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Les Michif Aski ~ Métis and the Land. Perceptions of the Influence of Space and Place on Aging Well in Île-À-La-Crosse

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Les Michif Aski ~ Métis and the Land. Perceptions of the Influence of Space and Place on Aging Well in Île-À-La-Crosse Les Michif Aski ~ Métis and the Land. Perceptions of the Influence of Space and Place on Aging Well in Île-à-la-Crosse A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Geography and Planning University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Canada By Boabang Owusu ©Copyright Boabang Owusu, December 2020. All Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise noted, copyright of the material in this thesis belongs to the author PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the head of the Department of Geography and Planning or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use, which may be made of any material in my thesis. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of the material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: The Head of Department Department of Geography and Planning University of Saskatchewan 117 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8 Canada OR Dean College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Saskatchewan 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada i ABSTRACT Indigenous People in Canada are aging faster, experience more health challenges, and report higher rates of chronic conditions earlier in life compared to the general Canadian population. Métis older adults report lower health status than their First Nations counterparts. Indigenous People living in remote and northern rural communities are likely to experience unique health challenges and report poorer health status compared to those in urban centers. Indigenous lands provide vital resources that are essential for supporting the spiritual, mental, physical and emotional wellbeing of people. For many years Métis people have lived off their traditional lands for their livelihoods and cultural meanings, which have implications for their health and wellbeing. One area has received scant attention in a growing literature highlighting these disparities is aging. Little is known of the contribution of the land and place attachment on aging well among rural Indigenous people, and even less is known for the Métis people. The purpose of this research was to investigate Métis older adults’ relationship with their land, exploring their perceptions of the influence of space and place on aging well in Île-à-la-Crosse, a community in northern Saskatchewan, using Community-based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR). Research strategies used in this thesis included a community-engaged research framework, with community members of Île-à-la-Crosse. Métis older adults (55 years and older) participated in semi-structured and spatial interviews to highlight their perceptions and attachment to their land and territory; to identify changes occurring on their land; and, to determine strategies specific to their northern Saskatchewan Métis community to age well. These strategies were complemented by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This project elicited participants’ unique sense of place and identified land-related supports and stressors that influence older Métis adults’ attachment to place and being well. Key themes include: (1) “Wuskiywiy-tan! Let’s Move!”: Staying busy, Staying active, (2) “The land connects and enriches us,” (3) “Tensions in our relationship with the land,” and (4) “We are Métis, We are the land, We are resilient.” Results reveal that Métis older adults have a strong and unique connection to their traditional lands (both within the community and the surrounding land) that supports their wholistic health and wellness, sense of social connection and connection to the past, and provides intergenerational mentorship and sharing of essential knowledge. Attachment to specific places and spaces on the land were clearly linked to perceptions of ii wellness and aging well in place. However, challenges, including geographic distance and colonization, continue to impact negatively on their health by directly and indirectly limiting access to the land. The findings also reveal that Métis older adults have developed culturally adaptive responses and advocacy to continue to access spaces and places which support them to age well in place. This study adds to the few studies on aging well for Indigenous People, especially Métis living in rural communities in Canada. These findings increase our understanding of space and place-related dimensions of aging well that can inform culturally sensitive and relevant interventions, services, and resources to be applied/considered by decision makers and healthcare practitioners to prolong the length of time Métis older adults can remain in their community to age well in a way that reflects the realities of life in modern Indigenous communities in Canada. This project is meaningful and has implications for Métis, First Nations, and Inuit older adults who desire to age well and in place locally, provincially, and nationally, and is also relevant to Indigenous populations internationally. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the community of the Northern Village of Île-à-la-Crosse, who accepted me into their community and shared their stories and experiences with me to make this work possible. I have learnt to appreciate that Métis traditional knowledge is precious to you. I appreciate your willingness to share this knowledge. I am particularly grateful to TJ Roy and Liz Durocher; words cannot describe your support for me at every stage of the research process. To Lawrence Morin, George Malbeouf, Norma Malbeouf, Louis Roy, Theresah Roy, Vianney Laliberte, Vince Ahenakew, Ted Flett, Vye Bouvier, and Rita Bouvier for the support. I offer a heartfelt marsi ~ “thank you” to all the older adults who participated in this study. To all the community members, I say, “Meena kawapimitin.” Since my arrival in Canada as a newcomer, if there is any place, I can call my home apart from Saskatoon, it is the community of Île-à-la- Crosse. Even though I have completed this PhD research project with the community, I do not think saying good-bye is the right word. I have decided on meena kawapimitin, one of the phrases I learnt while doing this research with the community, which means “see you soon.” The experiences and mentorship I have received from the community through this research collaboration have contributed immensely to my personal growth and will be with me for the rest of my life. It means a lot to me, and saying good-bye is not the right word, but “see you soon” meaning this collaboration and relationship is not over. I would not like to be one of the “helicopter researchers” (Castleden, Morgan, & Lamb, 2012). For these researchers, the project is over when the research findings have been published and disseminated. For me, this is the beginning of the relationship. I hope that the community obtains discernible benefits from this project and, if possible, collaborates on other projects in the future. As I reflect on the research experience with the community of Île-à-la-Crosse, my mind is flooded with much valuable information. Throughout the research process, I have learned much from the community. I have made efforts to incorporate the things I learned from community members into this thesis to make it what it is. Although I hope that the knowledge emerging from the thesis will contribute to the body of knowledge in health geography, the best lessons that have emerged thus far relate to the research experience with the community and what I have learned. I thank my supervisors, Dr. Paul Hackett and Dr. Sarah Oosman, for all their continued guidance and support. I am very grateful for the time they both devoted to working with me and iv mentoring me to become a better researcher. Your mentorship and encouragement will continue to motivate me to strive for excellence. I am also grateful for the beautiful work environment created for me that encouraged a balance with my role as a parent. I would like to thank the members of my advisory committee, Dr. Sylvia Abonyi, Dr. Bram Noble, Dr. Ryan Walker and Dr. Scott Bell, for their support and the unique perspectives each brought to make this thesis a success. I want to thank my wife (Linda) and my children (Kwadwo, Yaw, and Maame) for their support throughout this PhD journey. Linda, you were always there to listen and offer support. Throughout this journey, you took on added responsibilities when I was up north, away at conferences and staying late at school, including weekends. You kept me motivated and uplifted at difficult times. I still remember the joke about “touching Kirk Hall building every day.” Funding for this project came from the Wuskiwiy-tan! (Let’s Move!) project funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR). I would like to thank the Wuskiwiy-tan! project team for the support. I acknowledge and thank Esri Canada for the scholarship. I am grateful to the University of Saskatchewan College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, for the Dean’s International Doctoral Scholarship and the Department of Geography and Planning for Graduate Teaching Fellowship that supported my study.
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