seven branched menorah. The nine branches are to facilitate the celebration of the legendary miracle that happened at the rededication of the Temple. Ch’aron af Hashem - Wrath [anger] of Hashem Ch’aroset - A mixture of fruit, wine and nuts eaten at the to symbolize mortar used by the Jewish slaves in Egypt. Traditionally this is a mixture of apples, raisins, nuts and wine. Ch’assid - — (Plural , ―chassidim‖) a.k.a ―hasid,‖ ―hasidim.‖ Literally, ―pious one.‖ Modern Hasidim are Orthodox Jews who strictly observe the Torah and Halakha. There are many different sects of Hasidism, but they all trace their roots back to the Baal Shem Tov, who founded modern Hasidism on joyous religious experience and the common man. However, the truth is that all believers should be Ch‘assidim, pious believers who assuidly follow the tenets of the Holy Scriptures. So sometimes I will refer to believers as ch‘assidim, just as I sometimes call them the Ransomed, Highlanders, Adonaic believers or Am Hasefer (People of the Book). Ch’as vech’alilah! - God beware/God forbid! Ch’as veshalom! - God forbid! Ch’atan - (Heb.) Groom. Ch’aval al hazman - Don‘t waste your time; It is a waste of time Ch’aver – Friend. The plural would be ch‘averim. Ch’aver shelach’ (masc.); Ch’avera shelach’ (fem.) - Your friend Ch’avruta – A study partner Ch’avurah – A fellowship 50

Ch’ayal – a soldier. A ch‘ayal boded is a soldier whose parents live outside Israel for at least 9 months of the year. As a result, he or she will receive certain added benefits from the IDF, since they don‘t have a home or financial support. Chayav - One who is obligated (chiyuv=obligation). Ch’ayei olam - Eternal life Ch’azak – (KHAH-zak); Assertiveness; strength; resoluteness; firmness (Strong‘s #2388) Ch’azak u baruch’ – (KHAH-zak oo bah-RUKH); Lit., ―be strong and be blessed.‖ A term of congratulations and good wishes. Ch’azzan - A ch‘azzan (literally ―cantor‖) is the person who leads the congregation in prayer and singing. Any person with good moral character and thorough knowledge of the scriptures, songs, hymns and spiritual melodies can lead the service, and in many synagogues or Adonaic congregations, members of the community lead some or all parts of the service. In smaller congregations, the rabbi often serves as both rabbi and ch‘azzan. However, because music plays such a large role in Adonaic religious services, larger congregations usually hire a professional ch‘azzan, a person with both musical skills and training as a religious leader and educator. Professional ch‘azzans are ordained clergy. One of their most important duties is teaching other people to lead all or part of a worship service so that every generation will be able to continue praising and worshipping the Lord. But they can also perform many of the pastoral duties once confined to rabbis, such as conducting and funerals, visiting sick congregants, and teaching adult education classes. The rabbi and ch‘azzan work as partners to educate and inspire the congregation. 51

Ch’eder (pl. Chadarim) – (Yid.) Lit., ―rooms‖ as in a ―learning room‖ but generally indicating a kindergarten. Ch’ele kodesh - Sacred objects Ch’elm - A fictitious town of foolish people told of in Yiddish folklore. Ch’erem - (Heb.) Excommunication. Ch’esed – (Heb.) (KHEH-said); Lit., ―loving kindness.‖ Used to indicate loving feelings based on gratitude and compassion. It is the emotional imperative which drives gemilut hasadim. (sometimes spelled chessed). Ch’esed shel emet – ―A true act of loving kindness. ‖ For instance helping with the interment of the dead. Ch’eshbon ha nefesh – (KHESH-bone hah-NEH-fesh); Lit., ―inventory of the soul.‖ Soul searching, spiritual introspection, self-examination. Making a personal, moral self-assessment that is usually accompanied by either confession, repentance and restitution or, when positive growth is found, encouragement and praise. Ch’eshvon – Eighth month of the Hebrew calendar. Ch’evra - (Heb.) Friends; comrades. Ch’illul Hashem – (KHIH-lool hah-SHEM); (Heb. Desecration of the divine name); Desecrating the name of the Lord. Identifying yourself as a righteous person but living an unethical, immoral, unworthy life and thus bringing shame to Hashem‘s name and His people. Ch’och’em - Wise Man; A Wise Guy (slang) Ch’och’ma - Wisdom Ch’odesh - Month Ch’odesh tov - A good month Ch’odesh tov u mevorach’ - A good and blessed month 52

Ch’ofesh – Freedom Ch’ofesh hadibur – Free speech; freedom of speech Ch’ofshi – (KHOEF-shee); (Strong‘s #2670); Free; freedom; free will. The feminine is ―ch‘ofshit‖. Ch’ok - (Heb. Law). Law from the Torah deemed to be without a humanly-discernable rationale (e.g. the red heifer). See also mishpat. Ch’ol Hamo’ed - — The intermediate days of the festivals of Pesach‘ and Sukkot.. These days are not official , but heavy labor is discouraged. Ch’oshen Mishpat - The Torah‘s rules of property laws. Ch’olent – A traditional stew that is kept warm to avoid cooking on Shabbat. Ch’osson - Hebrew word for bridegroom. He is known as a ch‘osson from the time of the engagement until eleven months after the . Ch’ozer bitshuvah - A Jew who has become religious Ch’ukkim – Commands whose reasons aren‘t fully explained in the Scriptures. We simply obey them without understanding their purpose as an act of faith because God told us to. Ch’umash – —The word "chumash" is from the Hebrew word ch‘amesh meaning "five". The Five Books of Moses; the Pentateuch. They are bound in one volume (not a scroll) containing the five books of the Torah, usually divided up by the parashiyot. Many ch‘umashim also include the , Onkelos, Rashi‘s commentaries, and the Haftarah readings. Chumros – stringincies in Jewish law Ch’uppah – the wedding canopy under which the bride and groom stand. See also Huppah. Ch’utz la'aretz - Outside the .

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Ch’utzpah – When used positively it means audacity. When used negatively it means utter nerve or insolence.

D Dalet – Fourth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Dan lekaf zech’ut - To judge on the scale of merit Dani’el - — A book in the Writings of the Tanakh. Darkei shalom – ―The ways of peace‖. The principle or doctrine based on Proverbs 3:17 that takes into account that the point of all laws is the promotion of peace and equity. This principle is used by elders who are seeking a more peaceful if somewhat less literal interpretation of black letter law. The more gracious ruling will be rendered with the notation ―mipnei darkei shalom‖ which can be literally interpreted ―because of the ways of peace.‖ Darshan - The Hebrew word for ―preacher‖, one who explains, interprets or inquires. One who is particularly skilled in aggadah and gives sermons and expositions of the biblical text in accordance with midrashic exegesis. Dati - (Heb. Religious) Term used to refer to a religious person. (See also Chiloni) Daven, Davenen – (Yid.) To ritualistically recite prayers prayers; the avodah of praying at length, being guided by one‘s and interspersing the prayers with pauses for disciplined meditation from memory on related texts. See also Oved. Matthew 23:14 Davka – Hebrew (DAV-kah); An ironic phrase similar to ―Can you believe it?‖ indicating a circumstance with an unlucky twist as in ―The day I was to meet her parents – davka – I had to change a flat tire in the mud!‖

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Dayan – (dah-YAHN); Judge or arbitrator. An elder who is acting as a judge in matters of interpersonal conflict or theological debate is called a dayan (dayanim being the plural form). A group of such dayanim are referred to as a Beit Din. See also Moreh Tzedek, Zaquen. Dayan is related to the word ―din‖ which is ―judgment, law‖. Days of Awe - Ten days between and . The Days of Awe are a good time for introspection, considering the sins of the previous year and for generally making things right and keeping short accounts with God in view of Yom Kippur. Death - The word "death" is used in two main ways in the Bible. First, it is used to describe the cessation of life. Second, death is used in reference to the lost. This refers to their eternal separation from God as a result of sin (Isaiah 59:2), in a conscious state of damnation without hope (1 Thessalonians 4:13; Revelation 20:10,14,15). Death to humans is unnatural. When God created Adam and Eve, death was not part of the created order. It was not until they sinned that death entered the scene (Romans 5:12; 6:23). Death will be destroyed when Christ returns and the believers receive their resurrected bodies. Decalogue – The Ten Commandments found in Exodus 20. Deca means ten in Latin. Logue comes from "logos" which means "word."In Hebrew this is Asseret ha Diberot. Decisor – The English form of the Hebrew ―Posek‖. An elder to whom shayla (religious questions) are posed. Decrees, of God - The Decrees of God is His eternal purpose, according to His will, whereby He has foreordained whatever comes to pass. His Decrees do not negate the responsibility of people for their 55

sins nor does it mean that God is responsible for sin. But, it necessarily is true that God knows all things actual as well as potential, and that that which exists, exists due to His creative effort. It also follows that God has eternally known all events that have occurred, are occurring, and will occur in this creation including the fall, redemption, glorification, etc. Yet, God is not the one responsible for the sin in the world but has decreed, by His ermission, that it be allowed to exist. Isaiah 46:9-10 says, "Remember the former things long past, for I am God, and there is no other; I am God, and there is no one like Me, declaring the end from the beginning and from ancient times things which have not been done, saying, ‗My purpose will be established, and I will accomplish all My good pleasure." God's efficacious decrees are those decrees which God has purposed and determined to occur, i.e., Acts 2:23 "this Man, delivered up by the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God, you nailed to a cross by the hands of godless men and put Him to death." God's permissive decrees are those decrees where He permits things to occur such as evil. Deduction - A system of logic, inference and conclusion drawn from examination of facts. Conclusions drawn from the general down to the specific. Defamation of character – Telling lies in order to cause harm to another. Motzi shem ra in Hebrew. Say a disgruntled customer of a restaurant tells numerous people that the head chef has AIDS. Sales for that restaurant could fall and the chef could lose his job or find it difficult to find work. Because the customer‘s slanderous statements concern a specific person, an unproven accusation and a clear intent to commit harm, the chef can accuse the customer of 56

defamation of character. However, if a local paper referred to a local criminal as a thug, because the criminal has no character to assassinate, defamation of character cannot be ascribed to the newspaper. They are simply telling the truth and warning others away from potential harm. Deism - The belief that God exists but is not involved in the world. It maintains that God created all things and set the universe in motion and is no longer involved in its operation. (Compare to Atheism, Agnosticism, and Theism.) Demon - A fallen angel that assists Satan in the opposition of God. Demons are evil (Luke 10:17-18), powerful (Luke 8:29), and under the power of Satan (Matthew 12:24-30). They recognized Christ (Mark 1:23-24) and can possess non-Christians (Matthew 8:29). Denarius – a Roman coin that would represent a day‘s wages for the common laborer. Matthew 20:2 De’ot – (day-OUGHT) Knowledge. After the initial insight (ch‘ach‘mah) is gained, reasoned understanding (binah) is applied and knowledge (de‘ot) is hopefully achieved. Deontology - The study of moral obligation. Depravity - Moral corruption, a state of corruption or sinfulness. Total depravity is the teaching that sin has touched all aspects of the human: body, soul, spirit, emotions, mind, etc. Derash – (duh-RASH); From the root that means ―to interpret.‖ the application of a verse. For example, in John 1:14 we read, ―The Word became flesh and took up residence among us. We observed His glory, the glory as the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.‖ A missionary might consider the ―derash‖ of this verse to be that, like the Master, he 57

too needs to attempt to attempt to ―walk in the shoes‖ of the natives he is trying to reach, and condescend to be one of them though he has the right to live a more comfortable life. Or a person who is struggling with their tongue might consider the ―derash‖ of John 1:14 to be that he needs to work at balancing grace and truth in his conversations with others. There are probably an unlimited number of scriptural derash and we need to be sensitive to the leading of the Holy Spirit and the plain teaching of the Scriptures in order to get the best derash possible. Derash is contrasted with peshat, which is the literal meaning of the words. See PARDES. See also under spelling Drash. Derasha – a discourse, sermon or oration, usually delivered by a rabbi or darshan. Derech - Heb 'way' refers to a path in serving Hashem. Derech’ eretz - (DER-ek EH-rets); (also spelled derech‘); Lit., ―way of the land‖ but it implies good conduct or what is considered to be normal, polite behavior within a social setting. In its broadest sense, it means to demonstrate love and honor to our fellow human beings and, in so doing, fulfilling the will of God. As it says in the Pikei Avot ―he who is pleasant to mankind is pleasant in the eyes of God‖. This adage is ably proven in the lives of the prophet Samuel…  1 Samuel 2:26 HCSB By contrast, the boy Samuel grew in stature and in favor with the LORD and with men. …and as it says of our Master,  Luke 2:52 HCSB And Yeshua increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and with people.

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Derech’ Hashem - Way of Hashem (also spelled derech‘) Determinism - The teaching that every event in the universe is caused and controlled by natural law. Devar Elohim - Word of God (Sometimes spelled d‘var) Devar kathab – (deh-VAR kaw-THAWB); Lit., ―clarifying Scripture‖. A short speech or sermon that explains or comments on the Scriptures. (Sometimes spelled d‘var) Devar Mishnah - Clear settled law. Black letter law. Compare to shikul ha da‘at. Sometimes also spelled d‘var mishnah. (Sometimes spelled d‘var) Devar Torah – (Heb. Word of Torah). Short speech generally delivered on the day of woship concerning the . (parsha) (Sometimes spelled d‘var) Devarim - (Heb. words or things). Deuteronomy; the fifth book of the Torah. Devil - Greek is "diabolos," which means accuser. The greatest of all the fallen angels. He opposes God and is completely evil. He is often called Lucifer which is a Latin translation of "light bearer" found in Isaiah 14:12, and also the accuser of the brethren in (Revelation 12:10), dragon (Revelation 12:9), the devil (Matthew 4:1), the tempter (Matthew 4:3), the accuser (Revelation 12:10), the prince of demons (Luke 11:15), the ruler of this world (John 12:31), See Isaiah 14:12-15 for a description of the fall of the devil. Upon Yeshua' return, the Devil will be vanquished -- depending on the eschatological position. His future is the eternal lake of fire. Devir - Holy of Holies Dialectic - The practice of examining ideas and beliefs using reason and logic. It is often accomplished by question and answer. 59

Diaspora - (Grk. Scattering or Dispersion) Often used to refer to the Jewish communities living among the gentiles outside of Israel (see galut). There has been more than one Diaspora. There was the Assyrian conquest (732 BC), the Babylonian conquest (586 BC) then the destruction of the Beit ha Mikdash (AD 70) which led to the Great Diaspora. However, within the Great Diaspora there have been other pogroms and exiles, too numerous to list. Belial‘s hatred for God‘s Chosen People knows no bounds. Dichotomy - The teaching that a human consists of two parts: body and soul. Sometimes the soul is also referred to as spirit. (See Trichotomy) Didactics - The branch of education dealing with teaching Din - (Heb.) Law, judgment. Biblical law, sometimes ―Din‖ is used to imply the application of the exact law as opposed to a Pshara (compromise) Din Torah – An arbitration hearing; arbitration in a religious court. A more formal presentation before a Dayan or before a panel of Dayanim. A din torah is the Adonaic substitute for going to court. Biblical law does not allow one to be a plaintiff in a secular court without first obtaining permission from his or her church‘s Beit Din. In a din torah, people who have a dispute present their cases before a panel of three judges, at least one of which is a rabbi. At the end, the judges issue a decision which is binding on the parties, both as a matter of secular and biblical law. Unless Scriptural law has been clearly violated, there is no appeal to the ruling of a Din Torah. The elders who are serving as dayanim in the din torah make decisions based on what each party is obligated, as a matter of law, to do. Sometimes a person may have done something that hurts a 60

claimant, but they are not necessarily liable to pay damages to that claimant, because as a matter of law they were not obligated to perform that act. For example, an employer may fire an employee who has been working for that employer for twenty years because the employee‘s performance is no longer satisfactory. Even though the employee may very well be hurt, the employer may not be liable to pay damages to that employee, because an employer is not obligated to continue to employ someone who is not doing their job. On the other hand, if it can be demonstrated that the employer fired the employee, not due to incompetence on the employee‘s part, but due to a policy that would save the employer money by keeping low-salaried employees or refusing to pay retirement, then a case may be made. Dinei Torah – Plural of Din Torah Dina d’malch’uta dina – (dee-NAH duh-mahl-koo-TAH dee-NAH); Lit., ―the law of the land is law.‖ This phrase is a guide to elders as they try to apply Scripture to day to day ethical, spiritual, and legal conundrums. For instance, OT law states that witches should be killed. However, we are told to ―render to Caesar what is due Caesar‖ and to ―honor the magistrate.‖ In this society in which we temporarily reside, it is against the law to stone witches. Therefore dina d‘malch‘uta dina applies. The law of the land in which we live rules us as long as it does not ask us to deny God. (Genesis 21:23; Matthew 21:21; Mark 12:17; Luke 20:25; Acts 25:8) Disciple - A pupil or follower of a religion, a person, or a movement. As Christians we are to be disciples of Yeshua (Luke 14:26-27). We follow in the teaching and example of what He said and did. As disciples we are to bear our cross daily (Matthew 16:24). This 61

means to live and die for Him if necessary (Matthew 16:25). Dispensation, dispensationalism - In the Scofield Reference Bible a dispensation is "a period of time during which man is tested in respect of obedience to some specific revelation of the will of God" Dispensationalism says that God uses different means of administering His will and grace to His people. According to Dispensationalism these different means coincide with different periods of time. Scofield says there are seven dispensations: of innocence, of conscience, of civil government, of promise, of law, of grace, and of the kingdom. Dispensationalists interpret the scriptures in light of these (or other perceived) dispensations. Adonaists do not agree with this fairly new idea which elevates so-called grace over obedience to God‘s mitzvoth. We feel it promotes sin in that it encourages people to discount the Old Covenant and excuse their sinful lifestyles as being ―under grace.‖ Compare to Covenant. Divinity - The nature or quality of being God. It belongs to God alone. Yeshua was divine in nature (Colossians 2:9) as well as being a man. (See Jesus' Two Natures.) Divrei ch’ibushim - Words of admonition Divrei ha nevu’ah - Words of prophecy Divrei Hayamim Aleph - — First Chronicles, a history of Yisrael in the Tanakh; a continuation of Melach‘im Bet. Divrei Hayamim Bet - — Second Chronicles, a history of Yisrael in the Tanakh; a continuation of Divrei Hayamim Aleph.

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D’mei – Blood. In Genesis 4:10-11 the Scriptures the word blood is plural. It literally says ―your brother‘s bloods cry out to me from the earth.‖ This refers to the fact that not only the life of Abel was taken but also all the potential descendents he could have had. One who takes the life of another is not merely responsible for that one life but for that human line that was cut off. Docetism - Docetism was an error with several variations concerning the nature of Christ. Generally, it taught that Jesus only appeared to have a body, that he was not really incarnate, (Greek, "dokeo" = "to seem"). This error developed out of the dualistic philosophy which viewed matter as inherently evil, that God could not be associated with matter, and that God, being perfect and infinite, could not suffer. See Heresies for more information. Dodah – Aunt Dogma - A generally held set of formulated beliefs. Donatism - Donatism was the error taught by Donatus, bishop of Casae Nigrae that the effectiveness of the sacraments depends on the moral character of the minister. In other words, if a minister who was involved in a serious enough sin were to baptize a person, that baptism would be considered invalid. Please see Heresies for more information. Drash - (Heb. ) Interpretation (often creative) of a Scriptural passage. From the same root as ―midrash‖. See also under spelling Derash. Dreidel A four-sided top used in children‘s games during Hannukah. The top has the Hebrew letters: Nun, Gimmel, Hey, and Shin. They stand for nes godal hayah sham ("a great miracle happened there"); but in Israel, the 'Shin' is changed to 'Peh' so it will stand for "a great miracle happened here." 63

Drishat shalom (acronym appears as D‘SH or DASH) - Regards; kind regards; greetings (response upon departing) Drishat shalom la mishpach’a - Regards to the family (response upon departing) Drishat shalom le - Give my regards to…. Dualism - In theology, the concept that the world is controlled by two opposing forces, i.e., good and - bad, God and Satan. In Philosophy the idea that the world consists of two main components: thought and matter. Duchen - (Yid.) Priestly benediction performed on high holidays and everyday in Israel. D’var – (duh-VAHR); A prophetic message that comes in the form of a ―divine word.‖ An equivalent Greek word with which many are familiar is ―logos‖. John modified the first verse of Genesis by saying ―in the beginning was the logos‖. This use of logos is similar to the Hebrew dvar adonai – the ―word of the Lord.‖ D’var halameid mi’inyano – an argument where the context of the passage is used to understand and interpret a single, unclear or difficult verse. D’vekut – (duh-vay-KOOT); Lit., ―cleaving‖ to God. Intensity of devotion. A Hebrew word identifying the deep, passionate, mystical relationship or communion that can exist between the Spirit of God and the spirit of a human.

E Ecclesiology - The study of the Christian church, its structure, order, practices, and hierarchy. Ecotheology – A systematic, biblical doctrine of nature and its care. A study of the humanity‘s stewardship of God‘s natural resources.

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Edify - To build up. In the Christian context it means to strengthen someone, or be strengthened, in relationship to God, the Christian walk, and holiness. As Christians, we are to "let all things be done for edification" (1 Corinthians 14:26). We are edified by the Word of God (Acts 20:32) and by love (1 Corinthians 8:1). (See also Romans 14:19; Ephesians 4:29 and 1 Corinthians 3:1-4; James 4:1- 6). Edim - Witnesses Efes - Zero Efficacy - Producing a result. Christ's atonement was efficacious; it produced the result of forgiveness of sins for the elect. The atonement is efficacious grace in action. Efshar’ - Possible Ei, gut – (Yid.) Great, just great! Eichah - — Lamentations, a book of the Bible written by Yirmiyahu lamenting the destruction of Solomon‘s Temple. Read every year at Tisha b‘Av. Eich’ omrim et zeh be’ [Anglit] - How do you say this in [English]? Eifo atah gar? - Where do you live? Eifo ha sherutim? - Where is the bathroom? Eilu v'eilu divrei elohim hayim - An adage that literally means "Both of these interpretations are the words of the living God." It is an elemental principle of Adonaic principle that acknowledges the many inherent paradoxes that arise when one deals with an infinite God. For instance:  God is one. God is three. Eilu v‘eilu divrei elohim hayim.  God is holy and jealous. God is merciful and compassionate. Eilu v‘eilu divrei elohim hayim.

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 God is sovereign. God has granted Mankind free will. Eilu v‘eilu divrei elohim hayim.  The one who wants to be the greatest must be the servant of all. Eilu v‘eilu divrei elohim hayim.  The one who wants to keep his life must be willing to cast it aside for the sake of the Mashiach‘. Eilu v‘eilu divrei elohim hayim. Ein - (Heb.) Spring, water source. Ein adam dan gezerah shavah l'atzmo - no one can draw a gezerah shavah comparison on his own. Ein ba’aya! - It‘s nothing! Ein be’ad ma - You‘re welcome Ein be’ayot - No problems Ein brerah - No choice Ein li klum (Ein li shum davar) - I don‘t have anything; I have nothing Ein sof – (AYN SOFE); Lit., ―without end‖ and is used to communicate God‘s infinite, transcendent mysteriousness. Other than His willingness to directly communicate to us, certain of His aspects would be completely unknowable. In fact, even with His Scriptures, because of our limited minds we will never fully understand Him. Ein somch’in al haness - Don‘t rely on miracles Eizel - Fool; dope El Adon - God is Master El Emunah - God of Faithfulness El Shaddai - — ―Almighty G-d‖, the name by which Hashem revealed himself to Avraham, Yitzchak and Ya‘akov. Ela Mai - What then?; So what?; But what happens? Elect, Election - The elect are those called by God to salvation. This election occurs before the foundation of the world (Ephesians 1:4) and is according to God's will not man's (Romans 8:29-30; 9:6-23) 66

because God is sovereign (Romans 9:11-16). The view of election is especially held by Calvinists who also hold to the doctrine of predestination. Eliyahu Hanavi - Elijah the Prophet. Elohim - the generic term for god or gods, but is often used of Adonai. Generally speaking, though He presents Himself by a specific name or the humans with whom He interacts address Him by a specific name rather than this more bland, generic term. Elokei - My God Elokeich’a (Elokeich’em) - Your God Elokeinu - Our God Elokim yerach’em - God will have mercy Elul - The month preceding the New Year and Day of Atonement. It is devoted to self-examination and soul-searching in preparation for the divine judgment. Corresponds to September-October. Ema – (EE-mah); Lit., ―mother‖ but less formal. It is similar to ―mommy.‖ Emanu - Our Mother Emet – (eh-MET); Lit., ―truth.‖ Truth or honesty. The discipline of speaking the truth, dealing honestly with others and acting properly. It is also used as an adjective as in ―Emet Melek‖ referring to God as our ―True King.‖ It can also be used colloquially as in ―Emet?‖ meaning ―Are you telling me the truth?‖ ―Are you putting me on?‖ or ―Really?‖ Emet ve yatziv - True and certain Empiricism - The proposition that the only source of true knowledge is experience. It is the search for knowledge through experiment and observation. Denial that knowledge can be obtained a priori. Emunah – (eh-MOO-nah); The Hebrew word for faith or deep abiding belief. Its first occurrence however, can be found in the story of the Israelites' battle with the 67

Amalekites (Ex. 17:8-13). We read that when Moses' hands were "steady", Israel‘s army won. Interestingly, the Hebrew word translated "steady" in this text (Ex. 17:12) is emunah! The implication is that faith, rather than being understood as a one-time mental decision, should be understood as a steady pursuit of God, or faithfulness! Epistemology - The branch of philosophy that deals with the area of knowledge, its source, criteria, kinds, and the relationship between what is known and the one who is knowing it. Eretz Yisra’el – — (EH-rets yis-rah-ALE); Lit., the ―Land of Israel.‖ Erev – (EH-rev); Lit., ―evening.‖ The Jewish day runs from sunset to sunset so all the holidays begin just before sundown the night before. This stems from the creation account in Genesis 1 where God apparently used this system to denote a day saying, ―Evening came, and then morning: the first day.‖ (Genesis 1:5). Erev Shabbat - — Shabbat evening (Friday night). Erev tov - Good evening - (Heb.) Betrothal; engagement. Eruv hatserot — mixing or blending of courtyards. This is a prime example of the rampant casuistry among the orthodox Judaizers. It is the symbolic union of a neighborhood or settlement's private property (private dwellings) and public domain (e.g., common courtyards, alleys and streets). The new entity is considered private property, jointly owned by the residents. This transformation makes it supposedly legal for residents to transport things from one point in the fused neighborhood or settlement to another on the Sabbath.

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Ancient sources indicate that the practice of eruv hatserot was already well established in the Second Temple period. Eser – Ten Eschatology - The study of the teachings in the Bible concerning the end times, or of the period of time dealing with the return of Christ and the events that follow. Eschatological subjects include the Resurrection, the Rapture, the Tribulation, the Millennium, the Binding of Satan, the Three witnesses, the Final Judgment, Armageddon, and The New Heavens and the New Earth. In the New Testament, eschatological chapters include Matthew 24, Mark 13, Luke 17, and 2 Thessalonians 2. In one form or another most of the books of the Bible deal with end times subjects. But some that are more prominently eschatological are Daniel, Ezekiel, Isaiah, Joel, Zechariah, Matthew, Mark, Luke, 2 Thessalonians, and of course Revelation. (See Amillennialism and Premillennialism for more information on views on the millennium.) Eshet Ch’ayil – literally ―woman of valor‖. This is the ideal woman presented in Proverbs 31:10-31. A good example of such a woman would be the prophetess Deborah, or King David‘s wife Abigail. Essenes – The Essenes were a Jewish sect that existed during the 400 years of intertestamental silence. They are most famous for the Dead Sea Scrolls that were found at Qumran. Esther - — One of the five Megillot. The book of Esther tells the story of the deliverance of the Jewish people in Persia, and the holiday is celebrated each year in rememberance of this act. Eshet ch’ayil – A valorous woman

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Eternal life - Life everlasting in the presence of God. "This is eternal life, that they may know Thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom Thou has sent" (John 17:3). There are two senses in which this is used. First, as Christians we possess eternal life (1 John 5:13), yet we are not in heaven or in the immediate presence of God. Though we are still in mortal bodies and we still sin, by faith we are saved (Romans 4:5; Ephesians 2:8-9) and possess eternal life as a free gift from God (Romans 6:23). Second, eternal life will reach its final state at the resurrection of the believers when Christ returns to earth to claim His church. It is then that eternal life will begin in its complete manifestation. We will no longer sin. Eternal Security - The doctrine that salvation cannot be lost. Since it is not gained by anything we do, it cannot be lost by anything we do. This does not mean that we can sin all we want (Romans 6:1-2) because we have been freed from sin and are set apart for holy use (1 Thessalonians 4:7). (See Antinomianism.) Ethics - The study of right and wrong and wrong, good and bad, moral judgment, etc. Ethics of the Fathers – A part of the Mishnah, in Hebrew this 3rd century AD book is known as the ―Pirke Avot‖, literally ―Chapters of our Fathers.‖ It is often studied in the period of time between Pesach‘ and Shavuot. It is a compendium of five centuries of advice from various Jewish scholars. Etrog - A citron traditionally used for ritual purposes along with a lulav, haddassim, and aravot, during the harvest festival of Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles).The commandment to do so is based on a verse in Leviticus 23.40 which states ―On the first day (of Sukkot) you shall take the fruit of the hadar 70

(beautiful) tree." The sages later explain that the hadar (beautiful) tree refers to a citron tree. Eutychianism - This is similar to Monophycitism. It states that Christ's natures were so thoroughly combined -- in a sense scrambled together -- that the result was that Christ was not really truly able to relate to us as humans. The problem is this implies that Jesus was not truly God nor man. Therefore, He would be unable to act as mediator and unable to truly atone for our sins. (See Hypostatic Union, which is the correct view of Christ's two natures, and also Nestorianism and Monophycitism which are the incorrect views of Christ's two natures.) Evil - Moral rebellion against God. It is contrary to the will of God. There is natural evil (floods, storms, famines, etc.) and moral evil (adultery, murder, idolatry, etc.). Natural evil is a result of moral evil in the sense that Adam's sin resulted in sin entering the world allowing floods, storms, famines, etc. However, not every natural evil is a direct consequence of moral evil (John 9:2-3). Evil originated with Satan (Isaiah 14:12-14) and is carried on by man (Matthew 15:18-19). (See Theodicy) Evolution - The theory that over an incredible duration of time, life developed from random combinations of non-organic materials. This life was improved upon through mutations and the process of natural selection. The Scriptures do not speak about evolution but instead states that God is at the heart of all creation (Genesis 1) and that He fabricated humanity out of the dust of the earth. Ex nihilo – A Latin phrase that literally means ―out of nothing.‖ It is usually used in conjunction with the idea of God creating the universe out of nothing, or

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creatio ex nihilo. Its opposite is creatio ex materia or creation out of matter. Ex materia – A Latin phrase that literally means ―out of matter.‖ It is usually used in conjunction with the idea of God creating the universe out of some pre-existing material. Its opposite is creatio ex nihilo. Excommunication - The act of discipline where the Church breaks fellowship with a member who has refused to repent of sins. Matthew 18 is generally used as the model of procedures leading up to excommunication. Those excommunicated are not to partake in the Lord‘s Supper (See Pesach‘ or Passover). In the Bible, serious offenders of God‘s law, who claimed to be Christian, were "delivered over to Satan for the destruction of the flesh" (1 Corinthians 5:5; 1 Timothy 1:20). However, upon repentance, the person is welcomed back into fellowship within the body of Christ. See also herem. Expiation - The cancellation of sin. Expiation and propitiation are similar but expiation does not carry the implication of dealing with wrath, of appeasing it through a sacrifice. Generally speaking, propitiation cancels sin and deals with God's wrath. Expiation is simply the cancellation of sin. Jesus was our propitiation (1 John 2:2; 4:10). Eytsa - (Heb/Yid.) Advice. Ezra - — A scribe who oversaw the rebuilding of the Temple and the teaching of Torahin Israel during the return from the Babylonian Captivity. Ezrach’ – (ehz-RAKH) The term ezrach‘ is Hebrew for citizen. Adonaists believe that because of Hashem‘s grace and mercy we can become His people; His family; citizens of a higher country. We believe that someone who takes the Messiah not only as Savior but as Sovereign King a Jew. This the way it always 72

was. Those who chose to worship God were to be treated as native Jews. (Leviticus 19:34 cp Romans 2:27-29 and Galatians 3:6-9, 28-29; Ephesians 2:11- 19) Those who refused to follow God were cut off from the People (Numbers 15:30).

F Faith - "Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen" (Hebrews 11:1). It is synonymous with trust. It is a divine gift (Romans 12:3) and comes by hearing the Word of God (Romans 10:17). It is the means by which the grace of God is accounted to the believer who trusts in the work of Jesus on the cross (Ephesians 2:8). Without faith it is impossible to please God (Hebrews 11:6). It is by faith that we live our lives, "The righteous shall live by faith" (Habakkuk 2:4; Romans 1:17). Fall, The - The fall is that event in the Garden of Eden where Adam and Eve disobeyed the command of God and ate of The Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil (Genesis 2 and 3). Since Adam represented all of mankind, when He sinned all of mankind fell with Him (Romans 5:12). False Prophet, The - The second beast of Revelation (Revelation 13:11-18). He is a person who will manifest himself near the culmination of this epoch shortly before the physical return of Christ. He will be a miracle worker and during the Tribulation period will bring fire down from heaven and command that people worship the image of the Beast (Revelation 11:15). See also (13:16-17). Jesus warned about false prophets in Matthew 24:24 stating that in the last days many false prophets would arise and deceive, if possible, even the elect. False prophets teach false doctrine and lead people away from the 73

true gospel message and teaching of God found in the Bible. Examples of modern day false prophets are Joseph Smith (Mormonism), Charles Taze Russell (Jehovah's Witnesses), Mary Baker Eddy (Christian Science), etc. Each of them distorts the truth sufficient to cause damnation. Farbrengen – (Yid.) An assemblage addressed by a rabbi; an informal gathering of Believers for mutual edification and brotherly criticism. Fast, - Depriving oneself of food for a period of time for a specific purpose, often spiritual. It is the "weakening" of the body in order to "strengthen" the spirit. It is interesting to note that sin entered the world through the disobedience of eating (Genesis 3:6). We are called to fast in the New Covenant (Matthew 6:16). (See also 1 Kings 21:27; Psalm 35:13; Acts 13:3; 2 Corinthians 6:5). Fellowship - There is no specific definition given in the N.T. But we are called into fellowship with one another (1 John 1:3), with Jesus (1 Corinthians 1:9), with the Father (1 John 1:3), and with the Holy Spirit (2 Corinthians 13:14). Fellowship implies sharing common interests, desires, and motivations. Fellowship requires that time be spent with another communicating, caring, etc. It carries with it a hint of intimacy. As Christians we fellowship with one another because of our position in Christ, because we are all redeemed and share an intimate personal knowledge of Jesus. We share a common belief (Acts 2:42), hope (Hebrews 11:39-40), and need (2 Corinthians 8:1-15). The Greek word for fellowship is koinonia. This word is also translated communion in 1 Corinthians 10:16 in the KJV. This is where we get the term the communion supper.

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Filioque -The doctrine that the Holy Spirit proceeds equally from both the Father and the Son. Firstborn - The first of the mother's offspring. It stands figuratively for that which is most excellent. The firstborn male of the family carried certain familial rites and privileges (Genesis 27:1-29; 48:13-14) and was given a double portion of the inheritance (Deuteronomy 21:17). The term is also applied to Christ as the pre-eminent one and the first one raised from the dead (Colossians 1:15,18). It does not mean first created as Jehovah's Witnesses believe. In fact, the firstborn rites were transferable. Compare Jeremiah 31:9 with Genesis 41:50-52. Forgiveness - There are seven words in Scripture that denote the idea of forgiveness: three in Hebrew and four in Greek. No book of religion except Christianity teaches that God completely forgives sins. God remembers our sins no more (Hebrews 10:17). God is the initiator of forgiveness (Colossians 2:13). There is only one sin for which the Father does not promise forgiveness: blasphemy against the Holy Spirit (Mark 3:28; Matthew 12:32). The contexts suggest this to be the sin of attributing to unclean spirits the work of the Holy Spirit. For man to receive forgiveness, repentance is necessary (Luke 17:3-4). For the holy God to extend forgiveness, the shedding of blood is necessary (Hebrews 9:22; Leviticus 17:11). Forgiveness is based upon the sacrifice of Christ on the cross. Fool - Hater of God. One who is morally weak, who misuses what God has given him for selfish purposes. He is lustful (Proverbs 7:22), lazy (Ecclesiastes 10:15), does not fear God (Proverbs 14:1), hates knowledge (Proverbs 1:22), and is self- righteous (Proverbs 12:15). As Christians, we are to 75

avoid foolishness (Ephesians 5:4). (See Ecclesiastes 7:25; Proverbs 3:35, 10:8.) Foreknow, Foreknowledge - It is God's knowledge about things that will happen. Past, present, and future are all "present" in the mind of God. He inhabits eternity (Isaiah 57:15). God has infinite knowledge (Isaiah 41:22-23) and knows all things in advance. In the New Covenant it does not always mean "to know beforehand" but also to cause to be. See 1 Peter 1:2,20. Four Questions – The four questions asked during the Pesach‘ Seder. The answers to these explain the meaning and the symbols of the holiday. During the seder, it is traditional for the youngest child to read the Four Questions. The leader of the Seder answers each question by guiding the guests through the haggadah, which tells the story of the Israelites‘ Exodus from Egypt. The questions are introduced with the query ―Why is this night different from all other nights?‖ and are as follows: (1) On all other nights we eat bread or matzah. Why on this night do we eat only matzah? (2) On all other nights we eat many vegetables. Why tonight do we eat bitter herbs? (3) On all other nights we do not dip our food. Why tonight do we dip food twice? (4) On all other nights we can sit any way. Why tonight do we recline? Also called Mah Nishtanah,‖ which are the first two words in Hebrew of the Four Questions. Four Species - Fruit and branches used to fulfill the commandment to ―rejoice before the L-rd‖ during Sukkot. Free Knowledge - The free act of God‘s will where, after His free act of creation, He knows all things that are going to happen and that this knowledge is contingent upon His free creative will. Therefore, the 76

free knowledge of God would be different if He had chosen a different creative fiat. In other words, because God created one possible existence instead of another, the range of His knowledge regarding actual existence would have been different had He created something different in the first place. (See also Natural knowledge and Middle Knowledge.) Free will - Freedom of self determination and action independent of external causes. Freethinker - A person who forms his opinions about religion and God without regard to revelation, scripture, tradition, or experience. Frum: Yiddish; refers to someone who is observant of Jewish law.

G Gabbai - An honorary officer of the congregation who assists the elders by acting as treasurer. Gadol - — great. Gallil - — Galilee, a lake in Northern Israel that helps feed the Jordan River. Also, a governmental area managed by various Roman leaders during the time of Yeshua. Galui le ayin - Perceptible to the eye; visible; obvious; noticeable; detectable; evident Galut – (gah-LOOT); Lit., ―exile‖. The Hebrew equivalent to the English word ―Diaspora.‖ It is used of any place outside of Eretz Yisrael where Jews live. Galut can also indicate the compulsory exile of the Jews from Israel after the destruction of the Second Temple by Titus in AD 70. Gam zeh le tovah - This is for the good [best] Gam zeh ya’avor – (gahm zay ya-ah-VOR); A Hebrew phrase meaning ―this too shall pass.‖

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Gan Eden – — The Garden of Eden; also used of Paradise. Gaon, pl. Gaonim - (Heb. Genius) Honorific title of address for any outstanding scriptural scholar. Gavra rabbah - A great man Gefilte fish – This is the more popular, Yiddish term for the Hebrew ―dagim memula‘im‖. Both literally mean ―stuffed‖ or ―filled‖ fish. Gefilte fish is a very broad term representing many recipes. Gefilte fish are often eaten on Shabbat or on holidays. Gehenna – Originally, a location southwest of Jerusalem where children were burned as sacrifices to the god Molech. It later became a garbage dump with a continuous burning of trash. Therefore, it was used biblically, to illustrate the abode of the damned in Christian and Jewish theology. Gehenna is that part of death (Sheol; literally the grave) to which the godless dead are confined. In Greek it is called Hades. It used to be opposite of Abraham‘s Bosom (aka Paradise) where the righteous dead waited. Twixt the two lay a great gulf that no one could cross. Since Jesus‘ resurrection Paradise and all those within it were taken to heaven. Now to die a believer is to be with the Lord and is considered a great gain. Gehenna is mentioned in Mark 9:43ff and Matthew 10:28 as the place of punishment of unquenchable fire where both the body and soul of the wicked go after death. It is apparently the future abode of Satan and his angels (Matthew 25:41). Gemach’ – (geh- MAUK) A Hebrew abbreviation composed of the three Hebrew letters gimmel, mem and ches, it stands for gemillut ch’asadim which literally translates as "acts of kindness". Thus a gemach‘ may be a ―free loan society‖ which extends interest-free loans to the poor, and to those trying to 78

avoid going on welfare. Sometimes a gemach‘ has a store of something else than money which it lends out for free. For instance many gemachs offer free loan of tables, benches, wheelchairs, brides' dresses, etc. Among those with specific, focused objectives were: hachnasat kallah societies (providing dowries for poor brides), hachnasat orchim societies (providing shelter for the poor or homeless travelers), bikur cholim (visiting the sick) and funds and associations that provided free meals to the indigent. Gemarah – — A portion of the Talmud, a commentary on the Mishnah by the Amoraim. See also Mishnah. The Talmud is the combination of the Gemarah and the Mishnah. – a foolish, idolatrous system of Kabbalistic numerology which claims to find hidden meanings in words based on the numeric value of their letters. Generally speaking anything they support, they can find by some mathematical combination they make up. It‘s senseless snake oil of the same quality as the so-called ―Bible code.‖ Gemilut ch’asadim – (geh-mee-LOOT hah-sah-DEEM); (Heb. Acts of loving kindness) Talmudic term used to implore the need to treat all creatures with love and kindness. The performance of ch‘esed. Literally ―acts of loving kindness.‖ These can include clothing the naked, providing for a bride, visiting the sick, comforting mourners, feeding the hungry or extending hospitality to strangers. Gemilut hasadim is considered greater than (charity) for three reasons. First, while tzedakah is primarily extended to the poor, gemilut hasadim can be granted to all, regardless of socio-economic status. Second, tzedakah can only be extended to the living, but 79

gemilut hasadim (in the form of kavod hamet) can be granted (by paying for a burial or attending a funeral) even to the dead. Finally, tzedakah usually takes the form of money, while gemilut hasadim can be a nearly infinite form of kindnesses. To truly qualify as gemilut hasadim these mitzvot should be done with no thought of motivation, reward or thanks. For this reason Adonaists consider the highest form of gemilut hasadim to be kavod hamet (honoring the dead) because there is no way that the dead will ever be able to repay the kindness in this world. Gemilut ch’esed – (geh-mee-LOOT Khe-SED) Loving kindness. Any good deed that one does for another without getting something in return. Gemilut Haredim – (geh-mee-LOOT ha-RAY-deem); Acts of loving kindness directed toward fellow believers. Adonaists are instructed to perform acts of ch‘esed to all people, but particularly to those who are believers. ―Therefore, as we have opportunity, we must work for the good of all, especially for those who belong to the household of faith.‖ (Galatians 6:10) As 1 Peter 2:17 says, we honor everyone but we love the brotherhood. Thus ―gemilut haredim‖ may be used to refer to this principle of priority. Genizah — — (storing) A storage room for holding holy objects, especially siddurim and other sefarim, that have fallen into disrepair or are disqualified from use. A genizah is a place for storing damaged or worn-out books or ritual objects that contain the four- letter YHWH, the divine name of God. According to Judaic tradition, such objects could not be destroyed, but were hidden so that they would not be defiled. When the genizah could hold no more, its contents were buried in a cemetery. The 80

genizah was usually a room attached to the synagogue. The most famous of these is the Cairo Genizah, discovered in 1896 in the attic of the Ezra Synagogue in Fostat (Old Cairo), where most of the lost Hebrew book of Ben Sira was discovered. Gentile(s) - (Lat. People or Nation). Term used to refer to a non-Jew (goy). Gentiles were used by God to punish apostate Judea (Deuteronomy 28:49; 1 Kings 8:33) and often included in blessings by God upon the Jewish people. "Gentiles" is often used biblically in reference to nations; thus the term ―goy‖ or ―goyim‖ which is the Hebrew word for ―nations‖. Anyone who converts to Yahweh and is willing to obey His commands is no longer a goy and is to be treated as a native-born Israeli (Leviticus 19:34 cp Romans 2:27-29 and Galatians 3:6-9, 28-29; Ephesians 2:11- 19). See also Ezrach‘. Geonic — pertaining to the Geonim. Geonim — (singular: Gaon), heads of the talmudic academies in Babylonia from the seventh to eleventh centuries A.D. Ger – (GAIR); — (Plural , ―gerim‖) Lit., a ―stranger.‖ This is the old-fashioned, historical word used by the Jews to refer to someone who has converted to . We often use it in the sense of a righteous non-Hebrew who has been grafted into the people of Israel (Romans 11:13-21). Ger Toshav - (Heb. Alien Inhabitant) Biblical term for a non-Jewish resident living in the Land of Israel. Sukkot reminds us that we are sojourners too; nomads merely passing through. Like our Father Abraham, we are living in a foreign land as ger v’toshav – ―strangers and sojourners,‖ looking forward to the City of God (Hebrews 11:9-10). 81

Germanit - German Geshem – Hebrew word for rain but usually used of the heavy spring and fall rains. Also, a prayer for rain. Gesundheit (Yid.) – Lit., Health. A response when someone sneezes Gett – (GEHT); (Heb. Divorce) A decree granted by a beit din that a person was rightfully divorced and is now free to remarry. A gett can only be granted if a person‘s previous spouse was sexually unfaithful, abandoned them or (in some cases) was abusive. The first two are devar mishnah. The last exception is shikul hadaat. It is customary to keep all Gett documents on file and to issue a certificate, called a "Ptur", to the parties who participated in the Gett process. Experience has shown that civil judges will enforce agreements concerning the writing of a Gett. Thus, though the Gett cannot replace a ―legal‖ divorce, it can carry legal weight, acting as a type of witness. It is therefore desirable to include language about a Gett agreement in divorce settlement documents. Also known as a sefer kritut. Geulah (sometimes spelled golah) - Redemption Gevurah – (guh-voo-RAH); Lit., ―strength‖ or ―might‖. Can also be interpreted as restraint. The self- discipline of Gevurah requires the use of restriction, control and focus of the passions. It is not the pursuit of apathy (the lack of passion) but like a laser focuses light and makes it more precise and thus more powerful, gevurah seeks to allow our passions to do the most good. Gezera shava – analogy by common term or similarity in phrase. Taking different Scriptural passages that 82

share common language and deriving derashot by comparing and contrasting them. Gezeira - — fence. Gifts, Spiritual Gifts - Spiritual abilities given by God for the purpose of building up the church. Every Christian has at least one (1 Corinthians 7:7). They are listed and discussed in different places in the N.T. (Romans 12:6-8; 1 Corinthians 12:4-11, 28-30; Ephesians 4:7-12). Following is a list of the gifts arranged in two groups. The first are gifts that require supernatural intervention and are possessed only by true Christians. The second are gifts that do not require supernatural intervention. Even non- Christians can have the second group of gifts. A further issue is whether or not the gifts are still in use today. Some believe they ceased with the apostles and the closing of the Canon (the completion of the writings of the Bible) and they are no longer needed for the building up of the body of Christ (Ephesians 4:12). Others believe the gifts are still in use but not in the pure apostolic sense. In other words, they are still in use but not in the same way possessed by the apostles. Instead, they are available to the believer if and when God decides it is beneficial to use them. Gifts, spiritual, listed 1 Salvation Romans 6:23 2 Word of Wisdom 1 Corinthians 12:8 3 Word of Knowledge 1 Corinthians 12:8 4 Faith 1 Corinthians 12:9 5 Healing 1 Corinthians 12:9 6 Miracles 1 Corinthians 12:10 7 Prophecy Romans 12:6; 1 Corinthians 12:10 8 Distinguishing of Spirits 1 Corinthians 12:10 9 Tongues 1 Corinthians 12:10 10 Interpretation of Tongues 1 Corinthians 12:10 83

11 Serving Romans 12:7 12 Teaching Romans 12:7 13 Exhortation Romans 12:8 14 Giving Romans 12:8 15 Leading Romans 12:8 16 Showing mercy Romans 12:8 G'mar Chatimah Tovah - (Heb. May you be sealed (in the Book of Life) for (a) good (year)) Traditional greeting exchanged during the Aseret Yimmei Tshuva (Ten days of Penitence observed between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur). Gnosticism - A theological error prevalent around the time of Christ. Generally speaking, Gnosticism taught that salvation is achieved through special knowledge (gnosis). This knowledge usually dealt with the individual's relationship to the transcendent Being. It denies the incarnation of God as the Son. In so doing, it denies the true efficacy of the atonement since, if Jesus is not God, He could not atone for all of mankind and we would still be lost in our sins. God - The supreme being of the universe. He is the creator of all things (Isaiah 44:24). He alone is God (Isaiah 45:21-22; 46:9; 47:8). There have never been any Gods before Him nor will there be any after Him (Isaiah 43:10). God is God from all eternity (Psalm 90:2). In Exodus 3:14, God revealed His name to His people. The name commonly known in English is Jehovah but that Adonaists refer to as Yahweh. This comes from the four Hebrew consonants that spell the name of God. (See Tetragrammaton) God is a Trinity, knows all things (1 John 3:20), can do all things (Jerermiah 32:17,27 – except those things against His nature like lie, break His word, cheat, steal, etc.), and is everywhere all the time (Psalm 139:7-12). 84

Gods, False - Gods that are not real, but invented by men or inspired by demons the purpose of which is to deceive people so they do not believe in the true and living God. Some of the false gods listed in the Bible are Adrammelech (2 Kings 17:31), Asherah (1 Kings 15:13; 18:19), Ashtoreth (1 Kings 11:5,33), Baal (1 Kings 14:23; 2 Kings 23:7), Baalzebub (2 Kings 1:2- 16); Luke 11:19-23), Dagon (Judges 16:23-30), Molech/Moloch (Leviticus 18:21; 20:1-5), Rimmon (2 Kings 5:18), and Tammuz (Ezekiel 8:14). God Fearer - A technical term in Judaism referring to a Gentile who has bound themselves to the God of Israel and follows all of the Torah that Gentiles can follow (basically everything except (covenant of circumcision) and other covenental observances). Gonif - (Heb./Yid. Thief) A dishonest person. Gospel - The Gospel is the good news that we have forgiveness of sins though Jesus. Specifically, the gospel is defined by Paul in 1 Corinthians 15:1-4: "Now brothers, I want to clarify for you the gospel I proclaimed to you; you received it and have taken your stand on it. You are also saved by it, if you hold to the message I proclaimed to you--unless you believed to no purpose. For I passed on to you as most important what I also received: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that He was buried, that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures‖. The gospel comes from God (Galatians 1:10-12), is the power of God for salvation (Romans 1:16), is a mystery (Ephesians 6:19), and is a source of hope (Colossians 1:23), faith (Acts 15:7), life (1 Corinthians 4:15), and peace (Ephesians 6:15).

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Gossip – Idle talk or rumor, especially about the personal or private affairs of others; light, familiar talk or writing; tattling. Lashon hara in Hebrew. Goy – (GOY; the singular form); (Strong‘s #1471) — (Plural , ―goyim‖; GOY-eem); It is the biblical term meaning ―nation‖ or ―people‖ used to indicate Gentiles. Unlike the word ―gentile‖, goy is often used disparagingly by Jews. See Gentile and Ezrach‘. Goyish (masc.); Goyisha (fem.) – ―Not Jewish‖; used as an adjective as in ―that‘s goyish!‖ Grace - Grace is unmerited favor. It is God's free action for the benefit of His people. It is different than Justice and Mercy. Justice is getting what we deserve. Mercy is not getting what we deserve. Grace is getting what we do not deserve. In grace we get eternal life, something that, quite obviously, we do not deserve. But because of God's love and kindness manifested in Jesus on the Cross, we receive the great blessing of redemption. Grace is God's Riches At Christ's Expense. Grace rules out all human merit. It is the product of God, that is given by God, because of who He is not because of who we are. It is the means of our salvation (Ephesians 2:8- 9). We are no longer under the Law, but under grace (Romans 6:14). (See Acts 15:11; Romans 5:2,15-20; 2 Corinthians 12:9; and 2 Corinthians 9:8). Gragger - (Yid. Noisemaker) An instrument traditionally used to blot out the name of Haman during the reading of the Megillah on Purim. (Heb. Ra'ashan) It is sometimes spelled grogger. Guilt - Being responsible for and accountable for an offense. Biblically, it is the state of being under a present or pending consequence due to a sin against God‘s Law. It is also an emotional state as well as

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legal condition. Guilt feelings are used by the Holy Spirit to inform the sinner of broken fellowship with God (Isaiah 59:2; John 16:8). Because of our guilt before God, we need reconciliation (Romans 5:6-9). Gut Shabbes! (Yid.) - Good Sabbath! The Hebrew equivalent would be ―Shabbat Shalom‖ which means ―peaceful Sabbath.‖ Gut Yontev! (Yid.) - Good Holiday! (yontev is also spelled yontiff)

H Ha kash she shavar et gav ha gamal - The straw that broke the camel‘s back Ha Kodesh baruch’ Hu - Holy One, blessed be He Ha ma’eiven yavin - Those who know understand Ha yakar (masc.); Ha y’karah (fem.) – Dear; Beloved Ha yanayim me’od - Goodbye, I had a delightful time Ha’Av - The Father Hach’am – (huck-HUM); (Strong‘s #2449); Lit., ―wise.‖ A title used for a biblical scholar who is not necessarily ordained. It can also be used as the title of the local assembly‘s minister or a respectful title given to a wise person or sage. However, in Yiddish, if said in an ironic manner, it actually means ―smart-aleck‖ or ―wise-guy‖. Hach’amenu zich’ronam liverach’a - Our sages, may their memory be a blessing Hach’nasat kalla – (hakh-nah-SAHT ka-LAH); Helping a couple marry. This may entail providing monetary support, decorating, or participating in the ceremony without renumeration. Hach’nasat orch’im – (hakh-nah-SAHT or-KHEEM); Lit., ―welcoming guests.‖ The discipline and virtue of hospitality. Adonaists should make people feel 87

welcome. They should introduce themselves to visitors and invite them to dinner. They should welcome other visiting believers, particularly those in ministry and help them on their way. Taking in guests is not merely another version of charity in the sense that it is not intended simply as a means to provide food or lodging for someone who otherwise would be sleeping on a park bench. It is meant as an expression of sharing one‘s self with another – a way to transform someone as (Martin Buber put it) from ―it‖ to ―thou‖. Hakhel — The Hakhel was the assembly during the Feast of Tabernacles of "men, women, children and aliens" for the public reading of the Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 31:10-13). This assembly was held in the Women's Court every seven years according to Mishnah, Sotah 7:8; Babylonian Talmud, Sotah 41b. Hades - Greek term for the Hebrew ―Gehenna,‖ that is the abode of the wicked dead. It is apparently a literal place (Acts 2:31). Gehenna/Hades is not to be confused with the Lake of Fire. Gehenna/Hades is where the wicked dead go to wait for their final punishment. Gehenna was named after the Valley of Hinnom, aka Topheth, a deep ravine south of Jerusalem where children had been sacrificed to the false Ammonite god Molech (2 Kings 23:10; Jeremiah 7:31-32; 19:6, 11-14; 32:35). Because it was considered such a desecrated place, it was reserved as a garbage dump. Here the dead carcasses of animals, along with the dung collected from the entire countryside, as well as the trash taken from the city were left to be devoured by either worms or fire, which ever came first (Isaiah 30:33). Gehenna is also a place of fire and torment, according to the Master (Luke 16:23-24). However, if 88

you can imagine, the Lake of Fire is far worse. Consider the hyperbole that Yeshua used in describing the Lake of Fire (Matthew 5:29-30). He said that death by drowning would be a kinder fate (Matthew 18:6). That Gehenna/Hades/Topheth is separate from the Lake of Fire can be seen in Revelation 20:14). Adonaists do not fear Hades for in Revelation 1:18, it is said that Christ holds the keys to death and Hades. (see also Paradise or Abraham‘s Bosom) Hafokh’ ba, v’hafokh’ ba k’kula ba – A Hebrew phrase that could be translated ―turn it, and turn it because everything is in it.‖ I apply it to the need to study the Holy Word deeply and to use Scripture to comment on Scripture. Haftarah - Weekly reading from the Prophets, read in addition to Torah Parsha. Hag – (Heb.) Means ―festival‖ or ―feast‖ Haggadah – (hah-GAH-dah); The plural is haggadot (hah-gah-DOTE); Literally ―telling.‖ The haggadah is a small book of liturgy, prayers, songs and rituals used at a Pesach‘ seder. The haggadah recounts the story of the Exodus from Egypt, explains the meaning of the seder plate, answers the Four Questions, and illustrates the other traditional rituals included in the seder. This fulfills the injunction to tell the Passover story from generation to generation. See also Aggadah. Haimish - (Yid.) Comfortable, informal, cozy. Hainu hach’ - It is the same thing Hakarat hatov - The Hebrew term for gratitude. It can be defined as ―recognition of the good [another has done for you]. To paraphrase Moses, every one of life‘s curses stems from ingratitude and everyone of life‘s blessings comes from hakarat hatov – grateful 89

joy. I have repeatedly taught that pride is the root of every sin and humility is the basis of every good. Let me formally make the connection here for you. Pride leads to ingratitude, and humility leads to its opposite. Consider Deuteronomy 28:45-47. Hakol - All Hakol beseder? - Is everything O.K.? Hakol beseder B’eli haseder - Everything is in order within the chaos Halakha (also spelled Halachah) - law, regulation; the legal ruling on a particular issue; the body of Jewish law, especially the legal part of rabbinic literature, thus often the opposite of aggadah. Halakha is the collective corpus of biblical law that governs the behavior of tzaddikim. It is sometimes referred to as Adonaic law and intends to mean all the scriptural tenets as to behavior and conduct whether directly and explicitly stated or implied by various combinations of biblical principles. Halakha comes from the Hebrew word halach‘ which means ―to walk‖ or ―to go‖. It is therefore probably better understood as ―the right way to go.‖ Criminal cases are referred to as issurim. Civil cases are referred to as mamonoth. Each impose different regulations, with criminal cases generally having much more stringent limitations. Halakha is not considered a means to achieving redemption but is instead understood to be God‘s teaching on responsible behavior. Because Halakha is regularly used by elders (zaquenim) and judges (dayanim) to render decisions on matters of interpersonal conflict, it is largely restricted to the devar mishnah (clear settled law) as opposed to shikul hadaat (matters not settled and left to the understanding of the individual elder) or (useful customs or practices not directly commanded 90

by God). Where Halakha commands ―behave justly toward your neighbor,‖ Mussar discusses what that entails and what personal traits are necessary to obey Yahweh‘s command. Halakha is also used in the sense of a discussion of legal matters. So a Believer may ask his or her rabbi ―What is the Halakha in this case?‖ (plural: halachot) Halachic (also Halakhic) — pertaining to halachah Halacha l'maaseh - (Heb. Practical Halachah) Practical (rather than theoretical) matters of Jewish law. Halevai - (Heb.) If only, I wish. Halevei! (Halevai) - Would that it came true! Hallel – of praise found in Psalm 113-118 sung during worship. These are traditional during Pesach‘. Hallelu et Adonai - O Praise the Lord Haluch’ah - Contributions raised from among believers in one country and distributed as charity to poor Believers of another country, particularly those in the Holy Land. HaIvri - The Hebrew Haman Evil high ranking official in King Ahasuerus' court who tried to get the king to exterminate all the Jews in the land. Through God's provision, the Jews were able to survive this attempt. During the Purim reading of Esther, whenever his names occurs, we make a lot of noise to drown out the name of evil in our midst. Hamartiology - The study of the doctrine of sin. Hamentaschen - (Yid. Haman's Pockets); Triangular, fruit-filled cookies traditionally served or given as gifts during Purim. Hametz – (hah-MAYTS); (Strong‘s #2557); Lit., ―leaven‖. It implies not only the leaven that is used in baking, but also generally anything fermented including wine. Any leavened or fermented food. Hanhagoth yesharoth - Rules of right conduct. 91

Hanukkah (see also under the spelling Ch’anukah) - The Feast of Lights. Hanukkah literally means ―dedication‖. This was the feast that Jesus attended in John 10:22-23. Hanukkah is an eight-day festival beginning 25 Kislev, which commemorates the victory of the Maccabees' over the Assyrian/Greeks and the rededication of the Beit ha Mikdash in the second century B.C.E. It is marked by the kindling of lights. Hanukkiah – A nine branch candelabrum used during the celebration of Hannukah. Ha’omnam? - Really? Haphak – (hah-FAHK); (Strong‘s #2015) To turn (Hosea 7:8), to overturn or overthrow (Genesis 19:21, 25; Deuteronomy 29:22), to convert or change (Psalm 66:6; 105:25, 29), to turn oneself about (Joshua 8:20), to be overthrown (Jonah 3:4), to turn oneself (Genesis 3:24) Har’beh - A lot, many, much Haredim – (ha-RAY-deem); Lit., ―Those who tremble in fear of God.‖ The term is typically used by Jews to indicate an ultra-orthodox branch of Judaism like the Hasidim. In Adonaism however, it is used of believers who try hard to please God and humbly try to imitate His holiness. Harosh mistovev - My head is spinning Hashalush ha Kodesh – The Holy Trinity Hashem – Lit., "The Name". A Hebrew word used to refer to generally refer to God without using one of His specific names. Adonaists use around 104 names (and many more combinations) of God as revealed in the Scriptures. However, there is a Biblical injuction against using any of Hashem's names unecessarily and so the name Hashem is

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used by some Adonaists in general conversation instead. Hashem ish milch’ama; Hashem shemo – (hah-SHEM [Strong‘s #8034] eesh meel-kha-MAH hah-SHEM sheh-MO); A Hebrew phrase found in Exodus 15:3 that is translated as ―God is a man of war; God is His name.‖ Hashem ya’azor - [I hope that] God shall help Hashem yimloch’ le olam va’ed - The Lord will reign forever and ever Hashem yirach’em – May God be merciful. Hashem yitbarach’ - The Lord, may He be blessed Hasid — (pious one; plural: Hasidim) member of a sect of charismatic sages who shared the ' ethical and religious values, but also were characterized by an extreme spiritual life and a greater emphasis on good deeds than study of Torah. Hasidic — pertaining to the Hasidim (pious ones) and their beliefs. Haskama – literally ―consent.‖ An approbation or "haskama"from respected rabbis is commonly sought by rabbis who write on Halakha and its inclusion at the start of a book means only that the halakhic reasoning in it is coherent. Hasmoneans — a family of Jewish priests who led a successful revolt that began in 168 B.C. against the Hellenized Selucid rulers of Syria. The Hasmoneans, nicknamed the Maccabees, ruled the land of Israel from 142 to 63 B.C. Hatsoth - Midnight lamentation in memory of the destruction of the Temple. Hatzlach’a rabbah! - Much success! (as a greeting - Good luck!)

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Havarah Ashkenazit - Ashkenazi pronunciation of Hebrew - Current in some Diaspora circles Havarah Sefaradit - Sephardi pronunciation of Hebrew - Current pronunciation in Yisrael Havdalah – Lit. 'separation.' A traditional observance marking the end of the weekly Shabbat/Sabbath with wine and spices at the Sabbath sundown. Haver – (hah-VAIR); The plural is haverim (hah-vay- REEM); Lit., ―member‖. A friend or comrade. Someone who regularly worships with you or believes as you do. Historically speaking, the haverim were an order that was meticulous in observing the commandments concerning heave offerings, tithing and purity (e.g., washing ones hands before eating and before touching ritually clean food). These regulations had already been laid down in the time of Hillel and Shammai (last quarter of first century B.C.). Women and slaves also could become haverim. In rabbinic sources the term haver often stands in contrast to the term am ha'arets (person of the land), someone who was not a member of the haverim fellowship. Haya naim me’od - It‘s been a pleasure [greeting at departing] Hayalim kedoshim - Holy soldiers Hazmanah – A summons or invitation to appear before a Beit Din. If someone wishes to bring a case to a Beit Din, he or she may request that the Beit Din send a summons to inform the person being summoned. A Beit Din will send up to three hazmanos. The hazmanah makes clear that the person being summoned, should they refuse to come, is actually refusing to seek arbitration or reconciliation and is not merely being negligent. 94

Someone receiving a hazmanah is required to respond within a set amount of time and should not wait for additional hazmanos. If a proper response is not received then the Beit Din will issue a contempt decree and it will likely go against the nitvah in the court‘s mind. A person who receives a summons is generally not obligated to agree to go to the specific Beit Din that summoned them, although he or she is required to respond in some way to that Beit Din. If they have a legitimate reason to not want to appear before the summoning Beit Din, they must propose an alternative Beit Din or immediately take action to resolve the complaint without further delay. If the parties cannot find a mutually acceptable Beit Din, a ―joint beit din‖ is formed by a procedure called ―zebla‖ or ―zabla‖, in which each side picks one judge. The two judges then select a third judge together, and the three judges together then form the Beit Din that will decide the case. Hazmanos – Plural of Hazmanah Hazon – (hah-ZONE); A prophetic vision, whether waking or dreaming. Heaven - Heaven is the dwelling place of God and for those who go there a place of everlasting bliss. Scripture implies three heavens, since "the third heaven" is revealed to exist (2 Corinthians 12:2). It is logical that a third heaven cannot exist without a first and second. Scripture does not describe specifically the first and second heaven. The first, however, apparently refers to the atmospheric heavens of the fowl (Hosea 2:18) and clouds (Daniel 7:13). The second heaven may be the area of the stars and planets (Genesis 1:14-18). It is the abode of all supernatural angelic beings. The third heaven is the 95

abode of the triune God. Its location is unrevealed. (See Matthew 23:34,37; Luke 10:20; and Revelation 21:2, 20-27). Unfortunately most popular descriptions confuse the third heaven with the New Jerusalem. Hech’al - Holy Place Hedonism - The teaching that pleasure is the principle good and proper goal of all action. Self indulgence. Hekesh – juxtaposition of cases Hell - Hell is the future place of eternal punishment of the damned including the devil and his fallen angels. There are several words rendered as Hell: Hades - A Greek word. It is the place of the wicked dead, the location of the person between death and resurrection. (See Matthew 11:23; 16:18; Acts 11:27; 1 Corinthians 15:55; Revelation 1:18, 6:8). Gehenna - A Hebrew word. It was the place where dead bodies were dumped and burned (2 Kings 23:13-14). Jesus used the word to describe the place of eternal torment (5:22, 29-30; Mark 9:43; Luke 12:5). Sheol - A Hebrew word. It is the place of the dead, not necessarily the grave, but the place the dead go to. It is used of both the righteous (Psalm 16:10; 30:3; Isaiah 38:10) and the wicked (Numbers 16:33; Job 24:19; Psalm 9:17). Hell is a place of eternal fire (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 19:20). It was prepared for the devil and his angels (Matthew 25:41) and will be the abode of the wicked (Revelation 21:8) and the fallen angels (2 Peter 2:4). Hem (masc.); Hen (fem.) - They Herem - Religious excommunication; social boycott; shunning. Heresy - A doctrinal view that deviates from the truth, a false teaching. We are warned against it in Acts 20:29-32 and Philippians 3:2. Heresies include teachings that Jesus is not God and that the Holy 96

Spirit is not a person (Jehovah's Witnesses, Christadelphians, The Way International), that men may become gods (Mormonism), that there is more than one God (Mormonism), that Jesus lost His divinity in hell and finished the atonement there, and that good works are necessary for salvation (all cults say this), to name a few. Herem - Religious excommunication; social boycott; shunning. See also excommunication. Herum - (Heb.) Emergency Heshevan - Month of Jewish year, corresponding to October-November. Hesped - Eulogy Heter - (Heb.) Permission (usually a rabbinic ruling that permits something). Hiddur Mitzvah - (Heb/Yid. Beautifying the Mitzvah) Concept of going beyond the bare requirements of a mitzvah by using only the finest quality items to carry it out. High Holy Days - (Heb. Yamim Nora'im) Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur and frequently used to refer to the 10-day period between them, as well. Highlander – Highlanders choose to follow in the footsteps of their spiritual ancestor Abram who forsook the valley life of Sodom (Genesis 13:5-17) and chose to follow God to the high city whose maker and builder is God (Hebrews 11:10). Highlanders are free citizens of that high city (Galatians 4:26; Philippians 3:20; Revelation 21:2ff). Our city is like no earthly city for she was designed and built by the Master Carpenter (John 14:2-3; Hebrews 11:10; 12:22-24). Highlanders do not get too excited about the things of this earth but instead consider themselves mere foreign nomads, temporary residents here at best (Hebrews 11:9, 13). Having 97

said that, our King demands that we pray for the authorities of our host countries (1 Timothy 2:1); obey the laws of the land (Romans 13:1-2; Titus 3:1); pay our taxes (Matthew 22:18-21; Romans 13:7); pay our debts (Romans 13:7-8); and live quiet lives (1 Timothy 2:2) marked by hard work (Ephesians 4:28), frugal living and care for the poor (Proverbs 19:17; Galatians 2:9). Highlanders should thus be considered model citizens by their host countries, even while placing their first loyalty and patriotism in heaven. Where ―Adonaism‖ and ―Cultural Christianity‖ are used in the context of theological systems, ―Lowlander‖ and ―Highlander‖ are usually used in the context of culture. (see Lowlander) Hillul Hashem – (hee-LOOL [Strong‘s 32491] hah- SHEM); Lit., ―profaning of God‘s name.‖ An action or statement that disgraces God‘s name. This is not ―using God‘s name in vain‖ in the sense of cursing. This includes a believer who is caught in sin or a minister who teaches in such a manner that the people don‘t live up to God‘s standards of holiness. Any sinful act is automatically hillul Hashem whether the person was conscious of it or not. See also Hashem. Hindblindness – A term I invented to mean a mental and/or spiritual condition that renders a person incapable of learning from history. Hishtadlut – Making as much an effort as it humanly possible. See also ―Lifnim meshurat hadin‖ Hishtagata? (masc.); Hishtagat? (fem.) - Have you gone mad?; Are you nuts?; Have you lost it?; Are you crazy? Histalek! - Go Away! Hitbodedut – Reflective inner directed meditation and prayer; mindful meditation. This is different from the 98

type of meditation suggested in Hindu and Buddhist practice during which an emptiness of mind is pursued. During hitbodedut the person is always fully aware of their environs and their state of mind. Hitgaagati eleykha! - I miss you so much! Hiyyuv – A religious obligation. Hoch’mah – (HOOK-mah); (Strong‘s 32451); Lit., ―wisdom.‖ It can also be used in the sense of necessary knowledge or understanding as in the catch, clue or trick needed to figure something out. Hod – (HOED); (Strong‘s #1935); Lit., ―majesty.‖ In Adonaism it is often used as one of the virtues of a tzaddik. It implies stately dignity, seriousness or excellence of spirit balanced by humble empathy. The person who achieves hod has realized their status as an ambassador of the Messiah and acts accordingly. Hod is loyalty to one‘s principles. It is marked by the ability to repudiate temptation, to empathize while maintaining self-restraint and self- control. It is a commitment to one‘s values daily and in each moment. It is the motivation behind right personal, business and ethical decisions or behavior. In that sense, hod may be understood as similar to the medieval ideal of honor. Holy, Holiness - A quality of perfection, sinlessness, and inability to sin that is possessed by God alone. As Christians we are called to be holy (1 Peter 1:16). But this does not refer to our nature. Instead, it is a command of our practice and thought. We are to be holy in obedience (1 Peter 1:14). God has made us holy through His Son Jesus (Ephesians 1:4; 1 Peter 2:9). Holy Spirit, The - The third person of the Godhead Who:  Is called God (Acts 5:3-4), 99

 has a will (1 Corinthians 12:11),  speaks (Acts 8:29; 31:2),  knows all things (John 14:17).  is not an "active force" as the Jehovah's Witnesses mistakenly teach.  knows all things (1 Corinthians 2:10-11),  is all powerful (Luke 1:35),  and is everywhere (Psalm 139:7-13). The Holy Spirit is called:  the Spirit of God (Genesis 1:2),  Holy Spirit (Psalm 51:11),  the Helper (John 14:16, 26),  Spirit of Wisdom (Exodus 31:3; 35:31; Deuteronomy 34:9; Isaiah 11:2; 1 Corinthians 12:8; Ephesians 1:17) and thus should be understood as the Wisdom depicted in the book of Proverbs. (Proverbs 1:24-32 cp Luke 12:10)  and Eternal Spirit (Hebrews 9:14). (See Ruach‘ ha Kodesh; Trinity and Holy Spirit.) Hon veshilton – The nexus of money and politics; the connection between fortune and political power. This pernicious issue (similar to the American concept of a military/industrial complex) is often addressed in Israeli socialist circles. In Hebrew it is "ha kesher bain hon veshilton", wealth rules in Israel. Hosanna or Hoshana - (Heb.) Means ―Deliver us!‖ or ―Deliverance‖; i.e. Matthew 21:9 Hoshana Rabbah - The 7th day of Sukkoth, on which the willow branches -- a part of the 'Four Kinds' -- are stripped of their leaves. Hotza’at dibah – (Hoe-tza-AHT dee-BAH); Derogatory, slanderous or defamatory speech. This is considered lashon hara and muktzeh.

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Humanism - A philosophical system of thought that focuses on human value, thought, and actions. Humans are considered basically good and rationale creatures who can improve themselves and others through natural human abilities of reason and action. Secular Humanism is a late development emphasizing objectivity, human reason, and human standards, that govern art, economics, ethics, and belief. As such, no deity is acknowledged. Humility - The attitude of the Christian that teaches us not to "... think of himself more highly than he should think. Instead, think sensibly..." (Romans 12:3). It teaches us to prefer others over ourselves (Romans 12:10). It may be defined as ―knowing our true position before God.‖ It is not self-abasement or demeaning one's self. "God is opposed to the proud, but gives grace to the humble" (James 4:6). Humility is necessary to be a disciple of Jesus (Matthew 18:3- 4). The humility of Jesus is described in Philippians 2:5-8, "Make your own attitude that of Christ Jesus, who, existing in the form of God, did not consider equality with God as something to be used for His own advantage. Instead He emptied Himself by assuming the form of a slave, taking on the likeness of men. And when He had come as a man in His external form, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death--even to death on a cross." Huppah – A marriage canopy. HY’D - Acronym for the Hebrew phrase ―Hashem yimkom domov‖ i.e. ―Hashem should avenge their blood.‖ Hypostatic Union - This is the union of the two natures (Divine and human) in the person of Jesus. Jesus is God in human flesh Jesus is the Word who was God and was 101 with God and was made flesh. (John 1:1, 14; Colossians 2:9; John 8:58; 10:30-34; Hebrews 1:8). Or, as theologians say, He is consubstantial with God as to His deity and with mankind as to His humanity. One of the most common errors that non-Christian cults make is either confusing or overemphasizing one of the two natures of Christ. For example, the Jehovah‘s Witnesses focus on Jesus' humanity and ignore His divinity. They repeatedly quote verses dealing with Jesus as a man and try and set them against scripture showing that Jesus is also divine. On the other hand, the Christian Scientists do the reverse. They focus on the scriptures showing Jesus' divinity to the extent of denying His true humanity. For a proper understanding of Jesus and, therefore, all other doctrines that relate to Him, His two natures must be properly understood and defined. He is not half God and half man. He is fully God and fully man (Colossians 2:9); thus, He has two distinct yet perfectly balanced natures: God and man. He is not half God and half man. He is 100% God and 100% man. He never lost his divinity. The divine nature was not changed. It was not altered. He is neither merely a man who "had God within Him" nor is he a man who "manifested the God principle." He is God, second person of the Trinity. "He is the radiance of His glory, the exact expression of His nature, and He sustains all things by His powerful word," (Hebrews 1:3). Jesus' two natures are not "mixed together," nor are they combined into a new God-man nature. They are separate yet act as a unit in the one person of Jesus. (1) He continued to exist as God when He became a man and added human nature to Himself (Philippians 2:5-11). Therefore, there is a "union in one person of a full human nature and a full divine nature." (2) Right now in heaven there is a man, 102

Jesus, who is our Mediator between us and God the Father (1 Timothy 2:5). The theological term "hypostatic union" has its origins in the Council of Chalcedon. Soon after the establishment of the church, doctrinal errors arose concerning the person of Jesus Christ. In October of A.D. 451, a large church council convened in the city of Chalcedon near Constantinople. After much discussion, the Council issued a statement to correct the errors and to establish an accurate theological statement concerning the person and nature of Christ. The fruit of their labor is perhaps the most significant Christological statement in the history of the church. If you would like to read it, I‘ve attached it as an appendix. So what errors did the Council of Chalcedon correct? In order to correct the view of Apollinarius, who believed Christ did not have a human mind or soul, the Council wrote that Jesus was "truly man, of a reasonable [rational] soul and body ... consubstantial [coessential, of the same substance] with us according to the Manhood; in all things like unto us." To correct the teachings of Nestorianism, that Christ was two different persons united in one body, the Council wrote that He was "indivisibly, inseparably ... concurring in one Person and one Subsistence, not parted or divided into two persons." And finally, in rejecting the errors of Monophysitism, which taught Christ had but one nature and that His union with the Divine nature obliterated His human nature, the council wrote that Christ was "to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably ... the distinction of natures being by no means taken away by the union, but rather the property of each nature being preserved."

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The Council of Chalcedon, as all humans since, failing to penetrate the mystery of the divine and human natures of Christ, offered four precautions that would protect the Christian from error when contemplating this mystery. 1. Attribute true and proper divinity to Christ. 2. Attribute true and proper humanity to Christ 3. Do not so mingle the human and divine that you end up with a being neither human nor divine. 4. Do not dissect Christ so that there are two persons in one being. The following chart may assist the talmid in understanding this admittedly deep concept. Jesus as God Jesus as Man He is worshiped. (Matthew 2:2, 11; 14:33) He worshiped the Father. (John 17) He was called God (John 20:28; Hebrews 1:8) He was called man (Mark 15:39; John 19:5) He was called Son of God. (Mark 1:1) He was called Son of Man. (John 9:35-37) He is prayed to (Acts 7:59). He prayed to the Father. (John 17:1) He is sinless (1 Peter 2:22; Hebrews 4:15) He was tempted. (Matthew 4:1) He knows all things (John 21:17) He grew in wisdom. (Luke 2:52) He gives eternal life (John 10:28) He died. (Romans 5:8) He was fully divine (Colossians 2:9) He was fully man. (Luke 24:39) For related information on Jesus and His two natures, see Incarnation, and the errors concerning His natures known as Eutychianism, Monophycitism, and Nestorianism.

I Ich’ulim - Greetings Idol, Idolatry - An idol is a representation of something in the heavens or on the earth. It is used in worship and is often worshiped. It is an abomination to God (Exodus 20:4). Idolatry is bowing down before such an idol in adoration, prayer, or worship. In a loose sense, idolatry does not necessitate a material image nor a religious system. It can be anything that takes the place of God: a car, a job, money, a person, a desire, etc. Idolatry is denounced by God at the

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beginning of the Ten Commandments and is considered a form of spiritual fornication. Ihulim levaviim - Best wishes Ikvesa di Meshich’a - (Hebrew) The age or generation that hears the approaching footsteps of the Mashiach‘. Ilui neshamah – May the soul be elevated. Im (Ima) - Mother Im shach’ar - At dawn Im tirzu, ein zoh agadah – ―But if you will it, it is no fantasy.‖ A line by Theodor Herzl, the 19th century founder of found at the end of his novel Altneuland. It became the slogan for early Zionist pioneers. Im yirtzeh Elokim - If it pleases God Imi - My Mother Imitatio dei – (ee-mee-TAH-sio day-EE); The imitation of God‘s character or His actions. As Moses said, ―You shall follow the Lord your God…‖ (Deuteronomy 13:4). Peter urged, ―but, as the One who called you is holy, you also are to be holy in all your conduct; for it is written, Be holy, because I am holy.‖ (1 Peter 1:15- 16 cp Leviticus 11:44-45; 19:2; 20:7) Immanence – the pervading presence of God in His creation. (see also Transcendence) Immortality - Life without death anytime in the future. God is immortal. The souls of people are immortal though their bodies are not. All people can die in a physical sense but they continue on after death. Therefore, it is the soul that is immortal. However, after the return of Christ and the resurrection, the Christians' bodies will also become glorified and immortal (1 Corinthians 15:50-58). The wicked will likewise be resurrected to immortality but they will be

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cast into hell for eternity (Romans 2:6-10; 2 Corinthians 5:10). Immutability - The divine attribute of unchangeableness. God said in Exodus 3:14, "I AM that I AM," signifying His eternal sameness and His sovereignty. He cannot change His moral character, His love, His omniscience, omnipresence, omnipotence, etc. Immutability does not mean that God does not vary. The incarnation is just such an example of variation. Also, God's attitude toward a person is changed when the person becomes a Christian. For example, the enmity between God and man is removed (Romans 5:10). Mormonism denies the immutability of God. It says that God was not always God, that He was a man on another planet who became a God (Mormon Doctrine, by Bruce McConkie, p.321.). Impute, Imputation - To reckon to someone the blessing, curse, debt, etc. of another. Adam's sin is imputed to all people (Romans 5:12-21), therefore, we are all guilty before God. Our sins were put upon, imputed, to Jesus on the cross where He became sin on our behalf (2 Corinthians 5:21) and died with them (Isaiah 53:4-6). Therefore, our sins are forgiven. Understanding imputation is very important. Imputation is the means of our salvation. Our sins were put upon, imputed, to Jesus on the cross. Our sins were "given" to Jesus. When He died on the cross, our sins, in a sense, died with Him. The righteousness that was His through His perfect obedience to the Father in His complete obedience to the Law is imputed, given, to us. In short, our sins were given to Jesus. His righteousness was given to us. Technically speaking our sins were imputed to Jesus. His righteousness was imputed to us. 106

In facto - Something that exists and is complete. In fiery - Beginning to be, but not yet complete. Incarnation - The addition of human nature to the nature of God the second person of the Trinity. It is where God became a man (John 1:1, 14; Philippians 2:5-8). It was the voluntary act of Jesus to humble Himself so that He might die for our sins (1 Peter 3:18). Thus, Jesus has two natures: Divine and human. This is known as the Hypostatic Union. The doctrine is of vital importance to the Christian. By it we understand the true nature of God, the atonement, forgiveness, grace, etc. It is only God who could pay for sins. Therefore, God became man (John 1:1, 14) to die for our sins (1 Peter 2:24) which is the atonement. Through Jesus we have forgiveness of sins. Since we are saved by grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8-10) it is essential that our object of faith be accurate. The doctrine of the incarnation ensures accuracy, the knowledge that God died on the cross to atone for sin and that the God-man (Jesus) is now in heaven as a mediator (1 Timothy 2:5) between us and God. Jesus came to reveal the Father (Matthew 11:27; Luke 10:22), to do His will (Hebrews 10:5-9), to fulfill prophecy (Luke 4:17-21), to reconcile the world (2 Corinthians 5:18- 21), and to become our High Priest (Hebrews 7:24- 28). (Contrast with Kenosis.) Induction - A system of logic where specific facts are used to draw a general conclusion. Inerrancy - Without error, non-errant. In Christianity, inerrancy states that the Bible, in its original documents, is without error regarding facts, names, dates, and any other revealed information. Inerrancy does not extend to the copies of the biblical manuscripts. In Adonaism, we also do not consider 107

the vowels of the Old Covenant to be inerrant. You need to remember that the Ancient Hebrew did not include vowel markers. Those were not added until around the 6th century AD. Infant baptism - The practice of baptizing infant children of believing parents. In the Catholic Church infant baptism washes away original sin and is regenerative. In Reformed circles, infant baptism is not regenerative but covenantal and validated through the believing parent(s). There are no explicit accounts of infant baptism in the Bible. Some will argue that it cannot be completely excluded as a possibility given that entire households were baptized (Acts 16:15, 33; 18:8) but that is a very weak argument from silence. In contrast there are numerous statements or descriptions depicting baptism as necessarily following personal understanding and belief, something impossible for an infant (Acts 2:37-38; 8:12-13, 36-39; 9:17-18; 10:47; 16:14-15, 30-34; 18:18). Infidel - A person who does not belief in any particular religious system. Infinity - The state or quality of being infinite, unlimited by space or time, without end, without beginning or end. God is infinite in that He is not limited by space or time. He is without beginning and without end (Psalm 90:2). Infralapsarianism - An issue within Reformed theology dealing with what may have happened in God's mind regarding the logical order of His considering whom to elect into salvation before the foundation of the world. The word means "after the fall." The position is that God first decided he would allow sin into the world and second that he would then save people from it. By contrast, the supralapsarian ("before the 108

fall") position holds that God first decided that he would save some people and then second that he would allow sin into the world. Adonaists believe that the injunction against arguing about myths, genealogies, empty speculations and fruitless discussions should apply (1 Timothy 1:3-7). Inspiration - The doctrine that the Bible was written by the influence of God. It is, therefore, without error. It is accurate and authoritatively represents God's teachings (2 Timothy 3:16). As such it is a revelation from God which implies direct knowledge about God, creation, man, salvation, the future, etc. It is an illumination in that it shows us what we could not know apart from it. One of the ways to prove that the Bible is inspired is to examine the Old Covenant prophecies fulfilled in the New Covenant concerning Yeshua (Luke 24:27-45). Because the Bible is inspired, its words are unbreakable (John 10:34-36), eternal (Matthew 24:35), trustworthy (Psalm 119:160), and able to pierce the heart of man (Hebrews 4:12). Additionally, the inspired Word of God will not go forth without accomplishing what God wishes it to (Isaiah 55:11). Intermediate state - The period between death and resurrection. The condition of the person in the intermediate state is debated. One theory is that the person is without a body, yet is conscious, and that he will receive his body at the resurrection. Another theory states that the person has a different sort of spiritual body that will be lost at the resurrection when body and soul are reunited (2 Corinthians 5:1- 4). Inyan - (Heb.) Idea or concept. Ish - Man Ishah - Woman 109

Ishti - My wife Issurim - Criminal cases Ivkos Meshich’a – (Aramaic) The age which hears the approaching footsteps of the Mashiach‘. Ivrit – (ee-VREET); Lit., ―Hebrew.‖ The Hebrew word for the Hebrew language. Iyyar - Month of the Jewish year, corresponding to April- May.

J Jehovah - An anglicized pronunciation of the Hebrew tetragrammaton, YHWH, which are the four consonant letters used to spell God‘s name in the Old Testament (Exodus 3:14). The Hebrews considered the name of God too holy to pronounce and substituted the word ―Lord‖ (Adonai) when the text was read. The vowels of the word ―Adonai‖ was combined with YHWH to get the word ―Jehovah‖ which was first used in the 12th century. A more accurate pronunciation of YHWH would be ―Yahweh.‖ However, the exact and proper pronunciation has been lost. Jesus – The name ―Jesus‖ is derived from the Greek word Ieosus, which was derived from the Hebrew word Yeshua. Many Adonaists simply say Yeshua. The Bible is about Jesus (Luke 24:27, 44; John 5:39; Hebrews 10:7). The prophets prophesied about Him (Acts 10:43). The Father bore witness of Him (John 5:37, 8:18). The Holy Spirit bore witness of Him (John 15:26). The works Jesus did bore witness of Him (John 5:36; 10:25). The multitudes bore witness of Him (John 12:17). And, Jesus bore witness of Himself (John 14:6, 18:6). Jesus is God in flesh (John 1:1, 14). He is fully God and fully man (Colossians 2:9) thus, He has two natures: God and 110

man. He is not half God and half man. He is 100% God and 100% man. He never lost his divinity. He existed in the form of God and when He became a man, He added human nature1 to Himself (Philippians 2:5-11). Therefore, there is a "union in one person of a full human nature and a full divine nature." Right now in heaven there is a man, Jesus, who is Mediator between us and God the Father (1 Timothy 2:5). Jesus is our advocate with the Father (1 John 2:1). He is our Savior (Titus 2:13). He is our Lord (Romans 10:9-10). He is not, as some cults teach, an angel who became a man (Jehovah's Witnesses) or the brother of the devil (Mormonism). He is wholly God and wholly man, the Creator, the Redeemer. Jesus Only Movement - This is a movement in some Pentecostal circles. It is an error in the understanding of the nature of the Trinity. The biblical Trinity consists of three persons simultaneously and eternally existing in one God. The Jesus Only Movement maintains that there is only one person in the Godhead: Jesus. It teaches that the person of the Father became the person of the Son who then became the person of the Holy Spirit and that the persons are consecutive not simultaneous. This movement is incorrect in its Trinitarian interpretation. Additionally, they mistakenly believe that baptism is necessary for salvation and that tongues are evidence of true conversion. (See also Modalism) Jews - Originally, a Jew was a member of the state of Judah during the period of the division of Israel into two nations: Judah and Israel. ―Jew‖ literally means ―praiser‖ and comes from the word ―Judah‖. It became a common reference from the 8th century B.C. Today it is commonly used of adherents of the 111

Jewish religion as opposed to those living in Canaan which are referred to as Israeli and may represent any number of religions or even atheism. Adonaists take to heart the passages that state that all those who worship God and obey His mitzvoth become His people and those who disregard His commands are to be cut off. We take seriously Paul‘s statement that ―jewishness‖ is not a physical but a spiritual condition and that all those who like Abraham act on their faith are sons of Abraham. Therefore Adonaists consider themselves Jews. (See Ezrach‘) In practice we say ―Hebrew‖ for the people who are genetically related to the tribes. We say ―Jew‖ for anyone who commits to obeying God‘s laws and accepts His Messiah. We say ―Israeli‖ for those who are citizens of the modern nation of Israel. We refer to those who observe the medieval religion by the form they observe (Hassidic, Orthodox, Reconstructionists, Reform etc). The group of people who opposed the Apostle Paul were ―Judaizers‖. Jonah’s Box – A term I use to indicate a limiting self- perception based on pride and self-love rather than a balanced biblical view. Judgment - Condemnation. There are several judgments: the judgment of the believer's sins (John 5:24), the judgment of the believer's self (1 Corinthians 11:31-32), the judgment of the believer's works (2 Corinthians 5:10), the judgment of the nations (Matthew 25:31-46), and the judgment of the wicked (Revelation 20:11-15). There is no judgment for the Christian in respect to salvation (Romans 8:1). We were judged in Christ on the cross 2000 years ago. However, as Christians we will be judged according to our works (2 Corinthians 5:10) with, most probably, varying degrees of rewards. But, 112

remember, the judgment of our works does not affect our salvation. Just, Justice - The due reward or punishment for an act. Justice is getting what is deserved. God is merciful but He is also just (Deuteronomy 32:4 - righteous) and must punish sin. In the grace of God, justice fell upon His Son so that mercy would fall upon us. (See also Proverbs 8:15; Genesis 18:19; Hebrews 10:38). Justify, Justification - To be justified is to be made righteous. It is a divine act where God declares the sinner to be innocent of his sins. It is not that the sinner is now sinless, but that he is "declared" sinless. This justification is based on the shed blood of Jesus, "...having now been justified by His blood..." (Romans 5:9). When God sees the Christian, He sees him through the sacrifice of Jesus and "sees" him without sin. This declaration of innocence is not without cost for it required the satisfaction of God's Law, "...without shedding of blood there is no forgiveness" (Hebrews 9:22). By the sacrifice of Jesus, in the "one act of righteousness there resulted justification of life to all men" (Romans 5:18, NASB). In justification, the justice of God fell upon Himself-- Jesus. We receive mercy--we are not judged according to our sins. And grace is shed upon us--we receive eternal life. This justification is a gift of grace (Romans 3:24), by faith (Romans 3:28) because Jesus bore our guilt (Isaiah 53:12).

K Kabalah – (kah-bah-LAH) A Hebrew word that means tradition as received from our teachers. This is not which is the Jewish mystical belief

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embraced by Madonna among others. See also ―Masoret.‖ Kabbalas ol – Lit., ―acceptance of the yoke‖; self- subordination to the will of God. Kabbalat Panim - A reception for the groom before the wedding ceremony Kabbalat yisurim – (kah-bah-LAHT yee-soo-REEM); to not only accept suffering but even find same’ach’ b’yisurim (joy in suffering). Consider James 1:2-3. Kach’a ha ch’ayim - That‘s life; That‘s the way it goes Kach’a kach’a - So so Kaddesh – the first cup of blessing in a Passover Seder or the blessing of the wine at the Sabbath meal. It is also often referred to as Kiddush since it is a sanctification of the wine for holy purposes. – A prayer of mourning, usually recited at a service. When the phrase ―saying kaddish‖ is used, it means that the person is praying mourners‘ prayers. However, kaddish also is used to indicate a prayer of praise in which Hashem is magnified and glorified. The intersection between the two concepts is that even in times of mourning Yahweh‘s slaves should praise Him and that even in times of celebration, Yahweh‘s slaves should remember they are one breath away from death and judgment. Usually, the mourner will attend prayer services for 11 months and recite the prayer. The purpose is (along with sitting shiva) to allow the mourner to process their grief and heal from the loss of their loved one. At the last Kaddish a gentle ritual is followed to aid in closure. The following words, though often confused, are distinct:  Kaddesh is the first cup of blessing in a Passover Seder or the blessing of the wine at 114

the Sabbath meal. It is also often referred to as Kiddush. See Kaddesh.  Kaddish is a prayer of mourning.  Kiddish is either a party-like meal introducing a Sabbath or a holiday or the prayer of thanksgiving that accompanies it.  Kiddush is equivalent to sanctification or ordination. Kadosh – holy Kahal (Qahal) - (Heb., ―congregation, gathering‖) Kal vach’omer – (light and heavy) A term of logic applied to the inference from minor to major (a minori ad maius, or a fortiori) reasoning. Drawing a more general Scriptural interpretation from a mnor premise or going from a lenient premise to a more strict one. In other words, inductive logic or reasoning. Kal vahomer —. Kallah - Bride Kamah zeh o’leh? - How much does this cost? Kapparah – (kah-pah-RAH); (Strong‘s #3722); Lit., ―atonement.‖ Any act that makes up for past transgressions and cleanses the soul. This can refer to the sacrifice the Messiah made on the cross on our behalf or it can refer to any individual‘s attempt to offer restitution for a sin against another. To atone, to cover over, to pardon; as in Psalm 65:3. Kar li - It is cold to me; I feel cold Karma - In Hinduism, the total compilation of all a person's past lives and actions that result in the present condition of that person. Normally, it is associated with reincarnation. Karov rach’ok - A distant relative Kasher, - See kosher Kavanah – (Kah-vah-NAH); Lit. ―intention‖. Intense mental concentration or emotional devotion in the 115

utterance of a prayer or during the performance of a mitzvah. A state of mind requisite for prayer, meditation or worship. Consider Colossians 3:15-17 which says peace and gratitude should control our hearts and that our single-minded focus should be on the supremacy of the Lord Jesus. Kavod – (kah-VODE); (Strong‘s #3519); Honor, dignity, respect for others. Showing respect for the dignity of another. Adonaists are to kavod their parents. It can also be used in the sense of ―paying respects‖ or honoring one‘s leaders or elders. Kavod ha-met – (kah-VODE hah-MET); Lit., ―honor for the dead.‖ Adonaists demonstrate their respect for the dead by gathering to honor their memory, burying them quickly; not desecrating their bodies or their graves; and by trying as much as possible to speak well of them. Kavod Hatzibur - (Hebrew) For the honor of the community. Kazeh (masc.); Kazot (fem.) - Like this Ke yotzei bo mimakom acher - "Like it says elsewhere"; An argument style where the explanation of a word in one text is clarified by use of same word in an unrelated text. Kedushah – (keh-doo-SHAH); (Strong‘s #6918); Holiness or sanctity. Kehilla(h) - (Heb., ―community‖) A sense of unity or belongingness to a group or a congregation. Ken - Yes Kenosis - The doctrine that Christ relinquished His divine attributes so as to experience human suffering. It first appeared in this form and usage between 1835 and 1845. It comes from the late Greek kenōsis, which means, an

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emptying, from kenoun, to empty, from kenos, empty. Kenosis is a teaching concerning Jesus' incarnation. The Kenosis attempts to solve some paradoxes between the nature of God and of man as united in Jesus. For example, how could an all-knowing God become a baby, or how could God be tempted? For some, the Kenosis maintains that God, when becoming a man, divested Himself of some qualities of being a god and they think that the Kenosis is God minus something; God subtracting some qualities of deity to become a man. In contrast the Hypostatic Union is God plus something; God adding human nature to Himself. If it is taken that way, the Kenosis then jeopardizes the true incarnation because it puts in doubt the full indwelling of God among men in the person of Jesus. In order to gain a proper, biblical view of the Kenosis the talmid should consider the following passages: John 1:1-18; 17:5; 2 Corinthians 8:9; Galatians 4:3-5; Philippians 2:6-11; Colossians 2:8-9; Hebrews 2:10-11, 14-18; (Compare with Hypostatic Union.) Ketivah ve Ch’atimah Tovah le shanah tovah tikateivu - May you be inscribed in the Book of Life for a good year Ketores – Incense. – a formal marriage contract developed before the wedding, guaranteeing (usually the bride) certain future rights. A ―prenuptial agreement‖. See also ―gett‖. 117

Ketuvim – (kay-too-VEEM); The writings; the poetic, historic and wisdom literature of the Old Testament. Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and the Chronicles. Ketz – Lit., ―end‖; a particularly auspicious time for Mashiach‘ to come. Kevah – Fixed times of prayer. Some believers, like the prophet Daniel, discipline themselves to praying at fixed times of the day. Kevurah – Interment. Commital of the body to the ground. See also Ch‘esed shel emet. Ki – (KEY); A Hebrew word that can mean ―in harmony with‖ but also ―according to‖ or ―as it deserves.‖ It was used in a play on words by Solomon in Proverbs 26:4-5. Kibbitz - (Yid.) To talk, comment and advise someone while they are doing something else. Kibbud (pl. Kibbudim) – Refreshments provided for ritual occasions. Honors given to guests at a wedding. Kibbutz — a collective farm or settlement in Israel. Kiddish – A fine, full meal or the prayer of thanksgiving that accompanies it. The prayer is recited at the onset of a Sabbath or a holiday, usually over a cup of wine. Sometimes kiddish follows kaddish. After a loved one is buried and we recite kaddish for them, we often eat together (called yahrzeit) with our loved ones and spend time honoring our dead‘s memories. At that time, when everyone is wishing l‘ch‘aim to each other, it is appropriate to recite kiddish in the anticipation of sharing a cup with our dead at the last resurrection. Kiddoshim tihiyu – (kid-doo-SHEEM tee-hee-YOO); ―You shall be holy‖ 118

Kiddush – (KID-ish); (Strong‘s #6942); (Heb., ―sanctification‖ or ―consecration‖; derived from kadosh (qadosh), ―holy‖) A prayer of sanctification. A body of water may be made kiddush by praying over it before using it as a mikveh. A person may be made kiddush by being publicly recognized by the elders, who generally lay hands on and pray over the person to set them aside for special ministry. Also a benediction pronounced over wine on Sabbaths and Festivals. Kiddush Hashem – (kee-DOOSH hah-SHEM); Lit., ―sanctifying the name―of the Lord. Making His name honored among the people. Identifying yourself with Him and then bringing approval to Him or His people through good works and a changed heart. Any prayer, conduct or martyrdom that brings honor to God‘s name. Adonaists are called upon to sanctify God‘s name in everything we do. A generous, selfless mitzvah that is thought to bring honor on God or His children. See also Hillul Hashem. Kingdom of God - The kingdom of God and the kingdom of heaven seem to be variations of the same idea. A kingdom implies a king. Our king is Jesus. Jesus said His kingdom was not of this world (John 18:36). Jesus' authority did not come from man but from God (Luke 22:29). Entrance into the kingdom of God is by a new birth (John 3:5), repentance (Matthew 3:2), and the divine call (1 Thessalonians 2:12). We are told to seek the kingdom of God first (Matthew 6:33) and to pray for its arrival (Matthew 6:10). "The kingdom of God is not eating and drinking, but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit" (Romans 14:17). It is also a future kingdom where full rulership in the actual

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presence of the king Jesus will occur when He returns to earth. Kinor - (Hebrew) Harp. Kinyan – An action that makes a transaction take effect, somewhat like signing a contract makes the contract take effect. The most common type of Kinyan is a Kinyan Sudar. Kinyan Sudar – a Kinyan made by accepting an object of at least some minimal value, such as a handkerchief, as a symbolic agreement to be bound in a transaction. For example, parties usually are handed a handkerchief or a pen at the beginning of a din torah, which they then raise to demonstrate acceptance of the jurisdiction of the beth din. – (aka yarmulke) A headcovering worn for worship, religious study, meals, or at any other time; also called yarmulke. Male Adonaists do not wear kippot, considering them as running contrary to 1 Corinthians 11:4 HCSB Every man who prays or prophesies with something on his head dishonors his head. Some Adonaic women choose to wear one in accordance to: 1 Corinthians 11:5, 10 HCSB But every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head, since that is one and the same as having her head shaved… (10) This is why a woman should have a symbol of authority on her head: because of the angels. Kislev - Month of Jewish year, corresponding to November-December. Kittel - The white robes in which the dead are buried, worn by some during Yom Kippur services. Klal - A general principle.

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Klal Ufrat - An argument where a general summary statement is followed by an explanatory, more specific statement. Klal Yisrael - Hebrew for "the congregation of Israel,‖ refers to the Jewish people as a whole. K’lala – (kuh-LAH-lah); (Strong‘s #7045) A Hebrew word that can be literally translated ―curse‖ but that connotes lightness, emptiness or meaninglessness. It comes from the Hebrew root word ―kal‖ which means ―lightweight.‖ See also ―b‘rach‘a.‖ Kli Gever - Refers to the prohibition against the dress and habits of the other sex in accordance to Deuteronomy 22:5. Klita - Absorption; social and economic integration of immigrants. Used in Adonaism to express the unfortunate absorption of Lowlander culture among believers. Knaidelach - Matzo balls Knesset Haggedolah – the Great Assembly, a synod of teachers who receive the corpus of doctrine and determine new applications for the congregation. Knish - Stuffed potato and flour dumpling. Koach’ – (KO-akh); Strength or fortitude. This Hebrew word can be literally translated as ―strength‖ but the words ―the strength you have‖ are all wrapped up in this one Hebrew word clearly implying potentiality. Kohelet – One of the books of the Tenach‘ called in English Ecclesiastes. Also spelled Quoheleth. Kohen – (KO-hen); (Strong‘s #3547); Also spelled ―cohen‖. The plural would be ―kohenim‖. A priest. The original high priest (kohen gadol) was Aaron. The books of Exodus and Leviticus describe the responsibilities of the Kohanim, which include the Temple service, blessing of the people and spiritual healing. The New Testament tells us that being a 121

genetic descendant of Aaron, or a member of the tribe of Levi is not presently necessary but that all tzaddikim form a nation of royal priests (1 Peter 2:9). When the Mashiach‘ returns to rule from the throne in Jerusalem, the tribe of Levi will once again become an important part of our daily worship. However, we feel that Isaiah 66:19-21 indicates that Yahweh Shaphat will select some Believers who have demonstrated their faithfulness to fill the ranks of the Levites, making of them ―priests and Levites.‖ Kohen gadol – High priest. Kohen ha gadol would mean ―the high priest‖. Matthew 2:4 Kol ha-kavod – (coal hah-kah-VODE); Lit., ―all the honor.‖ All right! Great! Good job! An expression of congratulations or acknowledgement. Like yasher koach‘, it is generally said OF the person, rather directly TO the person as in ―He did a really good job on that speech, kol havod to him.‖ Kol Nidre - The prayer that begins the Yom Kippur service. Kol tuv – (coal TOEV); Lit., ―everything good.‖ All the best! A blessing that is often extended either verbally or in writing. For instance, if I end a letter by saying ―kol tuv et shalom‖ I am praying that the recipient will receive all of God‘s goodness and peace. Kol v'chomer - Inference from a thing that this lesser/lighter to a thing which is greater/more stringent. A hermeneutic principle in which one takes a specific application and from that infers a general principle. Kol Yisrael arevim zeh lazeh - All Jews are responsible for each other Kolboynik - Know it all Kosher – Adonaists are not concerned with ritually prepared food but the term has its use to identify a 122

practice or thought pattern as being right, valid or useful as in ―the elders think her midrash on that passage is kosher.‖ Used loosely to mean anything permissible for God's people. Kotel Ma’aravi - Western Wall Ktzat – Little; a little Kugel – A type of food usually eaten on Shabbat because it can be prepared the day before and kept in the fridge. It is made of either noodles or potatoes baked into the consistency of a thick pudding. A baked, pudding-like casserole. Kulot - Leniencies. Kushia – A question posed while attempting to clarify a seeming inconsistency in either an idea or even the text of Scriptures. Used like ―thinking out loud‖. In other words you‘re asking a question but not questioning the Scriptures. Kvetch (Yid.) - Complain

L L’a met - To bring out the truth; to verify; to confirm Lag b’omer – The 33rd day of the counting of the omer (from the second day of Passover) falling on the 18th of Iyyar; a day of rejoicing for those who practice Judaism. Adonaists do not observe Lag b‘omer first because it is not found in Scripture. Second, ―Lag‖ is used for the 33rd day of the Omer since in mystic Judaism the sum letter totals of "lamud" and "gimmel" in 'Lag' equal 33. Third, we do not want to celebrate a group of people who came under God‘s judgment for proclaiming and supporting a false messiah! Lahag – (lah-HAHG); An obsessive, greedy compulsion to study. Study that does not result in a changed heart. Study that precludes action. 123

Lailah tov - Goodnight Lashon hara – (lah-SHONE hah-RAH); Lit., ―bad tongue.‖ Hurtful words like slander, gossip or even truth spoken maliciously. For example, one should generally not repeat negative comments or rumors about another person, even if they are true. Though usually associated with gossip, lashon hara deals with any true statements that relate negative information. Lies, whether blatantly false or exaggerations, fall into a worse category called hotzaat diba, which is derogatory, slanderous or defamatory speech. It is irrelevant whether the lashon hara is true, written or spoken. All lashone hara is prohibited, but untrue gossip is even more strictly prohibited. The claim ―what I said was true‖ may be a valid defense against the accusation of slander or libel, but it is inadequate against the accusation of lashon hara. It is lashon hara even when you incriminate yourself in the telling. So lashon hara is hurtful speech, the making of damaging or derogatory remarks that might cause a person physical, psychological or financial harm.

Rules to remember: 1. It is lashon hara (evil speech) to convey a derogatory image of someone even if that image is true and deserved but unnecessary. (Proverbs 24:17-18) 2. It is motzi shem ra (slanderous) to do so when the image is false. (Exodus 23:1; Leviticus 19:16; Psalm 15:1-3; Proverbs 10:18; 25:18) 3. It is lashon hara to convey information about people that can cause them physical, psychological or financial harm. (Proverbs 30:10)

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4. It is lashon hara to embarrass people, even in jest, or to tell embarrassing things about them when they are not present. (Proverbs 26:18; Ephesians 5:4) 5. Lashon hara is not limited to verbal communication; the written word, body language, innuendo, and the like can also be hurtful. (Proverbs 6:12-15) 6. It is lashon hara to speak against a community, race, ethnic group, gender, or age group as a whole. (Exodus 12:48-49; 20:10; 23:9; Leviticus 19:33-34; Numbers 9:14; Galatians 3:28; Colossians 3:11) 7. Do not relate lashon hara even to your spouse, close friends or relatives. (Numbers 12:1-2) 8. Do not repeat lashon hara even when it is common knowledge. (Exodus 23:2; Proverbs 11:13; 2 Thessalonians 3:11-12) 9. Avoid r'ch‘ilut: Do not relate to people negative things others may say about them, for this may cause needless conflict. (Proverbs 16:27-28) 10. Do not listen to lashon hara or r'ch‘ilut. Give everyone the benefit of the doubt. (Proverbs 1:10; 1 Corinthians 13:7)

The Exception to the Rules of Shmirat ha lashon - Pikuach‘ nefesh Adonaists hold to a principle referred to as ―pikuach‘ nefesh). This literally means the ―preservation of life.‖ This is the obligation of Adonaists to protect and save life at all costs. This code demands, among other things, the suspension of all other laws to save a life, with the exception of murder, idolatry and incest. The exception to these rules of shmirat ha lashon or lashon hara is thus 125

saving a life or warning someone of impending trouble. For instance, it is not lashon hara to warn a person about potential dangers resulting from not-as- yet finalized business or personal relationships. However, when you must share negative information heed the following principles: a. Be careful to tell only what you know to be factually true. b. Do not exaggerate. c. Do not pass on hearsay. d. Be clear that your intent is to help the other and not to further your own ends. Latkes – Potato pancakes which are traditionally eaten with applesauce or sour cream during Hannukah along with sufganiot which are jelly doughnuts. See also Dreidel. Law - The Law is God's instructions concerning the moral, social, and spiritual behavior of His people found in the first five books of the Bible. The Law is the very reflection of the nature of God because God speaks out of the abundance of what is in Him. Therefore, since God is pure, the Law is pure. Since God is holy, the Law is holy. The Law consists of the 10 Commandments (Exodus 20), rules for social life (Exodus 21:1-23:33), and rules for the worship of God (Exodus 25:1-31:18). It was a covenant of works between God and man and was (and is) unable to deliver us into eternal fellowship with the Lord because of Man's inability to keep it. The Law is a difficult taskmaster because it requires that we maintain a perfect standard of moral behavior. And then when we fail, the Law condemns us to death. We deserve death even if we fail to keep just one point of the law: "For whoever keeps the whole law and yet stumbles in one point, he has become guilty 126

of all" (James 2:10). The law made nothing perfect (Hebrews 7:19). That is why the Law has shown us our need for Jesus and the free gift we receive through Him (Galatians 3:24). (see also Halakhah) Law of non-contradiction - The Law of non- contradiction is the law that something cannot be both true and not true at the same time when dealing with the same context. For example, the chair in my living room, right now, cannot be made of wood and not made of wood at the same time. In the law of non-contradiction, where we have a set of statements about a subject, we cannot have any of the statements in that set negate the truth of any other statement in that same set. For example, we have a set of two statements about Judas. 1) Judas hung himself. 2) Judas fell down and his bowels spilled out. Neither statement about Judas contradicts the other. That is, neither statement makes the other impossible because neither excludes the possibility of the other. The statements can be harmonized by stating: Judas hung himself and then his body fell down and his bowels spilled out. In order to make the set of statements contradictory, we would have something like: 1) Judas hung himself. 2) Judas did not hang himself. Since either statement excludes the possibility of the other, we would then have a contradiction. Laying on of hands - Physical contact by touching of the hands. In the Old Covenant and New Covenant it was sometimes used in reference to doing physical harm (Genesis 22:12; Luke 20;19). In the New Covenant it is also used to signify an attempt at healing (Acts 9:12) and commissioning of Holy Work (1 Timothy 4:14). Usually, during the ordination of an

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elder, hands are laid on him as symbolic of a transfer of authority and power. L’ch’aim – (luh-KHYE-eem); An interjection that literally means ―to life.‖ An ancient toast, greeting or blessing exchanged over strong drink. L'hitraot - Means 'see you' used instead of goodbye or shalom in a more casual 'see you soon' sort of way. L'Shanah Tovah - L'Shanah Tovah is an abbreviation of L'shanah tovah tikatev v'taihatem (May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year). It is the customary greeting on Yom Teruah (Rosh Hashanah). L'shanah Tovah Tikateivu - ―May you be written (in the Book of Life) for a good year.‖ Le shaim shamayim - For the sake of heaven Le shalom ve de’ot - For peace and knowledge Le shanah ha ba’ah be Yerushalem – (leh-shah-NAH hah-bah-AH beh-yeh-ROO-shah-LYE-eem); Lit., ―next year in Jerusalem.‖ Adonaists believe that when the Messiah returns He will reign in Jerusalem. Thus this phrase expresses the hope that this will be the year of His return. Le shanah tovah - For a good year Le shanah tovah tikateivu - May you be written down for a good year Le shanah tovah tikatev vetihatem (masc.) - May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year (response: Gam atah - Same to you) Le shanah tovah tiktavi tetich’tami (fem.) - May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year Le tov u le ch’ayim u le shalom - For good, and for life, and for peace Le’an atah nose’a? - Where are you going? Leap Year - Due to differences in year length between the modern solar calendar year and the Biblical lunar 128

calendar year, a leap year is added to realign the calendars. Lech’u neranenah - Come. Let us sing. Leharim et ha kol - To raise or lift one‘s voice; to shout Lehitra’ot - See you later; see you again; see you soon; so long. See L‘hitraot as an alternative spelling. Lehitra’ot ba erev - I‘ll see you in the evening (response upon departing) Lelakek et ha etzba’ot! - Finger licking good! Levayah – The funeral service Lex talionis - Latin for ―law of retaliation;‖ the biblical provision of ―an eye for an eye,‖ ―a tooth for a tooth.‖ L'havdil - (Lit. ―the difference‖). Used to contrast, as a form of modesty, something great to something far less significant. L'hitraot - Good-bye, see you later. See ―lehitra‘ot‖ as an alternative spelling. Libel – Slander involves verbal derogatory statements whereas libel involves written ones. Lich’ora - As it appears; apparently; on the face of it Lifnim meshurat hadin – Going above and beyond what we are commanded to do; following a higher standard; fulfilling the spirit or intent of the law rather merely its letter. See also hishtadlut‖. Limudei Kodesh – Lit., ―Study of the sacred‖ or ―Study of that which is holy‖ but used in the sense of Judaic studies. Lo – No; not Lo ba li - I don‘t feel like it Lo bediyuk - Not exactly Lo beshi mush - Not in use; Not working Lo b’shamayim hi - The Torah is not in heaven. This saying means The Torah (God‘s commands and wishes) is close and accessible to every person. Our God did not give us some doctrine that is hidden 129

away in the upper recesses of heaven, available only to prophets and scholars. On the contrary, our Torah is readily available and not hidden. We cannot hide behind our ignorance. We all have equal access to the texts of the Scriptures. (Deuteronomy 30:11-14) Lo dati (pl. lo datiim) - Those who are not religious. Also, . Lo kol kach’ - Not so good; not so much Lo yitach’en - It is not possible Loculus — a recess or small chamber cut into a wall of a room in a burial cave for the reception of an ossuary or coffin. Plural: loculi. Logic - From the Greek ―logos‖ meaning ―word.‖ Logic is study of the principles of reasoning. A set of premises that are examined and arranged so as to bring a conclusion. If A = B and B = C, then A = C. Deductive logic is the method of validating a claim by means of supportive information where both the claim and the information are necessarily true. For example, People exist. All people breath. Therefore, all people breath. Inductive logic is the method of drawing a conclusion from a set of supportive information, yet the conclusion has not yet been verified. For example, each night I get tired at 10 PM. Therefore, I conclude that tonight, I will be tired at 10 PM. Lord's Supper - See Communion and/or Pesach‘ Lowlander – In Genesis 13 Lot, while standing on the high ridge with his uncle Abram, looked down into the valley of Sodom and chose its delights to his eventual destruction. A Lowlander is thus someone who is not heavenly minded; an unbeliever; a pagan; someone who has chosen to continue his citizenship in this world. A Lowlander considers collecting the baubles of this world to be a priority. A Lowlander 130

stands agape at the shenanigans of movie stars and singers. Their view is horizontal, earthly, and sensuous. In contrast, a Highlander, like Abram who forsook the Sodom valley life and pursued a ―high city‖ (Hebrews 11:10), chooses God‘s King and Kingdom – the High Land. Where ―Adonaism‖ and ―Cultural Christianity‖ are used in the context of theological systems, ―Lowlander‖ and ―Highlander‖ are usually used in the context of culture. (see Highlander) Lox - Smoked salmon Luch’ot – Lit., "tables" or "tablets". The two stone tablets on which the Aseret ha Devarim were written. Lulav – Closed palm branch, waved during the festival of Sukkoth for the mitzvah of the Four Species.

M Ma'amadot — delegations of representatives, including priests, Levites and ordinary Israelites, sent in turn to Jerusalem from twenty-four local districts to offer sacrifices in the Temple. The delegations served together with twenty-four parallel divisions, or mishmarot, of priests. The term now refers to a series of extra-liturgical prayers and extracts used daily in the synagogue. Ma’amar – (Strong‘s #3982) From ‗amar; something (authoritatively) said, i.e. An edict – commandment or decree. Cf to sich‘a. Ma’ariv – (mah-ah-REEV); Lit., ―evening‖ but indicating evening prayers or an evening prayer service. Ma’asim tovim – (mah-ah-SEEM toe-VEEM); Good deeds that should be driven by ch‘esed. See gemilut hasadim. Mabul – Hebrew for the Deluge; the Great Flood.

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Maccabees — nickname of the Hasmoneans, a family of Jewish priests who led a successful revolt, which began in 168 B.C., against the Hellenized Selucid rulers of Syria. The Maccabees ruled the land of Israel from 142 to 63 B.C. Mach’er - A big shot; man with contacts - A prayerbook used during the high Holy Days. Magen David - (also spelled Mogen David; Heb., ―shield of David‖). The distinctive six-pointed Jewish star, used especially since the 17th century. It has a somewhat dubious history with pagan origins. It was used by Hebrews in 13th century Prague and was later adopted by the Zionist movement in the 19th century. While the Nazis forced the Hebrew people to wear the star, today the star's popularity is such that it's become the symbol of Jewishness worldwide. Maggid - Preacher, often itinerant; interim pastor or visiting speaker. In Europe this was a person who would give sermons on moral subjects. are also Maggidim (pl. of Maggid). Magiyah lo - To him it should be received; He deserves it Mah atah o’mer? - What are you saying? Mah hainyanim? - What‘s the news? Mah hasha’ah? - What time is it? Mah hashem shelch’a? - What‘s your name?; The response would be: Hashem sheli - My name is ___ Mah lech’ah? - What‘s it to you? Mah matzinu – literally ―what have we found?‖ Another way of referring to binyan av. Mah nishmah? - What is heard?; What‘s new?; The response could be: Lo kelum - Nothing

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Mah she ba tuach’, ba tuach’ - What is certain is certain; what will be will be (cp Yehiyeh asher yehiyeh) Mah shlom’ch’em? (masc. plural) Mah shlom’ch’en? (fem. plural) - How are you? Mah shlomech’a? (masc.); Mah shlomech’? (fem.) - How are you? Possible responses: umah shlomech’a/shlomech’? or v’atah? - And how are you?; Tov. Umah slomech’a/shlomech’? - Well. And how are you?; Tov me’od, todah - Very well thanks; Tov Todah - Fine/good, thanks; Mah tovu ohalech’a - How goodly are your tents Mah yesh? - What do you have?; What‘s the matter?; What‘s the problem? Mah zeh? - What is this? Mahashavah – A thought. Maher’ - Quickly Mahleh – (mah-LEH) – (Strong‘s #4390) To fill, or be full; to be fulfilled. Mahleh has both an adjectival and a verbal sense. The verb means ―rill‖ or ―fill up,‖ as well as ―fulfill‖. As an adjective it means ―full‖ and occurs about sixty times. Though its primary sense is literal fullness in a quantitative sense, it can also be used metaphorically with reference to non-tangible phenomena – for example, wisdom (Ezekiel 28:12); divine blessing (Deuteronomy 33:23); God‘s wrath (Psalm 75:8; Isaiah 51:20; Jeremiah 6:11); justice (Isaiah 1:21); and lies (Nahum 3:1). Deuteronomy 34:9 refers to Joshua being ―full of the Spirit of God.‖ In Adonaism we also use it to refer to those laws and regulations that have been fulfilled (Matthew 5:17-18) and no longer are required though not 133 necessarily forbidden. Allow me to share six broad, general principles of interpretation and application that Adonaic Christians follow. (1) Anything directly fulfilled in the New Covenant needn‘t concern us. For example the directive to circumcise all believing males (Genesis 17:9-14; Leviticus 12:1-3) has been specifically cancelled (Acts 15:6-21). (2) Anything directly involving sacrifice for salvation (Exodus 30:10) has been fulfilled in the one-time perfect sacrifice of the Messiah made for all (Hebrews 10:10-12). Therefore the laws on sacrifices for sins, though still instructive, do not apply to us. (3) Anything directly involved with the ritualistic worship that was part and parcel with the Tabernacle or the Temple are not required – there IS no Temple at this time. They will become relevant at some point in the future when the Temple is rebuilt, but not at this time. This is consistent with the laws that have always been on the books that a believer who was traveling out of country was not obliged to routinely go to the Temple for worship. (4) Anything designed to identify the differences between genetic Jews and genetic Goyim is no longer relevant because the Lord is presently attempting to make of the two one people (Ephesians 2:11-19). (5) Those parts that deal with the separation of the Jews from the Gentiles (Colossians 3:11; Galatians 3:28). Besides even if that separation were to still apply, it would not affect we Goyim. (6) Those parts that would cause us to contradict the laws of the land in which we live. An important Hebrew concept that applies in this particular instance is ―Dina d’malchuta dina‖ – which literally 134

means ―the law of the land is law.‖ This phrase is a guide to elders as they try to apply Scripture to day to day ethical, spiritual and legal conundrums. For instance, OT law states that witches should be killed. However, we are told to ―render to Caesar what is due Caesar‖ (Matthew 22:21; Mark 12:17; Luke 20:25), to respectfully pray for and obey the head of government (Romans 13:1-7 cp 1 Peter 2:13, 17). In this society in which we temporarily reside, it is against the law to stone witches. Therefore dina d’malchuta dina applies. The law of the land in which we live rules us as long as it does not ask us to deny God. We may act within the law as citizens, trying to bring about justice and national health, but it is not allowed to believers to break the law in order to enforce what we feel is right – again, as long as the law is not causing us to deny God or to commit injustices (as in 1930s ‘s demands to persecute Jews). Mahzor - A mahzor is a type of siddur, or prayer book. You may be familiar with the Book of Common Prayer? It‘s rather like that; a guide containing specific prayers, liturgies, and piyyutim (liturgical poems) for special occasions like the various high holy days, to give help to those who are in need of such aids. Many of the prayers and/or scriptural readings are put to music which goes along with the admonition to ―sing psalms, hymns and spiritual songs to each other; sing to the Lord and make music in your heart to him; always give thanks for everything to God the Father in the name of our Lord Yeshua the Messiah (Ephesians 5:19-20 CJB). - The famous Hebrew scholar/author Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (1135-1204) better known as 'Rambam‘. Author of Thirteen Articles of the Jewish 135

Faith, Eight Levels of Charity, and Guide for the Perplexed. Makolet – A corner grocery store. Malkut ha shamayim - The Kingdom of Heaven; The Kingdom of God Mamonoth - Civil cases Mamzer - A person born from a prohibited union (i.e., from an incestuous or adulterous union). Man - Man is the creation of God. It is man alone who reflects God. The first man, Adam, was made in God's image (Genesis 1:26-27), and placed in the Garden of Eden for the purpose of enjoying the fellowship of the Lord and fulfilling the purpose of God's creation. He was told to "be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth" (Genesis 2:28). When Adam and Eve sinned, all of humanity fell with them (Romans 5:12-21). Adam represented all humanity: "In Adam all die..." (1 Corinthians 15:22). As a result of Adam's disobedience, condemnation resulted to all men (Romans 5:18). Therefore we are by nature children of wrath (Ephesians 2:3). We do not seek God (Romans 3:11) nor can we understand the spiritual things of God (1 Corinthians 2:14). Since this is the condition of man in his natural state, salvation is then impossible for us to achieve (Matthew 19:26). That is why we need the free gift of salvation (Romans 6:23) given by God to Christians through faith in Jesus' sacrifice on the cross. Manuscript - A document or a copy of an original writing. There are thousands of existing manuscripts of the biblical documents ranging from vellum (animal skins) to papyri (plant material) upon which the 136

original and copies of the original writings were made. Marat - Married woman; Mrs. Mashiach’ – (mah-SHEE-akh); Lit., ―anointed one.‖ The Hebrew word for ―Messiah.‖ Sometimes spelled Moshiach‘. In Aramaic it is Meshich‘a. In Greek it is Christ. Masoret – (mah-sow-RET); Tradition as we pass it on to others and retains a little of our flavor. Each person who receives Kabalah, absorbs it, discovers how to apply it and then passes it on, hands off a slightly changed thing. Hopefully the change is an improvement. See also ―Kabalah.‖ Masoretes — the Jewish scholars of the sixth to ninth centuries A.D. who compiled the Masorah, a body of notes on the textual traditions surrounding Scripture. In particular, the Masoretes devised vowel signs with which to vocalize the Bible's consonantal text. Masoretic Text — the text of the Bible produced by the Masoretes. Massa – (mah-SAH); A prophetic message that comes through verbal communication. Matanot l’evyonim – The mitzvah of giving gifts to the poor on Purim. Matzah (pl. Matzoth) – (MAH-tsah; mah-TSOTE); (Strong‘s #4682); A type of bread that does not contain any yeast, and is thus not allowed to ferment or rise. It is usually eaten during the Passover. Many Christians eat it during the Christian version of the Passover called the Lord‘s Supper or Communion. Yeshua used it to designate His body at the last Pesach‘ seder prior to His crucifixion. Matzah Ball Soup - This is a soup that uses matzah balls (matzah meal, egg, oil, seasonings) in a chicken

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broth; can be made with or without added vegetables. Matzah Meal - Crumbs from crushed matzah bread; used as a flour or for breading. Mazel tov! – It literally means ―good star‖ or ―good constellation‖ implying ―good fortune. It is commonly used to say ―Congratulations and good luck!‖ See also b‘hatzlach‘a. Mazel u brach’a! (Yiddish: Mazel und Bruch‘a) - Blessings and congratulations! Me’ah ach’uz - For sure; 100% certain Means of Grace - This is associated with sacramental theology. A means of grace is a manner in which the Lord imparts grace to a believer as he partakes in the sacrament. A sacrament is a visible manifestation of the word. The bread and wine in the Lord's Supper are considered sacraments in that they are visible manifestations of the covenant promise of our Lord: "In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.'" (Luke 22:20). Generally, the means of grace are considered to be the Gospel, baptism, and the Lord‘s Supper. The Catholic church has seven total: baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and matrimony. Me’at - A little Mech’iah - A great feeling; relief Mech’itzah – (meh-KHEE-tsah); A curtain or short wall used as a modesty screen. Mediation - In some cases people with a dispute may attempt mediation. Under biblical law, people who cannot resolve their disputes may insist on a din torah. Mediation occurs when the two sides having a dispute bring in a third party, called the mediator, to 138

help them come to a resolution that everyone can agree to. It is not necessarily important in mediation who is right in the dispute, just what resolution everyone can accept. In mediation the mediator cannot force everyone to accept a resolution. Mediation is often more friendly than a din torah, because both parties are working to find a resolution they can live with, while in a din torah, each side is defending their own position. Mediator - Someone who intervenes, someone who conveys and conciliates. The word "mediator" is not found in the Old Covenant, but its principle is. God gave the Law to the people through a mediator, Moses (Galatians 3:19), who was a type of the true mediator, Jesus. The word occurs only a few times in the New Covenant: 1 Timothy 2:5; Hebrews 8:6; 9:15; 12:24. It is in the New Covenant that the true nature of mediation is understood in the person of Jesus Christ. He is the mediator of a better covenant (Hebrews 8:6). He was able to become our mediator by becoming man (John 1:1, 14) and dying as our substitute (1 Peter 1:18,19; 2:24). He reconciled us to God (Ephesians 2:16). Medina – state or province Meforshim – (meh-fore-SHEEM); Meforshim are answers to biblical questions which are topical in nature. Thus meforshim are commentaries on the Scriptures as a body. The term is often used to describe answers to she‘eilot regarding theological (as opposed to ethical) questions. For instance, the answer to ―must I reveal all I know about a product in a sales transaction‖ would fall under Responsa. The answer to ―can the devil read our thoughts‖ would fall under meforshim. The answer to ―what did God mean when He said we are created in His image‖ would 139

also fall under meforshim. Obviously, it is impossible to adequately answer the ethical issues raised in Responsa without addressing the Scriptures, and many meforshim contain ethical injunctions. Therefore, there will be some overlap. Megillah – Lit. ―scroll‖. The scroll containing any of five books: Ruth, Song of Songs, Esther, Lamentations or Ecclesiastes. However it commonly means the biblical narrative of the Book of Esther, traditionally read to celebrate the festival of Purim. Megillat Ta'anit — (scroll of fasting) a composition that includes a list in Aramaic of thirty-five Second Temple-period holidays during which public fasting was prohibited (on fourteen of these days public mourning also was forbidden), and a commentary in Hebrew. The list, which includes reasons for the prohibitions, was compiled sometime before the destruction of the Temple in 70 A.D. The commentary portion of the work was added not earlier than the seventh century A.D. Meh ch’adash? - What‘s new?; The response could be: Ein ch‘adash - Nothing‘s new Melach’a – (Heb., ―work‖) Creative work. Melamdei tinoqot – children‘s teachers Melammed (pl. Melammedim) - Teacher of young children, especially of Hebrew. See also Rabbi, Tannaim Menahel Beit Din: In the absence of the Segan Av Beit Din, the Menahel (Director) of the Beit Din shall function as the Av Beit Din. Menorah – A nine-branch candelabrum, especially the one kindled during the festival of Hanukkah. God commanded a seven-branched menorah to be used in the ancient Temple. See also Hannukkiah. Mensch – (Yid.) A nice gentleman; good person 140

Menuha – Rest Meraglim – Spies; as in Numbers 13. Mercy - The act of not administering justice when that justice is punitive. Because of our sinfulness we deserve death and eternal separation from God (Romans 6:23; Isaiah 59:2), but God provided an atonement for sin and through it shows us mercy. That is, He does not deliver to the Christian the natural consequence of his sin which is damnation. That is why Jesus became sin on our behalf (2 Corinthians 5:21) and bore the punishment due to us (Isaiah 53:4-5). It was to deliver us from damnation. (Compare with justice and grace.) God saved us according to His mercy (Titus 3:5) and we can practice mercy as a gift (Romans 12:8). "Let us therefore draw near with confidence to the throne of grace, that we may receive mercy and may find grace to help in time of need" (Hebrews 4:16). Mesarev lavo ledin – one who declines to appear in front of the Beit Din according to biblical law (Deuteronomy 17:9-12); one who has refused the summons of a hazmanah from the Beit Din. Meshuga - Crazy Mesirus nefesh – (meh-SEE-roos neh-FESH); (sometimes pronounced mesirat nephesh) Lit., ―giving over of life‖. Self sacrifice. Mesirus nefesh can mean the willingness to follow the Master into martyrdom (as in yehareg v‘al ya‘avor). However, it can also imply a daily sacrifice or willingness to absorb great harship for Hashem‘s sake. ―Therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, I urge you to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God; this is your spiritual worship.‖ (Romans 12:1) Mesorah – transmitted traditions 141

Mesorati - traditional Messiah - Messiah is based on the Hebrew word Mashiach’ which means "anointed one." It is the equivalent of the New Covenant word "Christ" which also means "anointed." Jesus, as the messiah, was anointed by God (Matthew 3:16) to carry out His three-fold ministry of Prophet, Priest, and King. As the messiah He has delivered the Christian from the bonds of sin and given to him eternal life. In that sense, messiah means deliverer, for He has delivered us. The Messiah was promised in the O.T. in the seed of the woman (Genesis 3:15). (See also Mashiach‘) Messianic Age - A thousand year period where Yeshua will rule the earth as its king. During that period it is prophesied that Israel will reside again in the land, the temple will be rebuilt, the resurrection will occur and there will be peace on earth. Metaphysics - The study of the nature and being of reality and its origin and structure. Metzuyan! - Perfect! Meytav haIch’ulim! - Best wishes! Mezinke Tanz - Dance by the bride and groom in honor of the occasion of the parents marrying off the last child in the family. (pl. Mezuzoth) – Though this is the Hebrew word for doorjamb, "mezuzah," has also come to mean tiny parchment scroll affixed to the gates and/or the right-hand doorpost and containing the first two paragraphs of the Shema (Devarim [Deuteronomy] 6:4-9 and 11:13-21). We do not believe that it is required to install a mezuzah on our door posts any more than we feel it is required to surgically implant a Torah scroll in our heart. However, many of us choose to practice this masoret 142

to remind ourselves as we leave our homes that the Scriptures must govern our activities and to remind us as we enter that our homes have been sanctified and set aside for the Lord‘s use. Mi dei pa’am - From time to time Middah (pl. Middoth) – The emotive attributes of one‘s soul. A character trait, either good or bad. Middah k'neged middah - The concept of justice as measure-for-measure retribution in the context of divinely implemented justice. Middah k‘neged middah is similar to the concept of lex talionis. Middat Hadin – Yahweh‘s attribute of divine justice. Middat harahamim – Yahweh‘s attribute of divine mercy. Middle Knowledge - That knowledge of God dealing with what individuals will do in a given set of circumstances. God has an infinite set of potential circumstances that could exist and knows all actual choices that would be made by individuals in each set. (See also Free Knowledge and Natural knowledge.) Middot – ―Measure‖ or ―norms‖. Used in reference to the rules by which dayanim interpret and apply halakha. Middoth ha nefesh – (mee-DOTE hah-neh-FESH); The particularly distinctive traits of an individual‘s soul. Midrash (pl. Midrashim) – (MID-rahsh; plural is midrashim, MID-rah-SHEEM); Midrash literally means to study or an inquiry or investigation. Technically however, midrashim are answers to exegetical questions. Midrashim is the plural form and midrash is the singular form. It comes from the word darash, "to inquire, deduce or interpret" whence it comes to mean ―exposition‖ (of scripture). The word occurs in 2 Chronicles 24:27, where it is translated ―commentary.‖ When used as a verb ―midrash‖ refers 143

to a form of Biblical exegesis; explaining a Scripture passage‘s simple meaning (peshat), its application (derash) and possibly its deeper, symbolic or metaphorical meaning (sod). The term is also used in the sense of a healthy devotion to study or the ability to discern the proper use and application of Scripture. For example one could say ―He has great midrash‖ which (depending on the context) would either mean he‘s an avid student or has developed some pretty serious study skills. Usually however, it is used of written interpretations or explanations of Scripture. The term can also be applied to a collection of such expositions or, capitalized, to the whole midrashic literature written during the first millennium A.D. Literary Midrash may focus either on halakha, directing believers to specific patterns of religious practice, or on (h)aggada, dealing with theological ideas, ethical teachings, popular philosophy, imaginative exposition, legend, allegory, animal fables—that is, whatever is not halakha. Midrash aggada - Deriving sermonic implications from a biblical text. Midrash Halakha – Deriving laws, codes or conduct or rules of behavior from a biblical text either by means of a correct interpretation of the obvious meaning of scriptural words themselves or by the application of certain hermeneutic rules. Mikrah - Literally ―assembly‖ but it carries the connotation of a ―rehearsal‖ or a ―recital.‖ Sometimes spelled ―miqrah‖. Mikra - Bible Mikva'ot — plural of mikveh.

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Mikveh – (MICK-veh); Lit. ―gathering‖. A body of water, whether natural or manufactured, designated for the use of baptism. In the Old Covenant, the mikveh was used to purify vessels (Numbers 31:22-23). During Yeshua‘s lifetime, immersion in a mikveh was used to identify one's religious affiliations and to renew one's faith. Adonaists consider being immersed in a mikveh the first step of obedience following conversion. This act is an outward sign of an inner faith. Milchig - Means 'dairy' in Yiddish. According to rabbinic Judaism dairy products cannot be used with meat products, kitchen utensils are kept separate to designate if they are for dairy (milchig) or meat (fleishig). The actual command in Scripture in Exodus 34:26b reads: "You must not boil a young goat in its mother's milk." It is from this passage the rabbis interpreted that no meat should be consumed with dairy. Pareve (parve) means 'neutral' and refers to foods that contain neither meat nor dairy products. Adonaists do not agree that the rule should be extended so far, choosing instead to simply obey what the Lord commanded without adding to His word. Milhemet ain brayra - A war without choice. Milhemet Hahatasha - War of attrition. Millennium - Literally, this word means 1000 years. In the study of end times doctrines (eschatology) the millennium is the duration of Christ's rule over the earth before the new heaven and earth are ushered in. The debate has been over when the millennium will take place and what it actually is. The terms that have arisen out of this debate are premillennialism, amillennialism, and postmillennialism. Amillennialism teaches that the millennium is a figurative period and that Christ's rule began when He first became man. 145

Premillennialism teaches that the millennium is yet future and that upon Christ's return He will set up His earthly kingdom. Postmillennialism teaches that through the preaching of the Word of God, the world will be converted and will then usher in Christ and the kingdom of God. Adonaists are premillennial. Min - (pl. minim). A heretic, sectarian, or schismatic Minch’a – (MIN-hah); An afternoon prayer time or service. See also P‘sukei d‘zimra. Minhag – (MIN-hag); Lit., ―custom.‖ The word‘s root means primarily ―to drive‖ (2 Kings 9:20) but implies by extension ―to conduct oneself.‖ Minhagim are customs or community practices that are not directly commanded by God but that have been found to be useful to Adonaists. As long as minhagim are useful and do not contradict Scriptures we are allowed to practice them. For instance, Sunday School is not directly taught in Scripture. It is a human tradition. As long as it is useful we may go to Sunday School. But if someone begins teaching that if you don‘t attend Sunday School you are probably not a true believer (something found nowhere in Scripture) then it has become a sin and we can feel free to stop attending. We are allowed to create minhagim to promote worship, improve education or build fellowship within the body. If we do so, we may not contradict the clear teachings of Scripture, we must maintain a proper view of what we are doing (it‘s limited use and appropriateness), and keep the distinctions between valid Scriptural commands and minhagim evident to all. Minhag ha-makom - Local custom. Minuscule - The Greek characters of lower case: abgde, etc. Different copies of Greek manuscripts

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appear in minuscule form. By contrast, uncials are the Greek characters in upper case. - Means 'number' and refers to the necessary quorum for religious services in Judaism (which is ten adult men). Mipnei - Because Miracle - A miracle is an out-of-the-ordinary direct and divine intervention in the world. Examples would be the parting of the Red Sea, Jesus walking on water, the resurrection of Lazarus, etc. Some hold that it is a violation of the natural order of physical laws. Others maintain that there is no such violation upon God's part but only a natural manifestation of His work. They are also known as powers and signs (Mark 9:39; Acts 2:22, 19:11) and mighty works (John 10:25-38). They are a manifestation of the power of God over nature (Josh. 10:12-14), animals (Numbers 22:28), people (Genesis 19:26), and illness (2 Kings 5:10-14). They are produced by God's power (Acts 15:12), Christ's power (Matthew 10:1), and the Holy Spirit's power (Matthew 12:28). Misheberach’ – Special prayers for special requests Mishkan – term for ―sanctuary‖; the Tabernacle, i.e. the temporary Sanctuary in the wilderness. Modern Hebrew term for ―official building‖. Mishlei – One of the books of the Tanach‘ called in English ―Proverbs‖. Mishloach’ manot – (mish-LOW-ahkh mah-NOTE); A plural Hebrew noun denoting goodie bags or baskets containing food or treats given to friends, family or to the needy, especially on Purim. Purim baskets. Mishnah – (mish-NAH) (literally, "repetition," from the root sh-n-h, to repeat) The Mishnah (with a capital) refers to the first section of the Talmud. It is a legal 147

text which was compiled around 200 by Judah the Prince. It records the sayings of sages who lived and taught during the previous several hundred years. The Mishnah and the Gemarah (which was written later) together form the Talmud. With small letters it can mean a particular paragraph from this section of the Talmud. Generally, when we Adonaists use it we usually mean ―the teaching of a particularly respected rabbi, tanna, posek or dayan. Sometimes also spelled ―mishna‖. The plural is ―mishnayoth‖. Mishnaic Hebrew — the Hebrew spoken in the land of Israel during the first centuries B.C./A.D., used loosely to refer to post-biblical Hebrew. Since this dialect is the language of the rabbinic works composed during the following centuries, it also is referred to as "rabbinic Hebrew." Some scholars prefer the term "Middle Hebrew." Mishpat - (pl. mishpatim). Law from the Torah that can be rationalized. See also ch’ok. Mitzta’er - I‘m sorry Mitzvah – (MITZ-vah); (Strong‘s #4687) A command/blessing of God. The plural is mitzvoth (mitz-VOTE). A good deed and/or its accompanying blessing. The blessing does not come as a result of performance. Obedience is its own reward. With every mitzvah obeyed we bless ourselves. We reap a reward merely in the act of helping others. We never know how, or if, that reward will come back to us. Helping is the reward; none other is needed nor better. To be a true mitzvah, the action should be done with the proper attitude. A mitzvah should be done happily and not grudgingly, with true feeling

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(kavanah) and as beautifully or graciously as possible. Mivta Ashkenazi - Ashkenazi accent Mivta Sefardi - Sephardic accent Mivta Yisraeli - Israeli accent Mizrahi Jew – A Jew that is a descendent of Jews from the Middle East, the Caucasus or North Africa. Also referred to as Edot ha Mizrach. As opposed to that originated in Europe. The plural is Mizrahim. Though they often erroneously are, (from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey) should not be included among the Mizrahim. See also Sephardim. Mo’adim le simch’a! (Sefardic) - Happy holiday/festival; times for joy; seasons of joy Moadim l’simch’a l’geula shleima - Happy holiday in the anticipation of a complete redemption Modalism – An overemphasis of the unity of God that says that the one divine person appears at different times in different manners. Since they refer to these different ―masks‖ of God as ―modes of appearance‖, this heresy is called ―modalism‖. See also Sabellianism, Tritheism and Unitarianism. Mo’ed – (plural mo‘edim) An appointed gathering. God‘s holy days. God‘s appointed times. Mohel - The one who performs the circumcision on an eight day old male baby. Monarchianism - Monarchianism (mono - "one"; arche - "rule") was an error concerning the nature of God that developed in the second century A.D. It arose as an attempt to maintain Monotheism and refute tritheism. Unfortunately, it also contradicts the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. Monarchianism teaches that there is one God as one person: the Father. Please see Heresies for more information. 149

Monergism - The teaching that God alone is the one who saves. It is opposed to synergism which teaches that God and man work together in salvation. Cults are synergistic. Adonaic Christianity is monergistic. Monism - The view that there is only one basic and fundamental reality, that all existence is this one reality even though we perceive different aspects of this reality. Monophycitism - This is an error regarding the two natures of Jesus (See Hypostatic Union). It states that Jesus' two natures are combined into one new one; the problem here is that neither God nor man was represented in Christ but a new third thing. (Other errors regarding the two natures of Christ are Nestorianism and Eutychianism.) Monolatry - The belief that there is more than one God, but only one is served and worshiped. Mormonism is an excellent example of monolatry. Mormonism teaches the existence of many Gods of many worlds, yet worships only the one of this planet. Therefore, monolatry is a division of polytheism, the belief in many gods. It is a return to the old, primitive superstitions of polytheists who, while recognizing many gods, held to the local city-state‘s god. It is a false teaching contrary to Scripture. See Isaiah 43:10; 44:6, 8; 45:5-6. Monotheism - The belief that there is only one God in all places at all times. There were none before God and there will be none after Him. Monotheism is the teaching of the Bible (Isaiah 43:10; 44:6, 8; 45:5, 14, 18, 21-22; 46:9; 47:8). Moral government theology - A theological error that maintains that God is not immutable but changes His mind, that He does not exercise sovereign control over earthly matters, that He does not know all future 150

events - particularly the free-will choices of individuals, etc.. It denies that the atonement pays for our sins, denies Jesus‘ substitutionary death, and denies the imputed righteousness of Christ to the believer. It asserts that people are capable of keeping the whole Law of God, that there is no depravity of human nature, and that salvation is up to a person‘s free will choice. Moreh Tzedek - Rabbinical judge. See also Dayan, Zaquen Mori – Hebrew for ―my teacher‖. Moshiach’ olam - Savior of the world. Sometimes spelled ―Mashiach‘‖. Motza’ei Shabbat - Saturday evening; night after Shabbat Motzi - The blessing recited before eating bread. Motzi shem ra – (moe-tzee shem RAH); Spouting lies and spreading disinformation. This is considered lashon hara and muktzeh. Moyshin moyshi – (moi-SHIN moi-SHEE); A phrase I learned from my Japanese ju-jitsu instructor (sensei) translated as ―born blind and died drunk‖ implying a person is a born victim who remains totally unaware of their environment. Muktzeh – (MOOK-tseh); Forbidden. An object that is forbidden as in ―Don‘t touch Mommy‘s plant. It‘s muktzeh!‖ Mussaf – A special, additional prayer service for a holiday. Mussar – (moo-SAHR); Mussar is an ethical discipline; a system of moral principles or rules governing the conduct of the tzaddikim. It is also commonly used to indicate sound spiritual advice, particularly from a rabbi or other spiritual counselor. Mussar seeks to identify values relating to human conduct so that 151

what is right or wrong in any given situation may be determined. Mussar is not limited to black and white moral definitions of behavior as found in the devar mishnah of Halakha. Instead, it is a series of nested or heirarchial principles. For instance, it is understood by all moral people that lying is generally wrong. Rahab‘s example, however, demonstrates that if another person‘s life hangs in the balance, a tzaddik should feel no compunction about using deceit to save a life. Mussar can, therefore, be broken down to a three-pronged discussion of: a. The values that should govern in any given situation, b. The requisite character traits for the successful prosecution of God‘s will and c. The disciplines that inculcate such character. Mutar - Permitted. See also muktzeh and maleh. Mysticism, Judaic – Mysticism became considerably more important in rabbinic Judaism following the Babylonian captivity during which period astrology, numerology, and a general interest in the occult flourished. Today this tendency is most evidenced by Kabbalistic studies.

N Nabatea — ancient kingdom southeast of the land of Israel whose capital was Petra. Nabatean — pertaining to Nabatea or the Nabateans; the language of the Nabateans. Nach’am – (na-KHAM) The English word ―repentance‖ is used to reflect two words. Nach‘am means to be penitent, implying the emotional and intellectual imperative that drives godly repentance. Shuv (or

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shub) means to turn back. This connotes the actual, practical results of true intent to change. So in Hebrew it‘s quite clear that there are two aspects to godly repentance – we must feel penitent about our sin, engage our minds (carefully considering the best path back toward goodness) and then take practical steps toward change in our behavior. Another (perhaps better) English word to describe ―nach‘am‖ is ―contrition‖. Contrition is defined as consciousness of guilt or sin giving rise to humility and sorrow; repentance for things past. Interestingly, an obsolete definition is ―to grind‖ (i.e. friction). Allowing the painful emotions of guilt and nach‘am to do their work, grinds at our souls, smoothing away the rough, sinful edges and making us less likely to commit the same sin again in the future. So nach‘am is expressing sorrow for sin (Job 42:6; Jeremiah 31:19). Failure to do so (Jeremiah 8:6) is considered ―unending apostasy‖ (v. 5) worthy of Yahweh‘s judgment (v.7). Nach’as – (NAH-khis); Fulfillment, proud pleasure, or special joy in the accomplishments of one‘s progeny. Shep nach‘as means ―get joy‖ as in ―His piano recital was beautiful. His parents must shep nach‘as from him.‖ Sometimes spelled ―naches‖. Nahal - (Hebrew for river, riverbed) Naim me’od - It‘s a pleasure; pleased to meet you [greeting at meeting] Narr - A fool. Narrishkeit - Foolishness. Nasi – (Heb., ―prince, leader‖). In Biblical times, this was a tribal leader. In modern times it‘s used of a civil or spiritual head of a large community. 153

Nasi Elohim – (nah-SEE eh-lo-HEEM); A ―prince of God‖. Used of Abraham (Genesis 23:6). Natural knowledge - A term used in describing a type of knowledge possessed by God. Often it is raised in discussions dealing with individuals‘ free will and God‘s infinite knowledge. God‘s natural knowledge would be His knowledge of all things of potential existence influenced by individuals though not necessarily in actual existence. God knows this set of knowledge from all eternity, before the creation of the universe. It is called natural because it is a natural attribute of God‘s existence. See also Free Knowledge and Middle Knowledge. Navi – Commonly called prophet. However, in English this carries the connotation of someone who foretells the future. In Hebrew this means ―spokesperson for God‖ and may or may not entail foretelling the future. Sometimes spelled ―nabi‖. Nazir – Someone who has set themselves apart for divine service by making some type of vow, usually associated with an outward ascetic practice to be performed until the vow has been accomplished. Nebiim - See navi. Nefesh – (NEH-fesh); (Strong‘s 35315); This word comes from the word meaning ―breath.‖ It denotes the spirit, that part of us that is spiritual and immortal. It is used interchangeably with neshama. Nehedar, yo’fi - Wonderful, great Ner – Lamp; candle Ner tamid - Eternal light. Symbolizes the menorah that burned constantly in the temple. Nes - Miracle; also slang for instant coffee. Neshama – (neh-shah-MAH); (Strong‘s #5397); The core of the soul which is the spirit. It is the part of us that is spiritual and immortal. God breathed 154

neshamah into the first man, Adam. Sometimes spelled ―neshoma‖. Neshama ch’ay – (neh-shah-MAH KHAY); Lit., the breath, wind or spirit of life. Neshomeleh - Sweet soul; sweetheart; darling Nesia tovah - Have a good trip Nestorianism - States that the two natures of Christ were so separated from each other that they were "not in contact"; the problem here is that worship of the human Jesus would then not be allowed. (See also Hypostatic Union, Eutychianism, and Monophycitism.) Netivot Shalom - ―Paths of Peace.‖ Taken from the verse in Proverbs, ―Her ways are pleasant, and all her paths, peaceful.‖ (Proverbs 3:17) Netzach’ – (Strong‘s #5331) Lit., victory or preeminence. (1 Chronicles 29:11; Isaiah 25:8). In one‘s personal life it can be expressed by fully living in accordance to the Way, loving the Lord and serving our fellow man. A person who can do this has achieved ―netzach‘‘‖ regardless of their social or monetary status. Acting according to de‘ot and ch‘esed. Nevi’im – (neh-vee-EEM); The 21 books of the prophets. The ―early prophets‖ include Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings. Nezikin – ―Damages‖ as used in halach‘ic rulings. Nich’um aveilim – (nee-KHOOM ah-vay-LEEM); Lit., ―comforting mourners.‖ A mitzvah entailing offering sympathy, friendship fond memories of the departed and service to mourners. It can also include providing for the burial of the needy (which is seen as a ch‘esed toward the deceased). - The laws governing the separation of a man and wife during her menstrual cycle in accordance to

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Leviticus 15:19-24. (see also Taharat ha mishpach‘ah) Niftar (masc.); Nifterah (fem.) – Died Niggun (pl. Niggunim) - (pronounced "nih-GOON"); Melody; tune; usually wordless, or perhaps more accurately, a melody sung using "yai-dai-dai," "bim- bom," or some other equally universal sounds, rather than words. It especially figures in divine service as in ―Ha-Niggun ha-Kadosh”, ―The holy tune.‖ See also Zemiroth. Nihum avelim – The mitvah of comforting mourners. Nisan — the first month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (Esther 3:7), roughly parallel to the month of April. The festival of Passover falls on the 15th to the 21st of Nisan. Nishtu gedach’t! - May we be saved from it [sad event]; It shouldn‘t happen!; God forbid! Nissuin - Wedding ceremony Nitvah – respondent / defendant Nizkarim – remember Noahide Laws – The ancient laws that are considered relevant to all people that were initially given to Noah. In Judaism these include a prohibition of idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, robbery, the eating of flesh that was cut from a living animal, and the establishment of justice. While Jews are expected to keep all of God‘s mitzvot, even Gentiles are supposed to obey at least these seven laws. It is interesting that when Paul went back to the church at Jerusalem with a question as to whether or not Gentile believers were to follow all the law, the church‘s answering requirement was basically a restatement of the Noahide Laws. Noch’am – (no-KHAHM); (Strong‘s #5162) To lament, to grieve Exodus 13:17 156

Nod nafuach’ - A complete nothing; A bag of wind Nohal takin - Correct procedure Nolad (masc.); Noldah (fem.) - Born Notionist – A term I borrow from Quakers and that means someone whose head is full of notions and ideas but that do not possess the reality. Used of someone who thinks religion is Christianity or vice versa. Nu? - So?; Well? Nu, tzadakti? - Well, was I right?

O Occult - Occult means "hidden". It covers practices that are not approved of by God e.g., astrology (Isaiah 47:13), casting spells (Deuteronomy 18:11), consulting with spirits (Deuteronomy 18:11), magic (Genesis 41:8), sorcery (Exodus 22:8), witchcraft (Deuteronomy 18:10), and spiritism (Deuteronomy 18:11). Occult practices such as Ouija boards, tarot cards, astrology charts, contacting the dead, séances, etc. are to be avoided by the Christian and Jews alike. Ohel - Structure over a grave. Oi [Oy] - Denotes disgust, pain, astonishment or rapture Oi Va’avoi li! - Oh my God! Oi Vai Iz Mir! - Woe is me! Olam ha-ba – (oh-LAHM hah-BAH); Lit., the ―world to come‖. The afterlife. We need to seek God in olam ha-zeh (this world) because it will be too late in olam ha-ba. Olam habah – The afterlife as opposed to olam hazeh (this present life). Olam ha-zeh – (oh-LAHM hah-ZEH); Lit., ―this world‖. Life; the life we lead. The term is in contrast to olam ha-ba, which is the world to come or the afterlife. 157

Old Covenant – The first 37 books in the Bible, also commonly referred to as the ―Old Testament.‖ The Tanakh. Omer — (sheaf of grain) the sheaf of barley offered in the Temple (Leviticus 23:9-14) as a wave offering on the second day of Passover, the day that marks the beginning of seven weeks of counting; the fifty days counted from that day until Shavuot. See also Lag Ba-Omer. Omnipotence - An attribute of God alone. It is the quality of having all power (Psalm 115:3). He can do all things that do not conflict with His holy nature. God has the power to do anything He wants to. Omnipresence - An attribute of God alone. It is the quality of being present in all places at all times (Jeremiah 23:23-24). He is not bound by time and space. This does not mean that nature is a part of God and is, therefore, to be worshiped. Creation is separate from God, but not independent of Him. Omniscience - An attribute of God alone. It is the quality of having all knowledge (Isaiah 40:14). Omnipotence, Omnipresence, and Omniscience represent the nature of God concerning His relation to the creation. Onah - Sex for recreational pleasure instead of pru u'rvu (procreation). Oneg Shabbat – Lit. 'Sabbath Delight' or ‗Joy of Sabbath‘ - This is a celebration occurring after services at many synagogues on Shabbat. It is an informal gathering, either at the synagogue or in a private home designed to express the happiness we feel because of God‘s gift of the Shabbat. It is more social than religious and may include music, drama, community discussions, lectures, or the singing of spiritual songs. We do this in accordance to ―and call

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the Sabbath a delight‖ (Isaiah 58:13). Usually refreshments (if not a full meal) are served. Onesh olam - Eternal punishment Ontological Argument - An attempt to prove God‘s existence first postulated by Anselm. In brief, it states that God is a being of which no greater thing exists or can be thought of. Therefore, since we can conceive of God as the greatest of all things that exist, then God must exist. Ontology - The study of the nature of being, reality, and substance. Oom-Shmoom - Deprecatory phrase for the United Nations. Oracles - Oracles are the divine revelations given to God's people. God's method of communicating these oracles varied from dreams and visions (Numbers 12:6-8), to wisdom (Proverbs 30:1), and even the Urim and Thummim (Numbers 27:21; 1 Samuel 14:3- 37). The Urim and Thummim were placed in the breastplate of the high priest (Exodus 28:30) and were used as a means of communication with God. They mean "light" and "perfection". Unfortunately, they are not described anywhere in the Bible. Some theories maintain that they were twelve stones that made up part of the High Priest's garments. The process of the communication with God is not given either. Oral Torah — (torah she-be-al peh) in contrast to the Written Torah (torah she-bichtav), which is the instruction God gave to Israel at Sinai contained in the five books of Moses. The Oral Torah consists of forty-two verbal commandments given to Moses at Sinai, and the precepts and interpretations implied in the Written Torah.

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In Judaism it also came to include the legal decisions of rabbinical courts and the oral traditions received from earlier generations of Torah scholars. Considered by traditional/rabbinic Judaism to be as inspired as Scripture itself, called the Talmud, which consists of Mishneh and its commentaries (). Adonaists do not consider the oral tradition equal to the Bible. Ordination - In Christianity it is the ceremony of consecration to ministry. It is usually administered by a commissioning and a laying on of hands. Ordo salutis - Latin for ―order of salvation.‖ Theologically it is the order of decrees by God in bringing about the salvation of individuals. In the Reformed camp, the ordo solutis is 1) election, 2) predestination, 3) calling, 4) regeneration, 5) faith, 6) repentance, 7) justification, 8) sanctification, and 9) glorification. In the Arminian camp, the ordo soluits is 1) calling, 2) faith, 3) repentance, 4) regeneration, 5) justification, 6) perseverance, 7) glorification. Romans 8:29-30 is critical to understanding this issue. Original Sin - This is a term used to describe the effect of Adam's sin on his descendants (Romans 5:12-23). Specifically, it is our inheritance of a sinful nature from Adam. The sinful nature originated with Adam and is passed down from parent to child. We are by nature children of wrath (Ephesians 3:2). Orthodox - Having a correct understanding of the doctrines presented by the prophets and apostles. – the strictest sect of Judaism which devotes tremendous amount of study not only to Torah and Talmud, but also to Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah). Oseh shamayim ve Eretz - Maker of heaven and Earth 160

Ossuary — a "bone box," a depository for the bones of the dead. According to Jewish burial practices in the land of Israel at the time of Jesus, the bones of the deceased were collected one year after an initial interment and reinterred in a small container usually carved from stone. Ossuaries were generally decorated with geometric or other designs, and often inscribed with the name(s) of the deceased. Sometimes the bones of several members of the same family were collected and placed in the same ossuary. The average size of these boxes was 50 cm. long, 30 cm. wide and 30 cm. high. About nine hundred ossuaries have been found in the vicinity of Jerusalem alone. Oved – one deeply involved in avodah. Compare with davenen. Oz V'Shalom/Netivot Shalom - (Heb., Strength and Peace/Paths of Peace) Ozer Yisrael bi gvurah - Who girds Yisrael with strength Ozer Yisrael b’tif’arah - Who crowns Yisrael with splendor

P Paamayim ki tov – An interjective blessing that means ―doubly blessed‖ but that is strongly associated with and generally only used in conjunction with (strangely enough) Tuesdays. Panah – (pah-NAH); (Strong‘s #6437) To turn the back, to turn oneself in order to go somewhere or to look at something. Joshua 22:4 Panentheism - The belief that God is IN the universe. It differs with pantheism which states that God IS the universe and all that it comprises.

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Pantheism - This is an identification of the universe with God. With this view there is a blurring of the distinction between the Creator and the creation as well as an attack upon the personality and nature of God. Pantheism tends to equate God with the process of the universe and states that the universe is God and God is the universe. This is not true because God is the creator of the universe (Isaiah 44:24) and therefore separate from it. Papyrus - A plant growing along the Nile in Egypt during biblical times. It was used as writing material. Papyrus scrolls were made by cutting and pressing sections of the papyri plant together at right angles. They typical maximum length of a scroll was about 35 feet. The scribe, when using papyrus, would often use the natural horizontal fibers of the papyrus plant as guidelines. He would take a blunt instrument and score horizontal lines and then score two or more vertical lines as margins for the edge of the sheet or to define columns on it. We get the word "paper" from this word. Many of the biblical manuscripts were on papyrus. Parable - An illustrative discourse or story that uses common events and culture and is meant to convey a meaning or lesson. Jesus used parables extensively. Some of the Old Covenant parables are Trees Making a King (2 Samuel 12:1-4); The Thistle and the Cedar (2 Kings 14:9); Israel, a Vine Planted by Water (Ezekiel 24:10-14), etc. Some New Covenant parables are The Sower (Luke 8:5-8); the Ten Virgins (Matthew 25:1-13); The Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37); The Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), etc. Paradise - Biblically, paradise is the place of uninterrupted bliss. The Garden of Eden was considered a form of paradise. Jesus mentioned 162 paradise while on the cross (Luke 23:43) and Paul also mentioned Paradise (2 Corinthians 12:1-4). Some consider paradise to be the abode of people in the intermediate state while others believe it is the permanent location of the saved. In Adonaic theology Paradise is associated with Abraham‘s bosom. It was, until Christ‘s resurrection the place of rest for the righteous dead. We believe Christ took these souls out when He resurrected (Ephesians 4:8-10) and that Paradise/Abraham‘s bosom no longer exists. Now to be absent from the body is to be present with the Lord (2 Corinthians 5:8), and as Stephen attested (Acts 7:55-56), the Lord is in Heaven – not Paradise.

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Parah adumah – The red heifer mentioned in Numbers 19 -- the ashes of this heifer were for purifying purposes. PARDES – (from the acronym PRDS) An ancient method of Scriptural interpretation. Pardes is an acronym that stands for Peshat (simple facts), Remez (hints), Derash (search or teaching) and Sod (hidden or spiritual). The word itself is Hebrew for ―orchard‖ implying that this method of study will yield great fruit. See each individual step for further instruction. Parnasah – Livelihood. Parousia - (par-ooo-see‘-a) A Greek term that means ―arrival‖ or ―coming.‖ The term is often referred to as the time of Christ‘s return; hence, the Parousia, i.e., 2 Thessalonians 2:1. Parapsychology - The study of things not generally explainable by the scientific method. Examples of subjects studied by parapsychologists would be telepathy, clairvoyance, ghosts, etc. Parsha – The weekly Torah readings many read at shul and study at home. Parshat shelach’ – The sending of the spies; Numbers 13:2. Also the 37th weekly Torah portion to be read in the Judaic yearly cycle that runs from Numbers 13:1- 15:41. Pasakta l’chiyusi - Lit. ―you cut off my livelihood‖. If a person competes in business in an unfair manner, such as by selling below cost, or threatens to cut off the livelihood or income of the original tradesman entirely and jeopardize his business - he has the right to restrain the competitor. Also, if an injury caused during the commission of the crime will inhibit the person‘s ability to work in the future, that must be taken into consideration when rendering judgment. 164

Patriarchs - Refers to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob – the forefathers of all Jewish people. Patur - Something or someone who is exempt (from an obligation or a law). Peckle - Yiddish for a small package or parcel. Often used to refer to a bag of sweets or other goodies given out at parties, thrown at the ch‘osson at his wedding and so on. Pedobaptism - The practice of infant baptism. Pelagianism - The teaching of a monk named Pelagius in the fifth Century. He taught that man's will was and still is free to choose good or evil and there is no inherited sin (through Adam). Every infant born into the world is in the same condition as Adam before the fall and becomes a sinner because he sins. This is opposed to the Biblical teaching that we are by nature children of wrath (Ephesians 2:3) and that we sin because we are sinners. Pelagius said we are able to keep the commandments of God because God has given us the ability. Therefore, there is no need of redemption and the crucifixion of Jesus is merely a supreme example of love, humility, obedience, and sacrifice. This heresy has its relatives in the form of the cults that deny the total dependence upon God and maintain that salvation is obtainable through our own efforts. (Compare to Arminianism and Calvinism.) Pentateuch – This word is from the Greek penta, "five" and teuchos, "a tool". It refers to the first five books of the Bible known as Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. All five were authored by Moses and are also known as "the Law". (See Torah) Pentecost - The word comes from the Greek that means fifty. So, Pentecost was a celebration on the 165

fiftieth day after Passover. It was a culmination of the feast of weeks (Exodus 34:22-23). Pentecost in the New Covenant is best known as the time of the arrival of the Holy Spirit for the church (Acts 2). At Pentecost the disciples of Jesus were gathered and upon the filling of the Holy Spirit, they heard a great wind and spoke in tongues as tongues of fire that settled upon them. The significance of the fire can be found in recognizing it as a symbol of the dwelling of the Spirit of God (Exodus 19:18; 1 Peter 4:14). Perek – Chapter (plural is ―perakim‖ i.e. ―chapters) Pericope — an episode or story unit in the synoptic gospels; a division of a synopsis. Also used in the sense of a portion of Scripture read in public worship Plural: pericopae. Perishus - asceticism Perseverance - To endure to the end. Theologically, the term ―perseverance of the saints‖ is the teaching that salvation cannot be lost, that the saints will preserved to the end. Pesach’ - Passover, the spring Festival commemorating the Exodus from Egypt. Pesach‘ always occurs in the springtime, a time which is associated with redemption. Observance of Pesach‘ involves the Pesach‘ Seder at which four cups of wine are drunk and matzo (unleavened bread) is eaten. Pesharim - Commentaries Peshat – (peh-SHAT); The simplest meaning of a passage of Scripture. It‘s most literal, historical and grammatical meaning. For example, ―An angel appeared to Zacharias‖ means simply that. The angel doesn‘t represent a concept or force. Zacharias does not represent the nation of Israel. An angel appeared to a man named Zacharias. That is the ―peshat‖ of that verse. See PARDES 166

Peyot - The side locks (hair) worn by Orthodox men; a relatively new practice begun a couple hundred years ago by the Chasidic Jews. Adonaists do not follow this practice. Pharisee - The Pharisees were a Jewish sect from the second century B.C. to the first century A.D. They considered the entire Old Covenant to be authoritative, unlike the Sadducees who only accepted the first five books. The Pharisees believed in life after death, the resurrection, the existence of angels and demons, and that the way to God was through keeping the law. "According to Josephus, the Pharisees were the group most influential with the people, were noted for their accurate and therefore authoritative interpretations of Jewish law, and had their own traditions and way of life to which they were faithful. They had a simple standard of living and cultivated harmonious relations with others. Philosophy - The study of seeking knowledge and wisdom in understanding the nature of the universe, man, ethics, art, love, purpose, etc. Phylacteries - Phylacteries were never specifically described and commanded. They were developed in an attempt to fulfill Yahweh‘s demand that His mitzvoth be bound to the people‘s hands and be a symbol on their foreheads. However this mitzvah was given within the context of remembering the delivery of our people from Egypt and the bringing of the nation to the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 11:18- 21). These were known as (or aka later as phylacteries from the Greek term). These box-like containers, like those on the forearms, held the same scraps of the Torah. It was the hypocritical practice of wearing these without heartfelt sincerity that caused

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Jesus to speak scathingly about them (Matthew 23:2- 7). Piddyon Shevuyim - Redeeming the captive. See Isaiah 58:6 Piety - A general term for religious devotion. Pikuach’ nefesh – (pee-COO-akh NEH-fesh); Lit., the ―preservation of life.‖ This the obligation of Adonaists to protect and save life at all costs. This code demands, among other things, the suspension of all other laws to save a life, with the exception of murder, idolatry and incest. Thus, though a believer would normally not lie, he or she may in order to save a life. Though a believer would not normally steal, he or she may in order to save someone‘s life. Due to the increasing critical state of the environment and the threat the looming conditions pose to the ecosphere, in Adonaism Pikuach‘ nefesh has also come to carry overtones of ecotheology, socio/political, economic and environmental justice. Pillaging Egypt – Taking techniques, methods, ideas, approaches, technology, music or other cultural elements of the world and using them for God‘s glory. While living IN the world and using elements OF the world however, we must be careful to not become tainted BY the world. Pirkei Avos – (also spelled Avot) Lit., ―chapters of the fathers‖ and commonly known in English as ―Ethics of the Fathers. A tractate of the Mishnah with some uncommonly good advice. In Judaism it is traditionally studied between Pesach‘ and Shavuot. Piyyut – a religious poem. Plach - region Ploni ben Ploni - Hebrew for 'So and so the son of so and so'

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Pneuma – lit. ―wind, breath or blow‖ – the Greek word for ―spirit.‖ Pneumatology - The study of the Holy Spirit‘s person, works, relation to the Father and Son, relation to man, ministry in salvation and sanctification, conviction, and indwelling. Polytheism - The teaching that there are many gods. In the Ancient Near East the nation of Israel was faced with the problem of the gods of other nations creeping into the theology of Judaism and corrupting the true revelation of God. The Bible does recognize the existence of other gods, but only as false gods (1 Corinthians 8:5; Galatians 4:8) and clearly teaches that there is only one true God (Isaiah 43:10; 44:6, 8; 45:5, 18, 21-22; 46:9). (See Monotheism.) Po nikbar; Po nitman - Here lies (abbrev. at top of most Jewish tombstones) Posek (pl. Posekim) – (poe-SEHK); An elder acting in the role of a decisor. An elder to whom shayla (religious questions) are posed. A Posek may also act as a ―dayan‖ a judge in matters of interpersonal conflict or theological debate. Authors of halach‘ic rulings. Posken - To render a halakhic ruling, usually one that clarifies the law in a specific case. Postmillennialism - The belief that through the preaching of the word of God, the entire world will be converted to Christianity and this will usher in the kingdom of Christ. This is when Christ will return. Pragmatism - A method in philosophy where value is determined by practical results. Prayer - A privilege and an obligation of the Christian where we communicate with God. It is how we convey our confession (1 John 1:9), requests (1 Timothy 2:1-3), intercessions (James 5:15), 169

thanksgiving (Philippians 4:6), etc., to our holy God. We are commanded to pray (1 Thessalonians 5:17). Some personal requirements of prayer are a pure heart (Psalm 66:18), belief in Christ (John 14:13), and that the prayer be according to God's will (1 John 5:14). We can pray standing (Nehemiah 9:5), kneeling (Ezra 9:5), sitting (1 Chronicles 17:16-27), bowing (Exodus 34:8), and with lifted hands (1 Timothy 2:8). Praying through Scripture – Using a particular Scriptural text as a model or a framework for prayer. Pre-Adamites - The teaching that there was a race of people before Adam and Eve lived in the Garden and that the fall of Satan caused a widespread destruction of the world. The result of this destruction was so vast that the world needed to be re-made with Adam and Eve being the first of the new order. There is no biblical substantiation for this view. Pre-existence - The teaching that before our existence here on earth, we had a prior existence. Biblically, we do not pre-exist. Our beginning is at our conception. Many aberrant groups teach preexistence such as the Mormons and the Shepherd‘s Chapel. Also, all groups that teach reincarnation affirm the idea of pre- existence. Predestine, Predestination - The doctrine that God has foreordained all things which will come to pass yet He is not the author of sin. He does, however, use sinful things for His glory and purpose. For example, the crucifixion was brought about by sinful men who unrighteously put Jesus to death (Acts 4:27); yet, in that death, we are reconciled to God (Romans 5:10). Predestination maintains that God is the one who decides who will be saved (Romans 9:16) and that it is not up to the desire of the person (John 1:13). God 170

is the one who ordains the Christian into forgiveness, "...and as many as had been appointed to eternal life believed" (Acts 13:48). Also, "For whom He foreknew, He also predestined to become conformed to the image of His Son, that He might be the first- born among many brethren; and whom He predestined, these He also called; and who He called, these He also justified; and whom He justified, these He also glorified" (Romans 8:29-30). Further verses to examine are Ephesians 1:4, 11; Romans 9. (See also Election, Ordo Salutis and Sovereignty.) Premillennialism - This is a teaching concerning the end times (eschatology). It says that there is a future millennium (1000 years) where Christ will rule and reign over the earth. At the beginning of the millennium Satan and his angels will be bound and peace will exist on the entire earth. At the end of the 1000 years Satan will be released in order to raise an army against Jesus. Jesus will destroy them and then the final judgment will take place with the new heavens and the new earth being made. Preterition - The act of passing over something, or neglecting it. In theology, it is the Reformed doctrine that God passed over people by not electing them into salvation. Instead, only those elected to salvation will be saved and passed over all others. This doctrine contradicts the clear teaching of the Scriptures that the Lord does not want any to perish but all to come to repentance (Ezekiel 18:23, 32; 33:11; Romans 11:32; 1 Timothy 2:4; 2 Peter 3:9). Prevenient – (pri-veen-yuh nt) to come before; to antecede; to anticipate. In doctrine this refers to God‘s prevenient grace. Adonaist hold that before a man can seek God, God must first have sought the man. God reached out to us while we were still 171

rebellious sinners (Romans 5:8). No one can come to the Son unless the Father first draws them (John 6:44). Priest - A person having the ability to perform certain religious rites, sacraments. Generally, a priest stands between God and Man and administers the ceremonial rites on behalf of the individuals as an offering to God. In many churches (Catholic), the priest is below the Bishop in ecclesiastical order and rank. Prophet - Someone who is the mouthpiece of God. He stands between God and man to communicate to man the word of God. When the prophet spoke as the mouthpiece he was inspired and without error. The prophet, though, is not a puppet or a mindless repeater of what he hears. Instead, he retains his own will, mind, and thoughts as he speaks for God. God would put His words in their mouths (Deuteronomy 18:18; Jeremiah 1:9). A prophet was God's servant (Zechariah 1:6) and messenger (2 Chronicles 36:15). The prophecies fell into three categories: concerning the destiny of Israel, the messianic prophecies, and eschatological prophecies. The term Law and Prophets refers to the writings of the Old Covenant divided into two categories. The Law is the Pentateuch, or Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Prophets are all the rest of the Old Covenant books. Propitiation - This means the turning away of wrath by an offering. It is similar to expiation but expiation does not carry the nuances involving wrath. For the Christian the propitiation was the shed blood of Jesus on the cross. It turned away the wrath of God so that He could pass "over the sins previously committed" (Romans 3:25). It was the Father who sent the Son 172

to be the propitiation (1 John 4:10) for all (1 John 2:2). Proster oilem - Common people Pru u'rvu - Sex for procreation purposes as opposed to onah (recreational, sexual pleasure) P'sak - Decision, verdict.Halakhic judicial ruling on a contested matter. Also spelled psak. Pseudepigrapha — (literally, falsely written) a title for various pseudonymous or anonymous Jewish writings of the third century B.C. to the second century A.D. not found in the or Apocrypha. James H. Charlesworth's recently published English translation of the Pseudepigrapha, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2 vols. (Doubleday, 1983-1985), includes fifty-two documents. Some of the most important of these for gospel studies are Enoch, Jubilees and The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, portions of all of which have been found in Hebrew or Aramaic at Qumran. Pshara – Compromise or Settlement. This does not mean the court may enforce any compromise it wishes on the parties. In pshara, the judges hold a hearing, consider the evidence according to biblical legal principles and then order a settlement based on the equities of the case. As such, sometimes the judges rule entirely in favor of one side, even though they are judging according to the rules of pshara. The primary distinction between din and pshara is that the judges in din are more limited by the technicalities of biblical law. Pshara krova l’din – Compromise or settlement considering the technicalities and the potential outcome based on strict interpretation of biblical law, as opposed to the merits/equities of the case. This 173

form of pshara may not deviate freely from what the outcome would have been if the case were to be judged according to the rules of din. P’sukei d’zimra – An early morning prayer service. See also Minha. Ptur – (Ptoor) A certificate given by a Beit Din declaring that a gett has been granted. A copy is usually kept on file by the Beit Din. Purgatory - An incorrect doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. Purgatory is the belief that there exists a place after death where some of the sins of people are purged through suffering. After a period of time corresponding to the suffering necessary for the sins committed, the person is then set free and enters heaven. "Gifts or services rendered to the church, prayers by the priests, and masses provided by relatives or friends in behalf of the deceased can shorten, alleviate or eliminate the sojourn of the soul in purgatory." This is an unbiblical doctrine rejected by the Protestant church. It reflects the misunderstanding of the atonement of Christ as well as adding insult to the finished work of the cross. The error of purgatory is the teaching that we might perfect ourselves and remove sin through our sufferings. If that were possible, then why did Christ need to die? Galatians 2:21 says, "I do not set aside the grace of God, for if righteousness could be gained through the law, Christ died for nothing!" (NIV) Additionally, on the cross Jesus said, "It is finished" (John 19:30). In the Greek, this was an accounting term which meant a debt was paid in full. If the payment for our sins was paid in full on the cross, then how could purgatory be a reality -- especially when the scriptures don't mention it and even contradict it: "Just as man is destined to die 174

once, and after that to face judgment" (Hebrews 9:27). Purim - Festival commemorating the deliverance of the Jews recorded in Book of Esther. Some of the observances include the reading of the Megillat Ester; mishloah manot which are gifts of food sent to friends; matanot l‘evyonim which are gifts of tzedakah given to the poor and seudat Purim which is a special celebratory meal given at Purim‘s end. Pushke – (PUSH-keh) An offering plate or box

Q Q — a conjectured Greek work believed by some scholars to be the source of Matthew and Luke's non-Markan sayings. The designation "Q" is usually thought to be an abbreviation of the German Quelle, meaning "source"; however, the designation may have been chosen because Markan material was once thought to be from Peter, or P, and thus some second source would be Q. Qal v’ ch’omer - Literally "easy and hard". This is the same as ―a fortiori‖ which is from the Latin, meaning ―even more so; by a stronger reason.‖ See Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 31:27; Jonah 4:10-11 Quashab – (kah-SHAB); (Strong‘s #7183); Attentiveness.

R R. — an abbreviation used in rabbinic literature for the honorific titles, "Rabbi," "Rabban," "Rav" and "Rabbenu." Rabbi (pl. Rabbanim) – Also sometimes addressed or referred to as ―Rav‖. Rabbi is a general term used for a scriptural scholar and/or teacher. A rabbi is a teacher of ―hanhagoth yesharoth‖ (Rules of right 175 conduct) and sometimes acts as a religious judge. A rabbi is usually (though not always) considered the spiritual head of the community. We say ―not always‖ because we believe that the rabbi should be chosen from among the zaquenim of the congregation and that the rabbi is one of a plurality of zaquenim. The rabbi is thus answerable to both the zaquenim on a daily basis and to the congregation more generally. He is thus the servant of the congregation and not its king. A rabbi is not a kohen (priest). Generally speaking, a kohen is a person with special authority to perform certain sacred rituals. Biblically speaking a kohen is a descendent of Aaron with special authority to serve in the Beit ha Mikdash. Since the Temple has been destroyed, there is obviously no call for kohenim, at least until Mashiach‘ returns and re- establishes the Temple in the New Jerusalem. An Adonaic rabbi has no more authority to perform rituals than any of his brothers and sisters. Any authority he or she may possess stems first from his or her calling from God and secondarily from the authority granted or delegated from a local congregation. A rabbi is simply a teacher, a person sufficiently educated in Halakhah and apostolic traditions to instruct the community and to answer questions and resolve disputes regarding Halakha. When a person has completed the necessary course of study, he is given a written document known as a semich‘a, which confirms his authority to make such decisions. So, a rabbi is someone who has been vested with the appropriate degree of trust by his or her local congregation to minister to the community, lead community religious services and deal with many of 176

the administrative matters related to the congregation. Adonaists believe in the priesthood of all believers, so it is important to note that the rabbi's status as rabbi does not give him any special authority to conduct religious services. Any Believer sufficiently educated to know what he is doing can lead a religious service, and a service led by such a Believer is every bit as valid as a service led by a rabbi. It is not unusual (though not considered healthy) for a community to be without a rabbi, or for Adonaic services to be conducted without a rabbi. See also Dayan, Melammed, Tannaim, Zaquen. For further instruction see the meforshim answer the shayla ―Can believers be called rabbis?‖ Rach’amim – (rak-ah-MEEM); Lit., ―compassion.‖ It can be used to describe a compassionate and merciful God. However, rach‘amim, treating others with compassion, understanding and empathy, is an important value in Adonaism. Rachmanim b’nei rachmanim – compassionate children of compassionate ancestors. One of the missions of Adonaists is to become compassionate people. Rach’mana litzlon! - Heaven forbid! Rach’mones – (rak-MUN-is); Sympathetic pity or empathy as in ―Look at that poor woman. Have a little rach‘mones and help her out.‖ Rah me’od - Very bad Rambam – See Maimonides Rapture - The rapture is an eschatological (end times) event whereupon the return of Christ the true believers who are "alive and remain shall be caught up together with them [those who already died as Christians] in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air..." 177

(1 Thessalonians 4:17). This is the time of the resurrection where the Christian receives his resurrected body. First to receive their new bodies are those who have died as Christians, and then "those who are alive and remain." There is much debate over the time of the rapture. Does it occur at the beginning (pre-tribulational), in the middle (mid- tribulational), or at the end (post-tribulational) of the tribulation period? Personally I hold to none of these. My view is referred to as ―pre-wrath‖. The pre-wrath view holds that the rapture will occur shortly after the mid-tribulational event where the Antichrist enters the Holy of Holies and declares himself to be God. (See Tribulation.) Rashah – A mean, evil person. The opposite of a Tzaddik. Rasha is he who sins against man or against God. He who deserts his community is a Rasha. He who harms his friends is a Rasha. To betray one's comrades, to flout one's people, those are acts of a Rasha. The plural would be rashaim. Rashi — acronym for Rabbi Shlomo ben Yitzhak (1040- 1105 CE). It can also mean Rashi's eleventh-century commentary on the Bible. Rationalism - A branch of philosophy where truth is determined by reason. Ratsah – (rah-TSAH); (Strong‘s #7521); Acceptance. Rav (pl. Rabbanim) – An official rabbi who renders legal decisions; a rabbi; a teacher of Scripture. See also Dayan. Rav todot! - Many thanks! R’ch’ilut – (er-KHeel-OOT); Letting someone know negative things that other people are saying about them. Gossip. Reb – A title added to persons‘ name as a sign of respect. The term "rebbe" should not be confused 178

with the term "reb," which is simply a Yiddish title of respect more or less equivalent to "Mister" in English. Rebbe or Rebiniu - Term of endearment for a rabbi. It is sometimes translated by prideful people as ―Grand Rabbi‖ but it literally and simply means ―my rabbi.‖ Thus, the term "rebbe" is sometimes used simply to refer to ones own personal rabbi or any rabbi that a person has a close relationship with. A tzaddik is sometimes designated as 'Rebbe' as distinct from the rabbi proper or the Rav. who discharges the rabbinical functions as spiritual leader of the whole community. Thus, an elderly rabbi who has had to retire may be called ―Rebbe‖ to distinguish him from the current, younger rabbi. It can also be used before he retires as a term of endearment or respect. Rebbitzen – (also spelled rebbetzin) The Rabbi's wife. Rechabites – A family in ancient Israel whose obedience to their ancestor‘s exhortation to pursue certain ascetic practices and a simple lifestyle brought them the blessing of the Lord. (see Jeremiah 35.1-19). Reconcile, Reconciliation - Reconciliation is changing for the better a relationship between two or more persons. Theologically it refers to the change of relationship between God and man. We are naturally children of wrath (Ephesians 2:3), and are at enmity with God (Ephesians 2:11-15); but, "...we were reconciled to God through the death of His Son..." (Romans 5:10). Because of the death of Jesus, the Christian's relationship with God is changed for the better. We are now able to have fellowship with Him (1 John 1:3) whereas before we could not. So, we are reconciled to Him (Romans 5:10-11). The problem of sin that separates us from God (Isaiah 59:2) has been addressed and removed in the cross. 179

It was accomplished by God in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:18). Reconstructionism - Founded by Mordecai M. Kaplan (1881-1983). Reconstructionism defines itself as ―an evolving and more dynamic Judaism.‖ Red Heifer – See Parah adumah Redemption - Redemption means to free someone from bondage. It often involves the paying of a ransom, a price that makes redemption possible. The Israelites were redeemed from Egypt. We were redeemed from the power of sin and the curse of the Law (Galatians 3:13) through Jesus (Romans 3:24; Colossians 1:14). We were bought with a price (1 Corinthians 6:20; 7:23). (see also Ransomed) Reform - Founded by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, this is a more progressive sect in Judaism, more liberal in its treatment of women and more liberal in its conversion requirements. Refuah shlemah! - [May you have] a complete recovery! Regah - One moment Regeneration - The act of God whereby He renews the spiritual condition of a sinner. It is a spiritual change brought about by the work of the Holy Spirit so that the person then possess new life, eternal life. Regeneration is a change in our moral and spiritual nature where justification is a change in our relationship with God. Also, sanctification is the work of God in us to make us more like Jesus. Regeneration is the beginning of that change. It means to be born again. Reincarnation - Reincarnation is taught in the Talmud as din gilgol neshomes, meaning '"the judgment of the revolutions of the souls." This is another reason

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why Talmud is not considered on par with Scripture by Adonaists. Relativism - The view that truth is relative and not absolute. Truth varies from people to people, time to time and there are no absolutes. Remez – (pronounced reh-MEZ); Remez means ―hint‖. A method of Biblical interpretation based on finding hints in the Torah for various concepts. We ask ourselves, ―what principle does the peshat imply?‖ For instance, because Yahweh is the God of all nations, Moses‘ instruction to the people of Israel to teach their children the ways of the Lord is not merely for Israelis but may be applied to all humans. Remez leads us to conclude that Biblical education is a universal duty. See PARDES. Repentance - To repent means to turn. In the NT repentance means to turn from sin. We were called by God to turn from sin. In fact, all men everywhere are commanded by God to repent of their sins (Acts 17:30). God's longsuffering leads us to repentance (2 Peter 3:9) as does His kindness (Romans 2:4). There is true and false repentance, "For the sorrow that is according to the will of God produces a repentance without regret, leading to salvation; but the sorrow of the world produces death" (2 Corinthians 7:10). Replacement Theology – A false cultural christian doctrine which teaches the church replaces Israel in Hashem's plan. Basically all the blessings promised to Israel are usurped by the church (though the replacement theologists generally allow Israel to keep all the curses she was promised – how‘s THAT for justice!). Reshit Katzir – The day following the first day of Unleavened Bread is called Reshit Katzir, the

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―beginning of the harvest‖. See also Yom Habikkurim. Leviticus 23:9-12 Responsa – (reh-SPON-sah) This is the Latin plural of responsum, which means answer, reply, or opinion. Responsa, are answers to ethical questions. It is the usual English designation for the rabbinic expression she'eilot u-teshuvot (questions and answers). In Judaism the term responsa refers to the halachic correspondence of rabbinic authorities, especially the written rulings of Geonim in response to halachic queries written by Jews living outside Babylonia. Restoration of Zion — the return to Jerusalem of the Jewish exiles in Babylonia during the days of Zerubbabel, Ezra and Nehemiah (5th-6th centuries B.C.), accompanied by the rebuilding of the Temple. The term shivat tsiyon (the return, or restoration, of Zion) is taken from :1. Resurrection, resurrection bodies - Resurrection means to be raised from the dead (John 5:28-29). The word is used in different contexts in the Bible. Lazarus was raised from the dead (John 11:43). This is a resurrection, but it is not part of the resurrection that occurs when we receive our new bodies when Christ returns (1 Thessalonians 4:13-18), on the last day (John 6:39-44) when the last trumpet is blown (1 Corinthians 15:51-55). Lazarus died again. The resurrection of Jesus is promissory in that as we know He was raised, so we will be raised also. In that context, Jesus is the only one who has received a resurrected body. That is why He is called the first- fruit from the dead (1 Corinthians 15:20-23). We will receive our bodies either at the rapture or when Jesus returns to earth. The resurrected body is not subject to death or sin. We know very little about it 182

except what was manifested by Jesus after His resurrection; namely, that He was able to move about as He desired -- in and out of rooms without the use of doors. Other than that, the rest is conjecture. (See 1 Corinthians 15). Revelation - This means the disclosure of something that was unknown. There are two types of revelation: natural and special. Natural revelation is that which is revealed about God through what we can see in creation (Romans 1:20). Through creation we may learn that there is a God, that He is in control, that He has an order, and that He is concerned for our welfare. However, through natural revelation, we are not able to discover the plan of salvation. That comes from special revelation. Special revelation is that which is given to us through Prophets, the Bible, and even visions and dreams (Numbers 12:6-8). The ultimate in revelation is the incarnation of Jesus because He came to reveal the Father to us (Matthew 11:27; Luke 10:22; Hebrews 1:1-3) and to communicate to us the gospel (1 Corinthians 15:1-4) by which comes salvation. Ribbono Shel Olam – ―Master of the Universe‖; reference to God Almighty Righteousness - Righteousness is an attribute of moral purity belonging to God alone (John 17:25). It is He alone who is truly righteous. No one in the world is righteous in the eyes of the Lord, that is, except the Christian. We are counted righteous in the eyes of God when we receive Jesus by faith (Philippians 3:9). Our righteousness is based on what Jesus did on the cross. The righteousness that was Christ's is counted to us. We, then, are seen as righteous in the eyes of God. Though we are actually worthy of damnation, we are made righteous (Isaiah 61:10) by 183

Jesus' sacrifice on the cross. As a result, we will spend eternity in the presence of the holy, pure, loving, kind, gentle, and righteous God who is our righteousness. Rofeh ha ch’olim - Healer of the sick Rosh ch’odesh (pl. Rashei ch’adashim) – Lit., ―head of the month‖; first of the month; New Moon, i.e. one or two semi-festive days at the beginning of each month. The new month begins when the first sliver of the new moon is seen. Rosh ha kahal (pl. Rashim) - Head of the community. See also Rozen. Rosh Hashanah – Lit., ―head of the year‖; the traditional New Year Festival which falls on 1 and 2 Tishrei. Also sometimes referred to as Yom Hadin (Day of Judgment) or Yom Hazikarom (Day of Remembering) or Yom Teruah (Day of the ). Adonaists primarily refer to it as Yom Teruah, following the biblical example, but in common use we sometimes slip into the modern habit of calling it Rosh Hashanah. Traditional Judaism refers to Rosh Hashana as the 'new year' but this is actually inaccurate from a Scriptural point of view. In Scripture, Yom Teruah (Feast of Trumpets) occurs in the seventh month, not the first month. It is not the new year at all according to biblical year reckoning. Rosh Hodesh - New Moon. Rosh Yeshivah - Head of a beit midrash or a yeshivah. Rozen (pl. rozenim) - Communal leader. See also Rosh ha kahal. Ruach’ – (ROO-akh); (Strong‘s #7307) Ruach‘ is the spirit that God breathed into the first human. It is also used to convey spiritedness, morale or the joy of participation. For instance, at a dance, a concert or 184

during a spirited worship service one could encourage ―Have some ruach‘!‖ to get people moving or clapping. Ruach’ ha Kodesh – The Holy Spirit; the third member of the Trinity. See also Shech‘inah.

S Sa’arah b’kos mayim - Making a big deal out of nothing Saba – (sah-BAH); Grandfather. This is the term used by Israeli children but in America the Yiddish word zayde is more common. Sabbath - From ―Shabbat‖. Elohim blessed and sanctified the seventh day of the week as a day of rest. Sabellianism - According to Sabellius God wears his Father hat, his Son hat, and his Spirit hat, successively; one at a time; not simultaneously. Sabellianism is often called modalism. According to them the Son is the Father is the Spirit - but one at a time; in modes of being, not distinct Persons. So for example, Sabellians insisted that God the Father was active in creation, God the Son was involved in redemption and God the Holy Spirit is presently involved in sanctification. See also Modalism, Tritheism, and Unitarianism. Sacerdotalism - The teaching that ordination imparts special abilities/powers necessary for the operation of the ministry. Also, the teaching that grace is administered through the one so ordained. Sacrament - A visible manifestation of the word. The bread and wine in the Lord's Supper are considered sacraments in that they are visible manifestations of the covenant promise of our Lord: "In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out 185

for you.'" (Luke 22:20). God, in the OT, used visible signs along with His spoken word. These visible signs, then, were considered to have significance. "Among the OT sacraments the rites of circumcision and the Passover were stressed as being the OT counterparts of baptism (Colossians 2:22-12) and the Lord's Supper (1 Corinthians 5:7)." Sadducee - A group of religious leaders in the Jewish religion from the second century B.C. to the first century A.D. In Hebrew their names mean "the righteous ones." They were smaller in size and the group of the Pharisees. The Sadducees were generally on the upper class, often in a priestly line, and the Pharisees in the middle class, usually merchants and tradesmen. The Sadducees accepted only the Torah, the first five books of the old Testament, as authoritative. They held rigidly to the Old Covenant‘s law and a denying the life after death, reward and punishment after death, the resurrection, and the existence of angels and demons. They controlled the temple and its services and were unpopular with the majority of the Jewish population. Safta – (sahf-TAH); Grandmother. This is the term used by Israeli children but in America the Yiddish word bubbe (or bobbeh) is more common. Sage - Refers to the great Jewish scholars whose work is preserved still this day in oral tradition. See hach’am. Salvation - Salvation is the deliverance from sin. When someone appeals to God and seeks forgiveness in Jesus, his sins are removed. He is cleansed. His relationship with God is restored, and he is made a new creature (2 Corinthians 5:17). All of this is the work of God, not man. Salvation is a free gift 186

(Romans 6:23). We are saved from damnation. When anyone sins, and we all have (Romans 3:23; 6:23), he deserves eternal separation from God (Isaiah 59:2). Yet, because of His love and mercy, God became a man (John 1:1, 14) and bore the sins of the world in His body on the cross (1 Peter 2:24; 1 John 2:2). We are forgiven when we realize that there is nothing we can do to earn the favor of God and we put our trust in what Jesus did for us on the cross (Ephesians 2:8-9; 1 Corinthians 15:1-4). Only God saves. The only thing we bring to the cross is our sin. Both God the Father (Isaiah 14:21) and Jesus (John 4:42) are called Savior; that is, deliverer from sin. Remember, it was the Father who sent the Son (1 John 4:10) to be the Savior. Sameach’ – happiness or joy. Sanctify, Sanctification - To sanctify means to be set apart for a holy use. God has set us apart for the purpose of sanctification not impurity (1 Thessalonians 4:7) and being such we are called to do good works (Ephesians 2:10). Christians are to sanctify Christ as Lord in their hearts (1 Peter 3:15). God sanctified Israel as His own special nation (Ezekiel 37:28). People can be sanctified (Exodus 19:10, 14) and so can a mountain (Exodus 19:23), the Sabbath day (Genesis 2:3), the tabernacle (Exodus 20:39), and every created thing is sanctified through the word of God and prayer (1 Timothy 4:4). Sanctification follows justification. In justification our sins are completely forgiven in Christ. Sanctification is the process by which the Holy Spirit makes us more like Christ in all that we do, think, and desire. True sanctification is impossible apart from the atoning work of Christ on the cross because only

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after our sins are forgiven can we begin to lead a holy life. Sandek - The person who holds the baby during his circumcision -- often the child's grandfather. - The Sanhedrin was a council of 71 individuals, around the time of Christ, that was comprised of Pharisees and Sadducees who governed the Jewish nation while under the rule of Rome. It often served as a court to settle legal and religious matters. Sarah emanu - Sarah Our Mother Savlanut - Patience! Schlemiel - A foolish, clumsy person; a misfit. Schnor – (Yid.) to beg Scholasticism - The method of study in the Middle Ages which was used to support the doctrines of the church through reason and logic. Scriptures - The scriptures are, quite simply, the Bible which consists of 39 books in the Old Covenant and 27 in the New Covenant. Each one is inspired, without error, and is completely accurate in all things it addresses. The entire Bible, though written by many people over thousands of years is harmonious in all its teachings. This is because each book of the Bible is inspired. Sech’ach’ – (Lit., ―covering‖) The covering of a Sukkah. This covering must consist of natural growth that does not provide a complete cover — such as bamboo or tree branches. Sometimes also spelled ―sekhakh‖ or Sech’el – (SAY-khel); Common sense; good judgment; using one‘s noodle as in ―Don‘t run with scissors in your hand! Have a little sech‘el!‖ Second Coming, The - The Second Coming is a term applied to the return of Christ. If there is a second 188

coming, it follows that there must have been a first. The first coming of Christ was His incarnation when He was born. At the second coming of Christ every eye will see Him (Revelation 1:7) as He descends from heavens in t he clouds (Matthew 24:30; Mark 14:62). Second Temple period — literally, the period from the rebuilding of the Temple (536-516 B.C.) to its destruction by the Romans in 70 A.D. However, the term usually refers to the latter part of this period, beginning with the Hasmonean Uprising in 168 B.C., and often extending to the end of the Bar-Kochva Revolt in 135 A.D. Seder – (SAY-der); (Strong‘s #5468); The plural is sedarim (say-dah-REEM). Lit., ―order.‖ This is the traditional ceremonial dinner on Pesach‘. The seder includes prayers, songs and the ancient retelling of the Exodus of the Israelite slaves from bondage in Egypt. The centerpiece of the seder table is a seder plate that displays special foods symbolic of the holiday. The liturgy of the seder is contained in a small book called a haggadah, which details the order of the prayers, stories and songs, and the specific components of the meal. Sedarim sometime last several hours. Some are traditional, with prayers and readings and age-old stories and meolodies that have remained the same for thousands of years. Other sedarim incorporate explanations, newer songs and modern touches such as puppets to act out the story. It is a mitzvah for Adonaists to invite guests who have no seder of their own to join them. There is a sentence in the haggadah that reads, ―Let all who are hungry come and eat.‖ The seder meal is open to congregants and their friends, whether they are believers or not. See also bedikat hammetz. 189

Seder plate – A special plate, placed on the dinner table at the Pesach‘ seder, that contains foods that are symbolic of the holiday. Maror, the bitter herb, usually horseradish, reminds us of the bitterness of slavery. Zeroa, a roasted shank bone, is symbolic of the offerings at the Temple in ancient times. Beitzah, a roasted egg, signifies rebirth, a new life in freedom for Adonaists. Haroset, often a mixture of apples, nuts and wine, represents the mortar the Jewish slaves used to make bricks in Egypt. Karpas, celery or parsley, is a symbol of hope and the coming of spring. Most seder plates have a sixth place for an additional bitter vegetable (hazaret). In the course of the seder, each food is passed around the table and tasted as its meaning is explained. Sefer – Lit. ―book‖. It can be used generically for any book of religious instruction. For instance a sidur would be considered a sefer. However, it can also be used more specifically as in ―‖ (the books of the Torah) or ―Sefer Yetzirah‖ (the book of creation). Sefer Chayim - The Book of Life. Sefer Yetzirah – The book of creation. We believe there are two books that are equally infallible, inerrant and useful to achieving knowledge of God. The first and most general is Sefer Yetzirah, the book of creation. According to the Psalms, nature‘s voice goes to the ends of the earth and though it does not possess literal words, all men know of it. According to Romans 1 this is why Yahweh is justifiably angry because men should be able to read this book, know of His existence and even some of His invisible attributes and worship Him as He presents Himself to them. The other, better, more specific revelation is the Holy Scriptures. Neither of these two books 190

contradicts the other. If they appear to, it is simply because we are too ignorant yet to reconcile them correctly. We must humbly continue studying until we are able to do so without injuring or ignoring either. Sefer Kritut - Means 'cutting off the book/writing' -- a divorce decree given to the wife, aka a 'gett.' Sefirot - In the false doctrines of the mystical Kabbalah there are ten Sefirot or Divine Emanations of God. Segan Av Beit Din - Assistant to the Av Beit Din. In the absence of the Av Beit Din or at his direction, the Segan (Assistant) Av Beit Din shall function as the Av Beit Din. Seh ha Elohim – The Lamb of God; i.e. the Mashiach‘, the Lord Jesus. Selach’ li - Excuse me Selich’a – Pardon! Selich’ot – (suh-lee-KHOTE); Lit., ―forgiveness.‖ Prayers asking for divine forgiveness usually prayed during fasting days. Semikah - Rabbinic ordination. Sephardim; Sephardic Jews - Jews from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal), Africa and certain middle eastern countries (Morocco, Algeria, Turkey). Septuagint, The - The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Old Covenant. The Old Covenant was originally written in Hebrew. It was during the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus (285-246 B.C.) that the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible, were translated into Greek. Shortly afterwards the rest of the Old Covenant was also translated. This translation was done by approximately 70 translators in Egypt. Hence, the Septuagint is known by the letters LXX, the Roman numerals for seventy. Seudat hevrah – (seh-oo-DAHT hev-RAH); A meal of condolence; the first meal mourners eat after the 191

funeral. Usually the meal is prepared by neighbors and friends so that the mourners don‘t have to deal with daily chores like cooking. Some will also take meals to the mourners at their home for a few days. Seudat Mashiach’ – The festive meal held in honor of the Mashiach‘ on the last day of Pesach‘. Seudat mitzvah – Festive meal held in celebration of a religious obligation, a mitzvah or a ceremony like a wedding or baptism. Sever panim yafot – Greeting someone with a positive countenance. Sfaradit – Spanish Sich’a (pl. Sichoth) – An informal Torah talk delivered by a rebbe. Cf. ma‘amar Sich’at haverim – The conversation of friends. This usually is used to identify spiritually or morally uplifting conversation where as ―iron sharpens iron‖ friends elevate and improve each other through spiritual conversation. Siddur – A prayer-book that provides teaching or suggestions on prayer. It can be a journal where one keeps a record of one‘s prayers and the answers from God. A mahzor is a type of siddur, or prayer book. You may be familiar with the Book of Common Prayer? It‘s rather like that; a guide containing specific prayers, liturgies, and piyyutim (liturgical poems) for special occasions like the various high holy days, to give help to those who are in need of such aids. The difference between a siddur and a mahzor is that the siddur includes the daily prayers and blessings that one may recite on week days and Shabbat. Many of the prayers and/or scriptural readings are put to music which goes along with the admonition to 192

―sing psalms, hymns and spiritual songs to each other; sing to the Lord and make music in your heart to him; always give thanks for everything to God the Father in the name of our Lord Yeshua the Messiah (Ephesians 5:19-20 CJB). Simch’a – (sim-KHAH); Joy, happiness or festivities. It can also be used of a joyous occasion or a party, as in ―Mazel tov! Let‘s have a simch‘a!‖ Or simply as a greeting as in ―Happy occasion!‖ Simch’a shel mitzvah — (sim-KHAH shell MITZ-vah) The joy of performing one of God‘s commandments. Simch’at Torah – (sim-KHAHT toe-RAH); (Torah is Strong‘s #8451); (lit., "the Rejoicing of the Torah"); A day when we celebrate the writing of the first five books of the Bible on the day following Sukkoth. In Eretz Yisrael it coincides with Shemini Atzeres, and in the Diaspora it falls on the following day. Sin - Sin is anything that is contrary to the law or will of God. For example: if you lie, you have sinned. Why? Because God has said not to lie (Exodus 20:16). If you do what God has forbidden, then you have sinned. In addition, if you do not do what God has commanded, you sin (James 4:17). Either way, the result is eternal separation from God (Isaiah 59:2). Sin is lawlessness (1 John 1:3) and unrighteousness (1 John 5:17). Sin leads to blindness (John 9:41) and death (Romans 6:23). Paul, in the book of Romans, discusses sin. He shows that everyone, both Jew and Greek, is under sin (Romans 3:9). He shows that sin is not simply something that is done, but a condition of the heart (Romans 3:3:10-12). In Ephesians Paul says that we are "by nature children of wrath" (Ephesians 2:3). Yet, "while we were still helpless, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly" (Romans 5:6). 193

Sinat ch’inam - Gratuitous hatred. Sinit – Chinese Sitra ach’ra - (lit., "the other side"; Aram.); The forces of evil in the universe. Sivan - Jewish month, corresponding to May-June. Siyyum – A feast or party celebrating the end of a section of learning. Think graduation party. However, Adonaists hold education (particularly in the Scriptures) in such high esteem that they enjoy celebrating the end of a study of a book of the Bible or a study on the eldership. Basically we just look for excuses to party! Slander - The relating of deprecating facts about one's friend, even if one said the truth. Hotza‘at dibah in Hebrew. Slicha - Excuse me. S'michah - Lit., a "laying on of hands," s'michah is a way of conferring the authority of leadership from one person to another. First seen in Moses' transferring leadership of the Hebrews to Joshua just prior to entering the Holy Land, s'micha now refers to ordaining rabbis (where the laying on of hands is still performed). Sod – (sode); The spiritual, symbolic or metaphorical meaning of a Scripture passage. For example the sod of the story of Isaac, Abraham‘s beloved son of the promise, bearing the wood of his own sacrifice up Mount Moriah is a prophetic type of God‘s only begotten, well-loved son bearing the wooden cross to his own sacrifice on Mount Calvary. See PARDES Sola Fide - The teaching that faith alone saves a person when he places his faith and trust in the sacrificial work of Christ.

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Sola Gratia - The teaching that God pardons believers without any merit of their own based solely on the sacrificial work of Christ. Sola Scriptura - The teaching that the Scriptures contain all that is necessary for salvation and proper living before God. Son of God - This is a title of Jesus. It implies His deity (John 5:18) because the title is one of equality with God. In the OT it was figuratively applied to Israel (Exodus 4:22). In the New Covenant it is applied to Christ (Luke 1:35). It has many facets. For example: It shows that He is to be honored equally with the Father (John 5:22-23). That He is to be worshiped (Matthew 2:2,11;14:33;28;9; John 9:35-38; Hebrews 1:6); called God (John 20:28; Hebrews 1:8); prayed to (Acts 7:55-60; 1 Corinthians 1:1-2). Song of Songs Rabbah — a midrash on the book of Song of Songs. Sopherim – Scribes; yet not in the sense of writers but rather ―men of letters.‖ People equipped with the learning to qualify them to act as teachers. (Ezra 7:6; 8:16; Nehemiah 8:7) Sotah — (a straying or errant woman) a woman suspected of adultery by her husband and who underwent the trial of "bitter water" (Numbers 5:11- 31). In our beit din it is used of a woman who has been found to have been unfaithful. In Judaism, if the term is capitalized, "Sotah" refers to one of the tractates of the Mishnah. Soteriology - The study of the doctrine of salvation. It is derived from the Greek word soterious which means salvation. Some of the subjects of soteriology are the atonement, imputation, and regeneration. Soul Sleep - The teaching that when a person dies his soul ceases to exist. On the final judgment day he is 195

brought back to life and judged. This is not a heresy, only an error of interpretation. The Bible is not specific on the condition of the person between death and resurrection. However, there are scriptures that strongly suggest man's continued self-awareness and continued existence after death (Luke 16:19-31; 2 Corinthians 5:1-10; Philippians 1:21-23). Sovereignty - The right of God to do as He wishes (Psalm 50:1; Isaiah 40:15; 1 Timothy 6:15) with His creation. This implies that there is no external influence upon Him and that He also has the ability to exercise His power and control according to His will. Special Blessing - Rebbes are often asked to give blessings, and the wording of these blessings may be unusually lengthy, poetic or different in some other way from the usual or familiar wording. Spiritual Gifts - Spiritual gifts are gifts given by Jesus to His church. Spiritual gifts are discussed in 1 Corinthians 12-14 and Romans 12. They vary in degree and nature. There are some that are obviously supernatural in the usage: speaking in tongues, discerning of spirits, healing, etc. There are others that are not so supernatural: administrations, help, admonition, etc. There is debate over the continuance of the gifts. Some say that the gifts have ceased because we now have the Bible. They argue that the gifts were used for the building of the body of Christ during the beginning of the Christian church when the Bible was not complete. Since the Bible is complete there is no further need for the revelatory gifts like speaking in tongues and the interpretation of tongues. Others maintain that the gifts are all for today though to a lesser degree. There are good arguments on both sides.

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Subjectivism - The teaching that the individual is the source and judge of all religious knowledge based upon his own knowledge and experience. Sufganiot – Jelly doughnuts which are usually eaten during Hannukah. See also Latkes and Driedel. Sukkah – A booth erected for Sukkoth. The roofing material is referred to as Sekhach‘. The apostle Shaul (who was a tent maker) may have been a sukkah maker. Sukkot – (Also spelled Sukkoth) Festival of Tabernacles, commemorating the wandering in the desert and the fruit harvest. The four plant species (lulav – pam; hadas – myrtle; arava – willow; etrog – citron) used during Sukkot services are referred to as ―arbah minim‖. Supralapsarianism - An issue within Reformed theology dealing with what may have happened in God's mind regarding the logical order of His considering whom to elect into salvation before the foundation of the world. The word means "before the fall." This position holds that God first decided that he would save some people and then second that he would allow sin into the world. By contrast, the infralapsarian ("after the fall") position is the reverse in that it holds that God first decided he would allow sin into the world and second that he would then save people from it. Adonaists believe that the injunction against arguing about myths, genealogies, empty speculations and fruitless discussions should apply (1 Timothy 1:3-7). Surrah - Booth, tabernacle. Synagogue - From the Greek synagogia, this is a meeting place for assembly. A Jewish house of worship. Traditionally the first synagogues were established during the Babylonian exile. The early 197

synagogues had a place in the center of the room where the sacred scrolls were kept and from where they were read. It is from the worship order established in synagogues that our modern church patterns of reading and expounding upon scripture from the pulpit are derived. Synergism - The teaching that we cooperate with God in our efforts of salvation. This is opposed to monergism which is the teaching that God is the sole agent involved in salvation. Cults are synergistic in that they teach that God's grace combined with our efforts are what makes forgiveness of sins possible. Synoptic Gospels - The first three gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke. They are referred to as the synoptic because of their great similarity.

SH Sha’alu shalom Yerushalayim - Prayer for the peace of Jerusalem Sha’arei Tziyon - Gates of Zion Shabbat – (Heb. ―rest) Also rendered ―sabbath‖. God blessed and sanctified the seventh day of the week as a day of rest. Shabbat Goi [Shabbas Goy] - A non-Jew doing work for Jews on the Sabbath Shabbat shalom - Means 'peaceful sabbath' -- a common greeting when Shabbat is approaching. Shabbat Shalom - A greeting given on Shabbat meaning, [may you have] the peace of the Sabbath Shabbat shalom u mevorach’ - A peaceful and blessed Sabbath Shabbat shalom ve shavua tov! - A peaceful Shabbat and a good week! Shabbath kodesh (also spelled Shabbot/Shabbos; pl. Shabbathoth) - Holy Sabbath. 198

Shabbaton - A program of education (and usually celebration, too) that is held on a Shabbat (usually during the day on Saturday). Shach’arit – (SHAW-kha-reet); Lit., ―little morning‖ but used to identify morning prayers. Shachrit - Morning; the morning prayer service. Shadchan - Matchmaker. Shalach Manos - (Lit. sending out portions). The custom of sending gifts of food or candy to friends during Purim. Shaliach’ - Emissary, appointed agent (male pl. sh'lichim, sh'lichei; fem. sing. sh'lichah; fem. pl. sh'lichot). Shaliach’ tsibbur – Leader of a prayer group. See Sheliach‘ tsibbur. Shaliah tzibbur – The congregation‘s representative in prayer. In Judaism, where prayers are highly ritualized and often sung, this is a cantor. In Adonaic congregations this would simply be the one who leads the congregation in prayer, whether the prayer be spontaneous or ritualized. Shalom – (shah-LOME); Lit., ―peace.‖ Shalom can be used as either ―hello‖ or ―good-bye‖ as well as its usual sense of peace. It is a complex word, coming from the Hebrew root word for ―complete.‖ Thus it represents an ideal state of completeness with no further action necessary and therefore peace. Shalom aleich’em – (shah-LOME ah-LAY-khem); Lit., ―peace unto you.‖ A greeting. Shalom bayit – (shah-LOME BYE-eet); Lit., ―peace in the home.‖ Means maintaining contentment and harmony among the family members. Shalom uv’rach’a - Peace and blessing Shalom uv’rach’a le Yisrael - Peace and blessing to Israel 199

Shalosh – Three Shalosh Regalim – The Three Pilgrimage Festivals: Pesach‘ Shavuot, Sukkot as found in Exodus 23:14- 17; 34:18-23; Deuteronomy 16:16. Shamash – Caretaker, usher, general assistant to the Rebbe. (alternatively spelled shammas) Shammes - (Lit. servant). 1) The candle that is used to light other Channukah candles; 2) the janitor or caretaker of a synagogue. Sometimes also spelled shammus. Shana – To learn; what one has learned. Shana is the (הנש) root-word of ―Mishnah‖. The verb shanah literally means 'to repeat [what one was taught]' and is used to mean 'to learn'. Shanah (Shanim) - Year; years Shanah tovah! - Happy new year! Have a good year! Shavuah Tov - (Yiddish - Gut vach’) Have a good week. A popular greeting as Shabbat ends. Shavuot/Shavuoth - (Heb., ―weeks‖). The annual festival called the Feast of Weeks celebrated at the conclusion of the seven weeks of counting the omer (Leviticus 23:15-21; Deuteronomy 16:9-12). It also commemorates the gift of the Law. Observed 50 days from the day the first sheaf of grain was offered to the priests; also known as the Festival of First Fruits. Also known as Pentecost from the Greek pentekoste (fiftieth day). Shayla – (SHAY-lah); A religious question. A question that deals with the practical application of the Word to our lives. The plural is she‘eilot. Shech’inah – (sheh-khee-NAH); Lit., ―dwelling.‖ A manifestation of God‘s presence which is often described as a light. In Adonaism the Shech‘inah is generally associated with a particularly strong manifestation of the Ruach‘ ha Kodesh. 200

She’eilot u Teshuvot - (Shay-ay-lote oo TEH-shoo- vote) literally means ―questions and answers‖. ―She'eilot" (the singular being ―shayla‖) are questions, "teshuvot" (the singular being ―teshuva‖) are answers. The "u-" prefix means "and". In day to day conversation its pronunciation can be reduced to "shu‘t" (pronounced like the word "shoot"), using only the acronym. Shu‘t form the collection of written decisions and rulings given by the elders of a local church in response to questions addressed to them. They're a type of halakhic literature written in answer to religious questions mailed the decisor (also called ―posek‖). Sometimes the question is self-posed. One useful fact about shu‘t is that the typical format provides the reasoning that led to the conclusion as opposed to codes, which simply state the conclusion. They are not quickly decided upon. They are based upon prayer, meditation and a thorough research of the Scriptures. Because they have been thoughtfully formulated by mature Christians who have been determined by the church to have the necessary personal character to be considered elders, shu‘t can play a particularly important role in Christian life. They often deal with issues for which the church has not yet made a ruling and thus, before any shu‘t is declared to be a part of the Body‘s life, it is agreed upon by the congregation. Following the congregation‘s agreement, the shu‘t function almost as legal precedents upon which the elders can formulate future rulings in church affairs. The questions (she‘eilot) that drive the answers (teshuvot) are usually practical, covering issues as 201

varied as abortion, euthanasia, genetic engineering, reproductive technologies, sexual promiscuity, crime and punishment, capital punishment, drug abuse, breakdown of the family, divorce, pornography, gambling, homosexuality, technology, ecology and the environment, media, and government and civil disobedience as well as interpretations of the Bible. The following would be advantages for a local congregation to follow the shu‘t system: 1. Shu‘t allow for consistency in church conduct. The decision is written down and should not change depending whether friend or a foe asks the question. 2. Shu‘t encourage the people to turn to the church elders for moral, ethical and spiritual guidance. 3. Shu‘t help church newcomers quickly adapt to the church‘s culture and expectations. 4. Shu‘t aid the congregation by teaching it HOW to think rather than merely WHAT to think. 5. Shu‘t serve as a collective memory of past lessons learned. They are a tremendous reference tool.

There are also advantages for the elders: 1. Shu‘t protect the elders from making decisions that are not biblically sound. 2. Shu‘t held educate new elders. 3. Shu‘t aid the elders in making future rulings by establishing precedent. 4. Shu‘t help new elders by saving them from having to ―reinvent the wheel.‖

Some advantages to the leading elder, usually known as the pastor, also exist:

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1. Shu‘t protect the pastor from having to make what are sometimes incredibly difficult, emotionally laden decisions alone. 2. Shu‘t help a new pastor by presenting him with insights into the church‘s past struggles which largely form its unique nature and character. It minimizes the ―unwritten rules‖ that can so often form stumbling blocks in the development of a healthy relationship between the congregation and the new undershepherd. Shehecheyanu – Lit., ―Who has given us life‖; This is prayer of thanksgiving that Jews have recited at celebrations for some 2,000 years. It goes in Hebrew ―Baruch‘ atah Adonai, Eloheinu Melech‘ ha o‘lam sheh‘heh‘cheh‘ya‘nu veh‘ki‘yeh‘ma‘nu veh‘he‘g‘a‘nu laz‘man ha‘zeh.‖ In English it means ―Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the world, Who has kept us in life, sustained us, and brought us to this moment.‖ Shehitah - Means 'slaughter' and refers to kosher slaughtering of animals. Sheitels - Yiddish for 'wigs' Sheket! – (SHEH-ket); An interjection that literally means ―be quiet‖. Often used with the Hebrew word for ―please‖ bevakashah as in ―Sheket bevakashah!‖ ―Quiet please!‖ Shekinah - Hebrew term for the divine presence; the Holy Spirit. Though popularly used by evangelicals, the term appears nowhere in the Scriptures and actually originates in the Kabbalah. Sheliach’ tzibbur – Lit., ―emissary of the congregation‖; worshiper leading a prayer service. Shema – Lit. ―Hear‖ from 'Hear oh Israel', the first three words of the Adonaist‘s most basic profession of faith that can be found in Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and was 203

confirmed by the Mashiach‘ in Mark 12:30 and Matthew 22:37 and Luke 10:27. In Judaism since at least the second century A.D. the Shema has consisted of three passages: Deuteronomy 6:4-9; 11:13-21; Numbers 15:37-41 plus the accompanying benedictions that were recited before and after the three passages. Shemitah – (SHMEE-tah); Lit., ―release.‖ The seventh, or sabbatical year. According to Leviticus, all the land was to lie fallow every seventh year; plowing, planting, watering and harvesting were forbidden. In addition, all debts were forgiven. Every 50th year was a Jubilee year; at this time all slaves were to be freed and all land was to be restored to its ancestral families. Shemoneh Esrei - "Standing" prayer that originally consisted of 18 benedictions, but interestingly, a 19th malediction (a curse) was added to the Shemoneh Esrei intended as a jab against Jews who believed in Yeshua as messiah who were considered 'heretics' according to traditional Judaism. Shemos/Shemot – The second book of the Torah called in English ―Exodus‖. Sh'enei – an argument style where two laws that seem to contradict are settled by another verse which resolves the conflict. Sheol – (sheh-OHL); A word describing the place of the dead in the olam haba. It was at one time divided into two compartments. The place of the unrighteous dead was called Geihinnom and the place of the righteous dead was called Gan Eden, Paradise or Abraham‘s bosom. These two compartments were divided by a great and impassable gulf. Shesh - Six Shetar hithkashruth - A pledge of loyalty. 204

Sheva Brochos(t) - Seven blessings recited at a wedding. Shiddach - An arranged marriage. - (shi-duck; the plural is shiduchim; pronounced shi-duck-im). This is a late 19th century term that comes from Yiddish via the Hebrew term šiddūḵ which means "negotiation". It can mean a prospective Jewish marriage or the marriage itself, particularly within the context of marriages arranged by a shadchan, which is a professional matchmaker. It can also mean the negotiations preliminary to marriage; a marriage agreement; a match; an engagement; an arranged meeting between prospective marriage partners. Shikker - To be drunk. Shikul ha da’at – (shee-KOOL hah-dah-AHT); Matters not settled and left to the understanding of the individual. Compare to devar mishnah. Shir ha Shirim - Song of Songs. – A lecture. Shiva - Hebrew word for "seven". Also used to refer to the seven day period of mourning which is observed after the death of a parent, sibling or child. (Also spelled Shivah) See also Sh‘loshim. Shkoyach’ - Way to go! Shlimazel - Luckless Person; Incompetent Person; One who has perpetual bad luck Shlita – Abbreviation placed after a person‘s name, expressing the wish ―that he be preserved in life for many good days‖ Shlomi’ tov - I‘m fine Sh’loshim – A thirty day mourning period following the death of a family member. Shmi - My name is Sh’mirah – Watching the body of a dead loved one. 205

Shmirat ha lashon – (shmee-raht hah la-SHONE); Right speech. Good, healthy, gracious and beneficial speech. Its opposite is lashon hara (lit. ―evil tongue‖) which is generally translated as ―evil speech‖. Shmoneh - Eight Sh’mot – Lit., ―names‖. The second book of the Torah called in English Exodus. Shnorrer – A person who, though poor, is yet proud and assertive rather than ashamed and submissive. A person who acts as though they are entitled to their donor‘s money. A person who acts as though receiving charity is doing a big favor to the person giving it. A person with an overblown sense of personal entitlement. Shoah - (Heb., ―catastrophe‖ or ―destruction‖) Commonly known as the ―Holocaust‖, the systematic attempt to destroy the people of Israel during World War II, spear-headed by the Nazis but in which many people participated. Yom ha-Shoah, is a day which commemmorates the Shoah or Holocaust. Shochet - Person who butchers kosher animals. See kosher or kashrut. Shofar - Ram's horn, blown during celebratory festivals like Rosh-Hashanah. Sometimes translated ―trumpet‖ in certain Bibles, though there is a difference between the silver Temple trumpets and those made of animal horns. Shomer - (pl. shomrim). Watchman, guardian. Shomer ch’inam – an unpaid watchman Shomer Mitzvot - One who observes the commandments. Shomer sach’ar – a paid watchman Shomerim - Lit., guards, keepers. Also, people who sit with a body between the time of death and burial. Shoshvinim - The escorts for the bride and groom. 206

Shpiel - Yiddish. Literally 'play'. While the meaning and associations of the word have changed significantly, it can still be commonly heard with its original meaning in the context of Purim. A Purim Shpiel would thus be a morality play reenacting in broad strokes the story of Esther and the humiliation of the enemies of God‘s people. The modern use of the word shpiel, however, has strayed far from its roots. It now refers to any presentation, performance, or seemingly rehearsed verbal expression. It has dismissive or humorous overtones, implying cliché, repetition, predictability and salesmanship. Shtar berurin – a binding arbitration agreement. This ensures that the rulings of the Beit Din are legally binding and enforceable in the secular court system. The arbitration agreement also serves a role under biblical law, by clarifying precisely which dispute the Beit Din is deciding. Shtar seruv - A document noting that a person refuses to participate in the proceedings of the Beit Din, and permitting, according to Adonaic law, the claimant to seek relief in secular court. Shta’yim – Two Shtiebel - Yiddish term for a small synagogue. Think ―chapel‖ rather than ―church‖. Shul – Yiddish word for synagogue or house of worship Shulch’en - Small prayer-house. Shuk - A market Shu’t – (shoot); It is the short version of she‘eilot u teshuvot which means ―questions and answers.‖ Shuv – (shoov); (Strong‘s #7725) To return, to turn back, Ezekiel 14:6. See also Tshuva. The English word ―repentance‖ is used to reflect two words. Nach‘am means to be penitent. This implies the emotional and intellectual imperative that drives 207

godly repentance. Shuv (or shub) means to turn back. This connotes the actual, practical results of true intent to change. So in Hebrew it‘s quite clear that there are two aspects to godly repentance – we must feel penitent about our sin, engage our minds (carefully considering the best path back toward goodness) and then take practical steps toward change in our behavior.

T Ta’am – (TAH-ahm); Cultural, emotional or spiritual flavor. A sense of the atmosphere or proclivities of a particular culture; as in ―Each congregation has its own peculiar ta‘am.‖ Ta’amin li! - Believe me; [Just] Believe me! Ta’anith Esther – The fast on the day before Purim. Tabernacle - The tabernacle was the structure ordered built by God so that He might dwell among His people (Exodus 25:8). It was to be mobile and constructed to exacting specifications. It is referred to in Exodus 25-27, 30-31, 35-40; Numbers 3:25ff.; 4:4 ff.; 7:1ff. In all of scripture more space is devoted to the tabernacle than any other topic. Many books have been written on the spiritual significance of the tabernacle, how it represented Christ, and how it foretold the gospel. The tabernacle consisted of the outer court and the tabernacle. The outer court was entered from the East. The outer court contained the altar of burnt offering (Exodus 27:1-8) and the bronze laver (Exodus 30:17-21). The tabernacle stood within the court (Exodus 26:1 ff.). It was divided into two main divisions: the holy place and the holy of holies which were separated by a veil (Exodus 26:31 ff.), the same veil that was torn from top to bottom at the crucifixion of Jesus (Matthew 27:51). Where the veil 208

had represented the barrier separating sinful man from a holy God (Hebrews 9:8), its destruction represented the free access sinners have to God through the blood of Christ (Hebrews 10:19 ff.). The tabernacle was a place of sacrifice. The holy place contained three things: first, a table on which was placed the shewbread, the bread of the presence (Exodus 25:23-30), second, a golden lampstand (Exodus 25:31-40) and third, an altar of incense (Exodus 30:1-7). In the Holy of Holies was the ark of the covenant which contained the Ten Commandments (Exodus 25:16). The holy of holies was entered only once a year by the high priest who offered sacrifice for the nation of Israel. Tahara – Purity Taharat ha mishpach’ah - Family purity laws which govern the separation of a man from his wife during her menstrual cycle. (See also Niddah) Tahrihim – Bural shrouds Takanah (pl. Takanoth) – A measure taken, an enactment. A correction; a rabbinic edict that supersedes the existing halakha. Tal – Hebrew word for dew. Talith (pl. Talithoth) – A prayer shawl. See Numbers 15:37-41. All talithoth have fringes called ―tzit tzit‖ at the corners based on the command in Numbers 15:38 and Deuteronomy 22:12 that men wear on their garments. The prayer shawl is a rabbinic compromise to this law since a isn't quite a garment, but it does contain tzitzit.It is traditional for the male to be buried in his tallit, but without its fringes. Tallit Katan - Closer to a garment than the regular prayer shawl, this is worn under clothing and contains the commanded tzitzit. 209

Talmid – Student, disciple. Followers or disciples of a particular rebbe. The plural is talmidim. Talmud — a collection of Jewish oral halach‘ah and aggadah comprising the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Gemara, a commentary on the Mishnah, is printed section by section following each verse of the Mishnah. "Gemara" can be used in its narrow sense, the commentary on the Mishnah found in the Talmud, or in its wider sense as a synonym for "Talmud." There are two Talmuds: the Jerusalem (or Palestinian) Talmud was completed about the end of the fourth century A.D.; the Babylonian Talmud, which became authoritative, was completed about a century later. Talmud Torah – The mitzvah of study Tammuz - Jewish month, corresponding to June-July. Tanach’ – (tah-NAHKH – rhymes with Bach); Referred to by Christians as the "Old Testament" though the book ordering differs from the Christian Bible. A relatively modern acronym for the three categories of books of the Old Covenant: Torah (the five books of Moses; sometimes also referred to as ―Chumash‖ for five books), Nevi‘im (the 21 books of the prophets), and Ketuvim (the writings). Torah, Nevi‘im, Ketuvim; TNK – thus Tanakh or Tanach‘. Sometimes even I spell it in the common manner, Tanakh. Tannaim – (tah-nah-EEM); An Aramaic word for the Hebrew word ―shana‖. Teachers. Sages from Hillel's time (died about 10 B.C.) until the generation (about 230 A.D.) after Rabbi Yehudah ha-Nasi, the compiler of the Mishnah. The singular is ―tanna‖. See also Melammed, Rabbi tannaic — pertaining to the tannaim. Targum — an Aramaic translation of a portion of the Hebrew Scriptures. The targumim not only provided 210

a translation for those who did not understand the original language, but also provided an interpretation of the biblical text. Since the inspired text could not be changed or altered in even the smallest way, the targum made possible the insertion of various explanations and clarifications that amplified the text. The targum dramatizes and adds additional information. According to the targum of Ruth 1:1-2, for instance, there was a mighty famine in the land, and a certain great man of Bethlehem in Judah went to live in the country of Moab; his two sons were chief Ephrathites who, when they came to Moab, were governors there" (italics highlights the differences in the Aramaic text of the targum compared to the Hebrew original). Plural: targumim or . Tashlisch - Means 'casting away' and refers to a tradition on Rosh Hashana of casting bread into a body of moving water to symbolize sins being removed. Adonaists consider this Masoret a non- binding but interesting and possibly useful practice. Tateleh - Little Darling Tech’elet/T'chelet/Tekhelet - The blue cord on each corner of the tzitzit, "tell them that throughout their generations they are to make tassels for the corners of their garments, and put a blue cord on the tassel at each corner" (Numbers 15:38) Traditional Judaism doesn't add the blue cord to their tzitzit, arguing they aren't sure about identifying the chilazon, a snail of Tyre from which the Phoenicians traditionally extracted the blue dye. Second century sages felt this was too expensive a dye to use, so they waived the biblical requirement, lest people use a cheaper dye instead and break the oral law. Written Torah never commanded the blue dye come from this 211

particular snail, in fact, any blue dye would fulfill this command. Tefach’ – (plural tefach‘im) A unit of length corresponding to the width of a fist. Tefilah – (teh-fee-LAH); Prayer. The plural is ―tefilot‖ (teh-fee-LOTE). Tefillin – The Hebrew word for the Greek phylactery. A small box containing a portion of Scripture (e.g., Exodus 13.1-10, 11-16; Deuteronomy 6.4-9; 11.13- 21) that is ceremonially tied to the observant Judaizers head. For a discussion on why Adonaists do not, as a habit, wear these, see the shayla ―Why do you not wear phylacteries?‖ Tefillin Shel Rosh - (―Tefillin of the head‖). Of the two tefillin, the one worn on the head. Tefillin Shel Yad - (―Tefillin of the hand‖). Of the two tefillin, the one worn on the arm. Tehe nishmatah tzerurah bitzror ha ch’ayim - May her soul be bound in the bond of eternal Life. Tehillim – Lit., ―praises‖: the book of Psalms. Tei-yerinkeh - Sweetheart; Dearest Teleological argument - An attempted proof of God's existence based upon the premise that the universe is designed and therefore needs a designer: God. Teleology - The study of final causes, results. Having a definite purpose, goal, or design. tell — a mound created by the debris of successive levels of human occupation. Temptation - That which moves us to sin. God cannot be tempted (James 1:13). But we can be tempted by our lusts (James 1:13-15), money (1 Timothy 6:9), lack of self examination (Galatians 6:1), and the boastful pride of life (1 John 2:16), to name a few. We are commanded to pray to be delivered from

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temptation (Matthew 6:13) for the Lord is capable of delivering us from it (2 Peter 2:9). Tesha - Nine Teshuvah – (teh-shoo-VAH); (Strong‘s #8666) To return (1 Samuel 7:17; 2 Samuel 11:1; 1 Kings 20:22, 26); to answer or reply (Job 21:34; 34:36) A Hebrew word literally translated as ―repentance‖ but that carries within it the connotation ―return‖. Teshuvah would best be understood as leaving sin and returning to the Source of Goodness. Testament - The word testament is a derivation of the Latin word testamentum, which was used in Jerome's Vulgate to translate the Hebrew word b'rith, covenant. The Greek equivalent is diatheke, which also means covenant. The word has come to be used in describing the two main divisions of the Bible: The Old Testament and The New Testament. In Adonaism we generally (but not universally) refer to the two either as the Old and New Covenants or as the Tanakh and the B‘rit Hadashah. It should be understood then, that the Bible is generally to be looked at as a covenant between God and man. Tetragrammaton - This is a term applied to the four Hebrew letters that make up the name of God. In English the letters are basically equivalent to YHWH. It is from these four letters that the name of God is derived and has been rendered as Yahweh and Jehovah. The true pronunciation of God's name has been lost through lack of use, because the Jews, who were first given the name of God, would not pronounce it out of their awe and respect for God. Teveth - Jewish month, corresponding to December- January. Tevilah – (teh-vee-LAH); Lit., ―immersion.‖ The ritual of submerging a person in water as a public symbol of 213

their dedication to following Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior. This can take place in any body of water or in a specially constructed ritual bath known as a mikveh. Tevunah – (teh-voo-NAH); A Hebrew word that is often translated ―discernment‖ but is more closely related to ―understanding.‖ It is either inextricably linked to ―binah‖ (discernment) or nearly interchangeable with it. Both binah and tevunah appear in Proverbs 2:3 demonstrating that there is a subtle difference that must be maintained. But understanding emphasizes the ability to see how things relate, to see the big picture and still keep in mind the individual parts. A person who possesses tevunah is able to see both the forest and the trees while further understanding the ecology that relates them. Being able to see the big picture while distinguishing the isolated facts is why tevunah is so closely linked to binah which is more commonly translated as ―discernment.‖ Further, tevunah involves knowing how new information relates to old. Theism - The teaching that there is a God and that He is actively involved in the affairs of the world. This does not necessitate the Christian concept of God, but includes it. (Compare to Deism) Theodicy - The study of the problem of evil in the world. The issue is raised in light of the sovereignty of God. How could a holy and loving God who is in control of all things allow evil to exist? The answer has been debated for as long as the church has existed. We still do not have a definitive answer and the Bible does not seek to justify God's actions. It is clear that God is sovereign, and that He has willed the existence of both good and evil, and that all of this is for His own glory. Proverbs 16:4 says, "The LORD 214

works out everything for his own ends -- even the wicked for a day of disaster"; Isaiah 45:7 says, "I form the light and create darkness, I bring prosperity and create disaster; I, the LORD, do all these things." Theology - The study of God, His nature, attributes, character, abilities, revelation, etc. True theology is found in the Bible which is the self-revelation of God. Theophany - A theophany is a visible manifestation of God usually restricted to the Old Covenant. God has appeared in dreams (Genesis 20:3-7; 28:12-17), visions (Genesis 15:1-21; Isaiah 6:1-13), as an angel (Genesis 16:7-13; 18:1-33), etc. There is a manifestation known as the Angel of the Lord (Judges 6:20 f.) and seems to have characteristics of God Himself (Genesis 16:7-9; 18:1-2; Exodus 3:2-6; Josh. 5:14; Judges 2:1-5; 6:11). Such characteristics as having the name of God, being worshiped, and recognized as God has led many scholars to conclude that the angel of the Lord is really Jesus manifested in the Old Covenant. This does not mean that Jesus is an angel. The word "angel" means messenger. Other scriptures that describe more vivid manifestations of God are Genesis 17:1; 18:1; Exodus 6:2-3; 24:9-11; Numbers 12:6-8. Therapeutae — (healers) a semi-monastic Jewish sect in Alexandria, Egypt (first century A.D.). The Therapeutae were ascetics, but not celibates — they had wives and children. According to Shmuel Safrai, they appear to have been older men who, although not wealthy, had the means to devote their time to Scripture study, pray and contemplation. In ancient sources they are mentioned only in Philo's De vita contemplativa. T’hiyat hametim – Resurrection of the dead.

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Tiferet – (Strong‘s #8597) Lit., ―beauty‖ but indicating the balance between the natural inclinations of ch‘esed and gevurah. Tiferet is found in the tension between kindness and strength, acceptance and confrontation, exuberance and self-restraint. It is the epitome of the Ecclesiastical Teacher‘s admonition to do the right thing at the right time for the right reason always (Ecclesiastes 3:1-8) Tikkun ch’atzos – Lit., ―midnight service‖; an optional devotional exercise lamenting the destruction of the Beit ha Mikdash. Tikkun ha nephesh – (tee-KOON hah-neh-FESH); A Hebrew phrase that means ―a healing of the soul.‖ Tikkun lel Shavuot – an all night study session to recall the giving of the Ten Commandments. Tikkun olam – (tee-KOON o-LAHM); A Hebrew phrase which can be translated "repairing or healing the world." It is an important term often used to explain the Jewish concept of social justice. I do not practice tikkun olam because I consider it religious law or because I feel that by this means I will attain salvation. No – I practice tikkun olam because it helps avoid negative social consequences. I do it because I believe that God‘s family should take part in restoring and redeeming a broken and fallen world. I believe this is part of the restitution process in my reconciliation with God after repenting of my sin and accepting His sovereignty in my life. Having said this, I understand that no true, lasting solution will come about until Yeshua sits on the throne and rules with a rod of iron, forcing humans to behave. Timsor lo dash - Transfer regards to him Tinokos shenishbu – ―An infant taken into captivity among the heathen‖; someone (particularly children)

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who are victims of something (war, famine, poverty, lack of education, physical abuse etc). Tish - The groom's table where the Chatan, his groomsmen, and male family members gather for song and dance before the b'deken. Tisha B'Av - Means the 'ninth of Av' -- a fast day remembering the temple destructions. Adonaists do not habitually observe this day. Tishlach’ lo dash mimeni - Send him my regards Tishri - Seventh month of the Jewish calendar, corresponding to September-October. Sometimes also spelled ―Tishrei‖. Tismoch’ alai - You can rely on me Tissa – (Tee-SAH); The first word in the third of the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:7) which means ―to carry‖. We are thus commanded to not ―carry‖ God‘s name uselessly. We are not to identify ourselves as His people and then live in a licentious, self-gratifying manner. To do so would make us guilty of Ch‘illul Hashem. Tithe - A portion of one‘s earnings, usually one tenth, that are given to those who perform the work of the Lord since it belongs to the Lord (Leviticus 27:30-33). Those who received tithes the Old Covenant consisted of priests (Numbers 18:21-32). Further Old Covenant references are Genesis 14:20; 28:22; 2 Chronicles 31:5f; Malachi 3:7-12). In the New Covenant there is no direct command to tithe a tenth (since we are not under law but grace). But the tithe is mentioned in Luke 18:9-14; 1 Corinthians 16:1; 2 Corinthians 8). Titkasher’ elai! - Call me! T’naim – The terms of dowry and marriage. Toch’nit Av - Plan of the Father; master plan

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Todah – (toe-DAH); Appreciation; thankfulness (Strong‘s #3034); thanks; thank you Todah la E-l! - Thank God! Todah lailah tov - Thanks, goodnight Todah rabbah – (Heb.) Thank you very much Todah ve shalom - Thank you and goodbye To’elet – (toe-eh-LEHT); A positive, constructive and beneficial purpose. Toen or Toen Rabbani – Similar to a lawyer in secular court, a toen acts a representative of one of the parties. Our court system does not require the parties to have such representation.

Torah – (toe-RAH); (Strong‘s #8451); The books of Law, the first five books of the Old Testament. The Pentateuch. Torah Misinai - (―Torah from Mount Sinai‖) Refers to the doctrine that the entire Torah, including the Oral Law, was given to Moses at Sinai. — (the addition) a collection of Oral Torah supplementing the Mishnah. Compiled about 220- 230 A.D., a generation after the Mishnah. Total Depravity - The doctrine that fallen man is completely touched by sin and that he is completely a sinner. He is not as bad as he could be, but in all areas of his being, body, soul, spirit, mind, emotions, etc., he is touched by sin. In that sense he is totally depraved. Because man is depraved, nothing good can come out of him (Romans 3:10-12) and God must account the righteousness of Christ to him. This righteousness is obtainable only through faith in Christ and what He did on the cross.Total depravity is generally believed by the Calvinist groups and rejected by the Arminian groups. Tov me’od, todah - Very well, thanks 218

Tov todah - Ok, thank you Toveah – claimant / plaintiff Trei Asar - (Heb., ―twelve‖). The twelve minor prophets in the Tanakh. Treif/Trayf - Not kosher. Tractate - A section or book from Mishneh and Talmud. Transcendence - A theological term referring to the relation of God to creation. God is "other," "different" from His creation. He is independent and different from His creatures (Isaiah 55:8-9). He transcends His creation. He is beyond it and not limited by it or to it. Will God indeed live on earth? Even heaven, the highest heaven, cannot contain Him, much less any temples we may build (1 Kings 8:27). ―For in Him we live and move and exist‖ (Acts 17:28a). See also Immanence. Transfiguration - This refers to the mysterious change that occurred to Jesus on the mount: "Six days later, Jesus took with him Peter and James and his brother John and led them up a high mountain, by themselves. And he was transfigured before them, and his face shone like the sun, and his clothes became dazzling white." (Matthew 17:1-2). The transfiguration preceded Jesus' time on the cross and may have been the Father's preparatory provision to strengthen Jesus as He prepared to bear the sins of the world. Translation Greek — Greek that has been translated quite literally from Hebrew or Aramaic. Transubstantiation - The theory accepted by Catholicism, that in the Lord's Supper, the elements are transformed into the actual body and blood of Jesus. However, there is no perceptible or measurable change in the elements. The

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transformation occurs during the Mass at the elevation of the elements by the priest. Treyf/Treif - Means 'torn' and refers to non-kosher meat, meats not sanctioned by God according to Judaism. See kosher or kashrut. Tribulation, the - According to premillennialism, this is a 7 year period that immediately precedes the return of Christ and the millennial kingdom of His rule which lasts for 1000 years. The tribulation will be when the Antichrist rules over many nations. The first three and a half years will be a time of great peace for everyone but true believers. At the midpoint of the tribulation (at the end of the first 3 ½ years) the Antichrist will proclaim himself worthy of worship. Many will bow down and worship the Antichrist and many will refuse. Those who refuse to worship the Antichrist will be killed. The second half (generally known as the Great Tribulation) will be an apocalyptic period marked by great war and catastrophic events. The Great Tribulation will involve the whole world (Revelation 3:10). (See Matthew 24; Mark 13; Luke 17) Trichotomy - The teaching that the human consists of three parts: body, soul, and spirit. (Compare with Dichotomy.) Trinity – Thoughthe word ―trinity‖ does not appear anywhere in the Bible the concept pervades God‘s Word. For a summary of the Biblical evidence for the Trinity see the appendix. Briefly, the Trinity may be defined as ―God is undivided unity expressed in the threefold and equal nature of Father, Son and Holy Spirit.‖ Being so far beyond our normal human experience, it is and will likely ever be a great and incomprehensible mystery. There are three persons in one God, not three Gods. The persons are known 220

as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit and they have all always existed as three separate persons. The person of the Father is not the same person as the Son. The person of the Son is not the same person as the Holy Spirit. The person of the Holy Spirit is not the same person as the Father. If you take away any one, there is no God. God has always been a trinity from all eternity: "From everlasting to everlasting, Thou art God" (Psalm 90:2). God is not one person who took three forms, i.e., the Father who became the Son, who then became the Holy Spirit. This belief is known today as the "Jesus Only Movement". It is taught by the United Apostolic and United Pentecostal churches, and is an incorrect teaching. Nor is God only one person as the Jehovah's Witnesses, the Way International, and the Christadelphians teach (These groups are classified as non-Christian cults). The Bible says there is only one God. Yet, it says Jesus is God (John 1:1, 14); it says the Father is God (Philippians 1:2); and it says the Holy Spirit is God (Acts 5:3-4). Since the Son speaks to the Father, they are separate persons. Since the Holy Spirit speaks also (Acts 13:2), He is a separate person. There is one God who exists in three persons. Tritheism – An over-emphasis of the distinctiveness of each person of the Trinity to the point where it becomes polytheism, or belief in three separate gods. See also Modalism, Sabellianism, and Unitarianism. Triunity - The word ―Trinity‖ as such does not appear in the Bible. It is a name that humans have applied to identify the concept that is clearly taught in the Scriptures. A recent preference is to refer to the Trinity as the ―Triunity‖ in order to hopefully avoid 221

common misconceptions such as tritheism or modalism. Tropaik – (troe-PIKE); A very small, bordering on insignificant, sum of money involving a few pennies. A tropaik could be compared to ―the widow‘s mite.‖ It is also sometimes spelled ―tropika.‖ It was found in the Middle East from the 1st century BC to the 8th century AD. Tsa’ar balei ch’ayim – The prohibition against causing unnecessary harm to animals. The Torah prohibits Adonaists from causing tsa'ar ba'alei chayim, any unnecessary pain, including psychological pain, to living creatures. The psalmist indicates God's concern for animals, for "His compassion is over all of His creatures" (Psalm 145:9). And there is a mitzvah-precept in the Torah to emulate the Divine compassion, as it is written: "And you shall walk in His ways" (Deuteronomy 28:9). Perhaps the Jewish attitude toward animals is best summarized by Proverbs 12:10: "The righteous person considers the soul (life) of his or her animal." Moses and King David were considered worthy to be leaders of Hashem‘s people because of their compassionate treatment of animals, when they were shepherds. Rebecca was judged suitable to be a wife of the patriarch Isaac because of her kindness in watering the ten camels of Eleazer, Abraham's servant. Many Torah laws mandate proper treatment of animals. One may not muzzle an ox while it is working in the field nor yoke a strong and a weak animal together. Animals, as well as people, are to rest on the Sabbath day. the Torah prohibits both cooking a kid in its mother's milk and taking eggs or chicks from a nest while the mother bird is present (Deuteronomy 22:6). These two laws indicate a concern for the 222

emotional pain of the mother bird or cow, who should neither see nor participate in the killing of her children. Even though it is permissible [to cause pain to animals] in order to satisfy human needs, by slaughtering animals for food, or by employing animals to plow, to carry burdens or other such things, it is not permissible otherwise to cause them suffering, even when one stands to profit from such practices. The importance of this concept is indicated by the fact that it is part of the Ten Commandments. Tsava’ah - A person‘s will or testament. Tshuva – The Hebrew word for repentence. Of course the best test to determine if a person has truly repented is to put them in exactly the same circumstances and see how they‘ll react. Cp. Joseph testing his brothers in regards to Benjamin. See also shuv. Tsniut - Modesty. Tu B'Shevat - New year for trees, an Israeli-style Arbor day celebrated by planting trees on the 15th of Shevat. Tuch’al la’azor li? - Can you help me? Tut mir hano’eh - It gives me pleasure (can also be meant sarcastically) Type, Typology - A type is a representation by one thing of another. Adam was a type of Christ (Romans 5:14) and so was Isaac (Hebrews 11:19). The Passover was a type of Christ (1 Corinthians 5:7). There are many types in the Bible and most of them are too extensive and deep to be listed. An example of a typology follows: Isaac a type of Jesus. ISAAC JESUS Only begotten Son Genesis 22:2; John 3:16

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Offered on a mountain, hill Genesis 22:2; Matt 21:10 Took donkey to place of sacrifice Genesis 22:3; Matthew 21:2-11 Two men went with him. Genesis 22:3; Mark 15:27; Luke 23:33 Three day journey. Jesus: three days in the grave Genesis 22:4; Luke 24:13-21 Son carried wood on his back up hill Genesis 22:6; John 19:17 God will provide for Himself the lamb Genesis 22:8; John 1:29 Son was offered on the wood Genesis 22:9; Luke 23:33 Ram in thicket of thorns Genesis 22:13; John 19:2 The seed will be multiplied Genesis 22:17; John 1:12; Isaiah 53:10 Abraham went down, Son didn't, "not mentioned." Genesis 22:19; Luke 23:46 Servant gets bride for son Genesis 24:1-4; Ephesians 5:22-32; Revelation 21:2, 9; 22:17 The bride was a beautiful virgin Genesis 24:16; 2 Corinthians 11:2 Servant offered ten gifts to bride Genesis 24:10; Romans 6:23; Romans 12; 1 Corinthians 12 Tritheism - Tritheism is the teaching that the Godhead is really three separate beings forming three separate gods. This erring view is often misplaced for the doctrine of the Trinity which states that there is but one God in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Tzaddik – (tsah-DEEK); (Strong‘s #6662); A Hebrew word that occurs hundreds of times in the Old Testament and can be literally translated ―righteous person.‖ A Tzaddik is a holy person; someone who dedicates themselves to serve God and to reconcile others to Him. The opposite of a Tzaddik is a Rasha. The feminine version is ―tzedekas‖. It is generally considered to be a step up from a rabbi or a zaquen because one can hold either one of those offices and not be particularly holy or have a strong d‘vekut. A 224

Tzaddik is generally considered to be not only wise and learned but also holier or more God-centered than his fellows. Tzaddik is also one of God‘s names, as in ―the Righteous One.‖ Becoming a tzaddik, being holy as God is holy, is my goal in life. References to Tzaddik: Genesis 6:9; 7:1; 18:23- 26, 28; 20:4; Exodus 9:27; 23:7-8; Deuteronomy 4:8; 16:19; 25:1; 32:4; 1 Samuel 24:17; 2 Samuel 4:11; 23:3; 1 Kings 2:32; 8:32; 2 Kings 10:9; 2 Chronicles 6:23; 12:6; Ezra 9:15; Nehemiah 9:8, 33; Job 12:4; 17:9; 22:19; 27:17; 32:1; 34:17; 36:7; Psalm 1:5-6; 5:12; 7:9, 11; 11:3, 5, 7; 14:5; 31:18; 32:11; 33:1; 34:15, 19, 21; 37:12, 16-17, 21, 25, 29-30, 32, 39; 52:6; 55:22; 58:10-11; 64:10; 68:3; 69:28; 72:7; 75:10; 92:12; 94:21; 97:11-12; 112:4, 6; 116:5; 118:15, 20; 119:137; 125:3; 129:4; 140:13; 141:5; 142:7; 145:17; 146:8; Proverbs 2:20; 3:33; 4:18; 9:9; 10:3, 6-7, 11, 16, 20-21, 24-25, 28, 30-32; 11:8-10, 21, 23, 28, 30-31; 12:3, 5, 7, 10, 12-13, 21, 26; 13:5, 9, 21-22, 25; 14:19, 32; 15:6, 28-29; 17:15, 26; 18:5, 10, 17; 20:7; 21:12, 15, 18, 26; 23:24; 24:15-16; 24:24; 25:26; 28:1, 12, 28; 29:2, 6-7, 16, 27; Ecclesiastes 3:17; 7:15-16, 20; 8:14; 9:1-2; Isaiah 3:10; 5:23; 24:16; 26:2, 7; 29:21; 41:26; 45:21; 49:24; 53:11; 57:1; 60:21; Jeremiah 12:1; 20:12; 23:5; Lamentations 1:18; 4:13; Ezekiel 3:20-21; 13:22; 18:5, 9, 20, 24, 26; 21:3-4; 23:45; 33:12-13, 18; Daniel 9:14; Hosea 14:9; Amos 2:6; 5:12; Habakkuk 1:4, 13; 2:4; Zephaniah 3:5; Zechariah 9:9; Malachi 3:18 Tzaharaim tovim - Good afternoon (response upon departing) Tzar Li - I‘m Sorry Tzarfatit - French

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Tzedakah – (tseh-DOCK-ah); (Strong‘s #6666) Straight paths; straight living; rectitude; doing what is right. In practice this term is usually used to refer to acts of charity or kindness (whether physical, emotional, political or monetary) to the needy. However, if we stopped there, we would have the wrong idea of what tzedakah entails because ―charity‖ suggests the magnanimous acts of the wealthy and powerful for the benefit of the poor and lowly. But that is not the proper understanding of tzedakah, because it derives from the Hebrew root tzade-dalet-qof meaning righteousness, justice or fairness. Generally people confuse the two terms, using tzedakah and tzedekah synonymously. However, Gesenius clearly saw a difference between the two and I have tried to reflect his and Strong‘s view in my application. Tzedekah – (tseh-DEHK-ah); (Strong‘s #6664) Right thought and action at the right time and place for the right reason. It is concerned with living righteously and implies that in each moment and in each choice, right living and choosing are taking place. There are two kinds of righteousness: imputed righteousness (when another‘s righteousness is applied to one‘s account or credit) and practical righteousness (when one tries to reflect one‘s imputed righteousness in one‘s day to day life). Generally people confuse the two terms, using tzedakah and tzedekah synonymously. However, Gesenius clearly saw a difference between the two and I have tried to reflect his and Strong‘s view in my application. Tzelem Elohim - In the image of God. Tzeniut – (tseh-nee-YOOT); Modesty or decorum. Tzetech’ le shalom ve shuvech’ le shalom (masc.) - Go in peace and return in peace

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Tzetch’a le shalom ve shuvch’a le shalom (fem.) - Go in peace and return in peace Tzimch’oni – Vegetarian Tzit tzit – Fringes on the corners of the tallith. Specifically the knots in the corners. – Modesty. The most fundamental way to use your outside to tell other who you are on the inside. Tzom kal - May you have an easy fast Tzuris/Tzooris - Trouble, woe, suffering.

U Ulai’ – Perhaps Ulpan - Class or school for intensive study of Hebrew language. Uncial - The Greek characters of upper case: ABGDE, etc. Different copies of Greek manuscripts appear in Uncial form. Minuscules are the lower case letters of the Greek alphabet order and rank. Unitarianism - A theological error that holds to the unity of God by denying the Trinity, the deity of Jesus, and the deity of the Holy Spirit. An over-emphasis of the unity of the Godhead that ends up contradicting the clear teaching of the Scriptures by saying that only the Father is God and that Christ and the Holy Spirit are lesser and servile beings. Though Unitarians often profess to have no dogma, they teach the unity of God and hold to a common system of believing as you will about God, salvation, sin, etc. Unitarians also hold to the universal redemption of all mankind. Unitarianism is a complete heresy. See also Modalism, Sabellianism, and Tritheism. Universalism The teaching that all people will eventually be saved through the universal redemption of Jesus. Some universalists teach that

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even the devil, after a time of punishment, will be redeemed. Ushpitzin - A false rabbinic concept of inviting ancestors to one's sukkah (like Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Aaron and David).

V Va ye ma’ain - The Hebrew word for ―refused‖. As in Joseph refused the advances of Potiphar‘s wife. Va Yikra - Leviticus Vadai, be vadai! - Of course! Varmkeit – (Yid.) A kind of acceptance that enables people to feel that they are of value. The capacity to lift the spirits of another person through a simple word, gesture or small joke. The ability to make a person feel better about themselves, to make him or her feel that they are living in a meaningful world and are themselves having an impact. Vayikrah - (―and He called‖). The third book of the Torah (Leviticus). Sometimes also spelled V‘yikra. Ve yitten lech’a - [May God] grant you Vellum - A material used for writing, like paper. It was made from animal skins, usually from cattle, sheep, goats, and antelope. The hair was scraped off of the skins, then they were washed, smoothed, and dressed with chalk. Vellum was used until the late Middle Ages until paper was introduced into Europe from China via Arab traders. Vellum lasted longer than papyrus and was tougher, but the edges sometimes became torn and tattered. The two oldest complete parchment manuscripts are the Codex Vaticanus (from Egypt) and the Codex Sinaiticus. There are older manuscripts but they are fragments of verses or chapters.

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Vicarious Atonement - The theory of the atonement which states that Christ's death was "legal." It satisfied the legal justice of God. Jesus bore the penalty of sin when he died on the cross. His death was a substitution for the believers. In other words, he substituted himself for them upon the cross. Jesus hung in our place as He bore our sin in his body on the cross. See 1 Peter 2:24. Vidui – (vee-DOO-ee); Confession of sins. Usually included in every Yom Kippur amidah. These may take the form of ―al het‖, a series of confessions that are listed alphabetically as a guide for the penitent on Yom Kippur.

W Western Wall - The remaining portion of the old temple on the temple mount, also called the 'wailing wall.' Word, the - In Greek the word for "word" is logos. It is used in many places, but of special interest is how it is used of Jesus. In John 1:1 it says, "In the beginning was the Word and the Word was with God and the Word was God." The Word is divine and the word "became flesh and dwelt among us" (John 1:14). In other words, Jesus is the Word of God who represents God to us and us to God. The term is also used to describe the Scriptures (Romans 9:6; Hebrews 4:12), Christ's teaching (Luke 5:1), and the gospel message (Acts 4:31). The Word of God is inspired (2 Timothy 3:16; truth (Psalm 119:160); makes free (John 8:32); produces faith (Romans 10:17); and judges (Hebrews 4:12). World to Come – See Olam Haba -- the coming messianic kingdom when there will be peace on earth.

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Worship - The obligation of God's creation to give to Him all honor, praise, adoration, and glory due Him because He is the holy and divine creator. Worship is to be given to God only (Exodus 20:3; Matthew 4:10). Jesus, being God in flesh (John 1:1, 14; Colossians 2:9), was worshipped (Matthew 2:2, 11; John 9:35- 40; Hebrews 1:6). Wrath - Biblically, it is the divine judgment upon sin and sinners. It does not merely mean that it is a casual response by God to ungodliness, but carries the meaning of hatred, revulsion, and indignation. God is by nature love (1 John 4:16), however, in His justice He must punish sin. The punishment is called the wrath of God. It will occur on the final Day of Judgment when those who are unsaved will incur the wrath of God. It is, though, presently being released upon the ungodly (Romans 1:18-32) in the hardening of their hearts. Wrath is described as God's anger (Numbers 32:10-13), as stored up (Romans 2:5-8), and as great (Zechariah 7:12). The believer's deliverance from God's wrath is through the atonement (Romans 5:8-10). "For God has not destined us for wrath, but for obtaining salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ" (1 Thessalonians 5:9).

Y Ya’aleh ve yavo - May it ascend and arrive Yach’as enoshi - Benevolence; thoughtfulness Yad - A hand-shaped pointer used in Judaism when reading from Torah lest one desecrate the scroll. Yahrtzeit – (Yid.) A yearly memorial. The anniversary date of a loved one‘s death. Sometimes also spelled ―yahrzeit‖. Yam Hamelakh - The Salt Sea; the Dead Sea. 230

Yam Kineret - Lake Tiberias. Yamim noraim - Penitential Days; Days of Awe. The ten days starting with Rosh Hashanah and ending with Yom Kippur. Yamim Nor'aim - Days of Awe. The Hebrew name for the High Holy Days. Yare – (YAH-reh); (Strong‘s #3372, 3373) To fear, dread, or be terrified within the context of worship. To revere. To hold in holy awe. Yarmulke – A head covering. Adonaic males, unlike their Judaic friends, do not wear these in prayer for:  1 Corinthians 11:4 HCSB Every man who prays or prophesies with something on his head dishonors his head. See also Kippah. Yasher koach’! – ―May your strength be firm; go on continued straight!‖ An expression of commendation made by one congregant to another after performance of a part in the worship service. In other words ―You did well. Do that a lot more!‖ Yatziv patgam - True is the Word Yech’idus – A private interview at which a Believer seeks guidance and enlightenment from his or her rebbe. Yehareg v’al ya’avor – (yeh-hah-REG v-al yah-ah- vore); Lit., ―one should be killed and not transgress.‖ Adonaists are, like their Lord and the many wonderful examples of the saints before us, will to give up their life rather than transgress the Lord‘s commands. (Esther 4:16; Matthew 10:39; 16:25; Mark 8:35-36; Luke 9:24; 17:23; John 12:25) Yehi ratzon - May it be your will Yehiyeh asher yehiyeh - What will be will be; Come what may (cp Mah she ba tuach‘, ba tuach‘) /Yehudi - Jew and Jews 231

Yeled (masc.); Yaldah (fem.) - Child Yerushalayim/Yerushalom - Jerusalem Yerushalayim shelanu - Our Jerusalem Yesh – An entity which enjoys seemingly self-sufficient existence, as if independent of its Creator; an egocentric, narcissistic person. The state or condition of being a yesh is called ―yeshus‖. Yesh me’ayin – Lit., ―something from nothing‖; creation ex nihilo. YESHA (acronym) – Hebrew acronym for Judea, Shomrom, and Azza, also referred to as ―the territories.‖ Yehudah (territories of Judea) Shomrom (territories of Samaria) Azza (territories of Gaza) Yeshivah (pl. Yeshivoth) – Seminary. A higher school dedicated to the study of Scripture and designed for advanced students. See also Beit midrash, Beit sefer. Bocher - Unmarried male student student at Yeshiva. Yeshua - Means 'Salvation' and is the name of 'Jesus' in Hebrew. "She will give birth to a son, and you are to name Him Yeshua, because He will save His people from their sins." (Matthew 1:21) Yetzer - Lit., Inclination. Adonaic theology holds that every person has both an evil and good inclination within him, that are at 'war' to see which of them the person will follow. The evil inclination (called by many the ―sin nature‖) is the (sometimes rendered yetzer ra). The good inclination, which Adonaists believe to be the conscience stimulated by the Ruach‘ ha Kodesh, is referred to as the yetzer hatov (sometimes rendered yetzer tov).

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Yetzer hara – (YET-zehr hah-RAH); (Strong‘s #3336 The yetzer hara is the human heart‘s ה (+#7451 inner impulse or tendency to sin. We find the first occurrence of the word yetzer in Genesis 6:5, where humanity is described as having every imagination of their thoughts being only evil. The opposite of yetzer hara is yetzer hatov or the ―good inclination.‖ Yetzer hara is not necessarily demonically inspired. Our own sensuality and pride is more than enough to take down the strongest among us. And Yetzer hara is not necessarily based on an evil thing. If taken too far or emphasized too much, even a good thing can become evil and transform into yetzer hara. Yetzer hara war – The war against our negative impulses. The struggle with our sin nature. The attempt to make our practical holiness match our imputed holiness. The goal of this war is to obey God‘s command ―be holy as I am holy.‖ The method is conformity to the Master‘s way of thinking and behaving. Yetzer hatov – (YET-sehr hah-TOV); (Strong‘s #3336 One‘s inclination toward good; a ה (+#2896 natural affection or kindness, any leaning toward positive behavior we may possess. The yetzer hatov is not something that we come by on our own. It is a grace of God. Yich’us – A distinguished Yich’ud - A short time of seclusion immediately following the marriage ceremony that the bride and groom spend alone together. Yiddish - A composite language that uses the same alphabet as Hebrew that developed in Eastern Europe as a result of Jews being moved around by unfriendly governments. It is mainly composed of German, but many dialects contain large amounts of 233

Hungarian, Russian, Polish and other Eastern European languages. It is commonly used today amongst Orthodox Jews whose origins lie within the old Eastern European communities. It has had such an impact on the Jewish culture that many of the words are carried over into our daily lives. And frankly – a lot of Yiddish is just plain cool! Yiddishkeit – (Yid.) Lit., ―Jewishness‖; living the Torah way. Yihyeh beseder - It will be in order; Everything will be ok; It will all work out Yin and Yang - A dualistic philosophy of passive and active, good and bad, light and dark, positive and negative, male and female, etc., and that they are in opposition, each is part of the whole and works together. Yirah - Religious awe. Yishtabach’ – A prayer of praise uttered during morning prayers. Yisra’el – The Romanized Hebrew version of Israel. It is significant that the name neither implies submission to God nor pure faith but instead means ―to wrestle with God.‖ Yitach’en - It is possible Yizkor – (―remembrance‖). A special prayer said for loved ones who have passed away. Also it is the name of the memorial service on Yom Kippur. Yom; yamim - Day; days Yom ha Atzmaut - Modern Israel's Independance Day Yom Habikkurim (bee-koo-reem) – Stems from the Hebrew word "bakkar" which describes the action which first breaks the matrix of the female womb. The Feast of Firstfruits (called Bikkurim in Hebrew) is the third of the Seven Feasts of Israel commanded by

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the L-RD to be celebrated by Israel (Leviticus 23:9- 14). See also Reshit Katzir. Yom ha Din – The Day of Judgment; another name for Rosh Hashanah.Yom ha Shabbat - The day of Shabbat Yom ha Shoah – A day in which we commemorate the Shoah (aka ). Held on the 27th of Nisan. Yom ha Zikaron - Modern Israel's Memorial Day Yom huledet - Birthday Yom huledet same’ach’! - Happy Birthday! Yom iyyun – A designated day of learning. Yom Kippur - (Heb., ―Day of Atonement‖). Day of Atonement. Annual day of fasting and repentance and atonement, occurring in the fall on Tishri 10 (just after Rosh Hashanah). (Leviticus 23:27) Yom tov - A good day; a festival – usually applied to the Festivals or holy days. Yom tov yontif – ―Festival day – not working‖ Yoshev al hagader - Straddling the fence Yoshev al sir ha basar - [He is] living the good life Yoter - More Yotzei - (―gone out‖) One who has properly fulfilled an obligation. Yuntif – (Yiddish) holiday

Z Zaide – Grandfather (see also Saba) Zakain (masc.); Zekainah (fem.) - Old Zaquen (pl. Zaquenim) - Elders. See also Dayan, Moreh Tzedek Zealots — a fanatical sect of Jewish extremists during the Great Revolt (66-73 A.D.) who urged a war to the death against the Roman occupiers of the Land, and ruthlessly persecuted Jews who held more moderate views. One of Jesus‘ disciples, Simon, was such a 235

person (Matthew 10:4; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13) Zebla - Sometimes two parties may choose to resolve their dispute through the procedure by which each side chooses an arbitrator, and the two chosen arbitrators agree on a third party to round out the Beit Din. This third person is referred to as the zebla. Zech’ut – Honor, merit Zech’ut Avot - Merit of the Fathers Zeh ch’ashuv - It‘s important Zeh hakol - That‘s it Zeh klum! - It‘s nothing! Zeh lo meshane - It doesn‘t matter Zeh mah sheyesh - This is what there is; There is no more. A line stated at the end of an extensive quote. Or a statement that the previous sentences summarize a teacher‘s words or instructions on a matter. Zeh mean’yen - It‘s interesting Zeh mesukan - It‘s dangerous Zehirus - watchfulness Zei mir gezunt! - Be well! Zemiroth - Liturgical songs. Also songs or choruses that are sung during the Sabbath meal. See also Niggun. Ziknei ha am - Elders of the people Zoche – worthy of merit. It would be used like ―May we all be zoche to follow in Moshe's footsteps.‖ Or ―May you be zoche to build a bayis ne‘eman b‘yisroel together - Most likely written by Spanish kabbalist named Moses de Leon in the thirteenth century, some believe de Leon was merely redistributing a text originally written in the 1st century by Rabbi Shimon Bar Yokhai. Kabbalists tend to early-date the Zohar, others tend to late-date it. 236

Zot omeret - In other words ZT'L - Hebrew initials of the words ―Zechor Tzaddik LeVaracha‖ which means ―The memory of a Tzaddik - Righteous person is a blessing.‖ Cp. Hebrews 13:7 HCSB Remember your leaders who have spoken God's word to you. As you carefully observe the outcome of their lives, imitate their faith.

Appendix

Life Cycle Events

Death Aninut – Time period between death and funeral. Avel – Mourner Ch’esed shel emet – ―True lovingkindness;" helping with interment. Hesped – Eulogy Hiyyuv – a religious obligation. Kaddish yatom – The mourner‘s kaddish. Prayer of praise of God, said by mourners. Kevurah – Interment Kri-ah – Tearing of one‘s garment as sign of mourning. K'vod hamet – Respect for the dead. Levayah – Funeral service. Nihum avelim – The mitzvah of comforting mourners. Seudat havra-ah – The meal of condolence. Sh'mirah – Watching over the body. Shivah – First seven days of mourning. Sh'loshim – First 30 days of mourning. Tahrihim – Burial shrouds. T'hiyat hametim – Resurrection of the dead. Yahrzeit – The anniversary of date of a loved one‘s death.

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Yizkor – Memorial service added to services on: Yom Kippur, Shmini Atzeret, Pesach‘ and Shavuot.

Holidays Passover Seder - Special meal of retelling the Exodus from Egypt. Bedikat Hametz - Search for hametz, held night before first seder. Bittul Hametz - Formula renouncing any hametz we may have inadvertently missed in our cleaning. Said morning of the first seder. Be'ur Hametz - Destruction of hametz, morning of first seder, by 11:00. Siyyum Bekhorim – In Judaism, the ceremony of celebration of completing Rabbinic section of study. Hametz - Fermented; wheat, oats, rye, barley or spelt after they come in contact with water for 18 minutes after harvest. Also dishes and utensils which have been in contact with hametz foods during the year. Mekhirat Hametz – In Judaism, the symbolic selling of hametz to a non-Jew. Ma'ot Hittim - Funds collected before Pesach‘ to provide money for matzah and other Passover essentials for the poor. Hagadah - Book used at the seder to retell the story.

Shavuot Shavuot - Pentecost; feast of weeks. 50 days after second day of Pesach. Bikkurim - First fruits, brought to Temple on Shavuot. Megillah – The book of Ruth which is read on Shavuot. Tikkun Lel Shavuot - All night study session to recall giving of Ten Commandments

Sukkot / Shmini Atzeret/ Simch’at Torah 238

Sukkah - Booth erected for Sukkot. Sekhakh - Roofing material for sukkah. Arbah minim - Four plant species used during Sukkot services. Lulav - Palm; also name given for arbah minim. Hadas - Myrtle; twigs (3) used in "lulav." Arava - Willow; twigs (2) used in "lulav." Etrog - Citron Hoshana - "Save, I pray," prayer added each morning during Sukkot. Extra verses are added on the last day of Sukkot, Hoshanna Rabbah. Hoshana Rabba - Last day of hol hamo-ed Sukkot; last chance for repentance. Geshem - Prayer for rain; said on Shmini Atzeret at Musaf Kohelet - Ecclesiastes; megillah read on Sukkot Shmini Atzeret - Eighth day of assembly; last day of Sukkot but, liturgically, a separate holiday. Simch’at Torah - Rejoicing in the Torah; holiday marking completion and beginning of Torah reading cycle. Hakkafot – In Judaism, circuits around sanctuary with Torah Scrolls. Marriage Aufrufin – Pre-marriage aliyah taken before wedding day. Edim – Witnesses Erusin – Engagement portion of marriage ceremony. Gett – A religious decree of divorce. Huppah – Marriage canopy. Ketubah – The marriage contract. Nisu-in – The wedding portion of marriage ceremony. Shevah brakhot – Seven marriage blessings said at the wedding ceremony and at the festive meal afterwards. 239

T'na-im – Terms of dowry and marriage.

Minor Holidays Hanukkah - "Dedication," holiday celebrating the victory of the Maccabees against the Assyrian-Greeks. Hasmoneans - Dynasty of kings set up by Judah the Maccabee. Menorah - 7 branch candelabra used in the Temple. Hanukkiah - 9 branch candelabra used for Hanukkah celebration. Al Hanissim - Prayer of thanksgiving added to amidah on Hanukkah and Purim. Latkes - Potato pancakes; traditional Hanukkah meal. Sufganiot - Jelly doughnuts; traditional Hanukkah meal. Dreidel - Top; used in children's games at Hanukkah. Asara B'Tevet – In Judaism, 10th of Tevet. Minor fast day noting start of Babylonian siege of Jerusalem, 587 B.C.E. Tu Bishevat - Fifteenth of Shevat; "new year" for trees. Purim - Lots; holiday celebrating the victory of Mordecai and Esther over Haman. Ta-anit Ester - Fast day preceding Purim. Megillat Ester - Megillah read on Purim. Mishloah manot - Gifts of food (2 kinds) sent to friends on Purim. Matanot l'evyonim - Gifts of tzedakah given to poor on Purim. Seudat Purim - Special meal of celebration at Purim's end. Omer - Sheaf offering brought to Temple on 16 Nisan; name for period between the second day of Pesach and Shavuot. Yom Hashoa - Holocaust Commemoration day. 27 Nisan. Yom Hazikaron - Israel Memorial Day. 3 Iyar. 240

Yom Ha-atzmaut - Israel Independence Day. 4 Iyar. Lag B'omer – In Judaism, 33rd day of omer. Minor festival day. 18 Iyar Yom Yerushalyim - Reunification of Jerusalem, 1967. 28 Iyar. Shevah Asar B'Tammuz – In Judaism, 17th of Tammuz; Minor fast day noting Babylonians entering Jerusalem, 587 B.C.E. Tisha B'av – In Judaism, 9th of Av. Day of mourning for Jewish tragedies, including: loss of two Temples, expulsion from Spain 1492. Eikha – In Judaism, Lamentations. Megillah read on Tisha B'av. 26. Kinot Dirges of mourning read on Tisha B'av.

Shalosh Regalim Yamim Nora-im - Days of Awe Selihot - Prayers asking Divine forgiveness. Yom Hadin - Day of Judgment; a name for Yom Teruah aka Rosh Hashanna Yom Hazikarom - Day of Remembering; a name for Yom Teruah aka Rosh Hashanna Yom Teruah - Day of Shofar Sound; a biblical name for Rosh Hashanna Avinu Malkeinu - "Our Father, our King," list of brief supplications, all begin with that phrase. Shevarim - Shofar sound: three notes Tekiah - Shofar sound: one blast Teruah - Shofar sound: wavering sound of nine staccato notes Akedah - "Binding," Biblical account of near-sacrifice of Isaac Malkhuyot - "Kingship verses," one of three special additional sections added to Yom Teruah‘s Musaf amidah. 241

Shofarot - "Shofar verses," one of three special additional sections added to Yom Teruah‘s Musaf amidah. Zikhronot - "Remembrance verses," one of three special additional sections added to Yom Teruah‘s Musaf amidah. Middat Hadin - God's attribute of Divine justice. Middat harahamim - God's attribute of Divine mercy. Piyyut - Religious poem. Viddui - confession, included in every Yom Kippur amidah. Al Het - Series of confessions, alphabetically arranged, said on Yom Kippur. Kol Nidre - Formula for absolution of vows, said immediately before Yom Kippur begins. Avodah - Yom Kippur service of the High Priest in the Temple. Neilah - Final service on Yom Kippur.

Shabbat Havdalah – Service of separation to mark end of Shabbat. Kabbalat – Shabbat service of welcome for Shabbat. Kiddush – Sanctification of the day, usually said using wine. Melakha – Creative work. Menuha – Rest. Motza-i Shabbat – Leaving of Shabbat (Saturday night) Muktzeh – Items not touched on Shabbat either because they might lead to a violation of Shabbat or because it was not prepared before Shabbat for use on Shabbat. Se-udah Shlishit – Third meal on Shabbat – Special table songs for Shabbat.

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Textual Terms Torah - Five books of Moses. Hebrew root means "to guide" or "to teach." Also means the Law. Tanakh - Acronym for the Bible: Torah; Neviim (Prophets); Ketuvim (Writings) Pentateuch - Five books of Moses, the Torah. Decalogue - Ten Commandments Asseret Hadibrot - Ten Commandments Talmud Torah - Mitzvah of study Midrash - Rabbinic Commentary, based on Biblical text Mishnah Legal text, compiled around 200, by Judah the Prince Gemara - Commentary on Mishnah. Talmud - Combination of the Mishnah and the Gemara Mitzvah - a command/blessing of God Aggadah - Legend Halakha - Law B’rit - Covenant B’rit Hadashah – The New Covenant Sefer Torah - Torah Scroll Kiddush HaShem - Sanctifying God. Hillul HaShem - Desecrating God.

Worship Amidah – Private prayers, "The Prayer," recited while standing. Aron hakodesh – Holy ark, resting place of Torah scrolls. Beit k'nesset – House of Assembly = synagogue. Beit midrash – Study House = shul. Beit tefillah – House of Prayer. Bimah – Platform at front of sanctuary. Brakha – Blessing; basic unit of prayer.

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Hallel – Psalms of praise added to service on selected holidays. Hol Hamo-ed – Intermediate festival days. Kaddish – Prayer of praise; concludes service sections Kavannah – Devotional intent in worship Kedusha – Prayer of sanctification in amidah. Kevah – Fixed prayers Kippah, Yarmulke – Head covering Korbanot – Sacrifices / section of prayers which reviews sacrifices which were offered. Ma-ariv – Evening service. Mahzor – Prayer book for High Holy days. Minha – Afternoon service. Minyan – Quorum of 10 adults required for public worship. Musaf – Additional service. Said on Shabbat, Rosh Hodesh and major holidays. Nosah – Melodic themes of prayer P'sukei d'zimra – Introductory morning service. Shaliah tzibbur – Congregation's representative in prayer. (Cantor) Shaharit – Morning service. Siddur – Prayer book (except High Holy days) Tallit – Prayer shawl Tefilah – Prayer Tefillin – Phylacteries Tzitzit – Knots required in corners of four-corner garments. Yom Tov Yontif – Festival day - work prohibited.

Books of the Tanach’ Torah or Chumash Genesis – Breishit Exodus – Shmot Leviticus – Vaiyikra 244

Numbers – Bamidbar Deuteronomy – D‘varim Nevi‘im Earlier Prophets Joshua – Y‘hoshua Judges – Shophtim Samuel – Sh‘muel Kings (1&2) – M‘lakhim Isaiah - Y'shayahu Jeremiah - Yir'mi'yahu Ezekiel - Y'khezqel Later Prophets Hosea – Hoshea Joel – Yo‘el Amos – Amos Obadiah – Ovadyah Jonah – Yonah Micah – Mikhah Nahum – Nach‘um Habakkuk – Ch‘avakuk Zephaniah - Ts'phanyah Haggai – Ch‘agai Zechariah - Z'kharyah Malachi - Mal'akhi Ketuvim Sifrei Emet – books of truth Psalms – Tehilim Proverbs – Mishlei Job – Lyov The Five Megiloth Song of Songs – Shir ha Shirim Ruth – Rut Lamentations – Eich‘ah Ecclesiastes – Kohelet Esther – Esther 245

The Rest Daniel – Dani‘el Ezra/Nehemiah - Ezra v'Nekhemia Chronicles (1&2) - Divrei Hayamim

Adonaism’s Theological Nomenclature  In the context of epistemology (the nature and scope of knowledge) I compare the terms Light vs. Dark or Enlightened vs. Darkened or Children of Light vs. Children of the Dark.  In the context of soteriology (the study of salvation) I compare the terms Ransomed vs. Imprisoned or Shackled  In the context of general theology I compare the terms Adonaism vs. Cultural Christianity  In the context of culture I compare the terms Highlander vs. Lowlander. Sometimes I‘ll refer to us as Wayfarers.

The Council of Calcedon’s Statement We, then, following the holy Fathers, all with one consent, confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, the same perfect in Godhead and also perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man, of a reasonable [rational] soul and body; consubstantial [coessential, of the same substance] with the Father according to the Godhead, and consubstantial with us according to the Manhood; in all things like unto us, without sin; begotten before all ages of the Father according to the Godhead, and in these latter days, for us and for our salvation, born of the Virgin Mary, the God-bearer, according to the Manhood; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only- begotten, to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeable, indivisibly, inseparably; the distinction of natures being by no means taken away by 246 the union, but rather the property of each nature being preserved, and concurring in one Person and one Subsistence, not parted or divided into two persons, but one and the same Son, and only begotten, God, the Word, the Lord Jesus Christ, as the prophets from the beginning [have declared] concerning Him, and the Lord Jesus Christ Himself has taught us, and the Creed of the holy Fathers has been handed down to us.

The Communicatio Idiomatum A doctrine that is related to the Hypostatic Union is the communicatio idiomatum (Latin for "communication of properties"). It is the teaching that the attributes of both the divine and human natures are ascribed to the one person of Jesus. This means that the man Jesus could lay claim to the glory He had with the Father before the world was made,1claim that He descended from heaven,2 and also claim omnipresence.3 All of these are divine qualities that are laid claim to by Jesus; therefore, the attributes of the divine properties were claimed by the person of Jesus.

NEED TO MAKE SURE THE TRINITY CHART APPEARS IN THE INDEX.

1 John 17:5 2 John 3:13 3 Matthew 28:20 247