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In the National Interest: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2011 In the National Interest: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009 University of Calgary Press Donaghy, G., & Carroll, M. (Eds.). (2011). In the National Interest: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909-2009. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48549 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll, Editors ISBN 978-1-55238-561-6 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. 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For more information, see details of the Creative Commons licence at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ UNDER THE CREATIVE UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE YOU COMMONS LICENCE YOU MAY: MAY NOT: • read and store this document • gain financially from the work in any way; free of charge; • sell the work or seek monies in relation to the distribution • distribute it for personal use of the work; free of charge; • use the work in any commercial activity of any kind; • print sections of the work for • profit a third party indirectly via use or distribution of the work; personal use; • distribute in or through a commercial body (with the exception • read or perform parts of the of academic usage within educational institutions such as work in a context where no schools and universities); financial transactions take • reproduce, distribute, or store the cover image outside of its place. function as a cover of this work; • alter or build on the work outside of normal academic scholarship. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org/content/view/17/33/ in the National Interest Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll, Editors in the National Interest Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series Rob Huebert, Series Editor ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online) Canada’s role in international military and strategic studies ranges from peace- building and Arctic sovereignty to unconventional warfare and domestic security. This series provides narratives and analyses of the Canadian military from both an historical and a contemporary perspective. No. 1∙ The Generals: The Canadian Army’s Senior Commanders in the Second World War J.L. Granatstein No. 2∙ Art and Memorial: The Forgotten History of Canada’s War Art Laura Brandon No. 3∙ In the National Interest: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909± 2009 Edited by Greg Donaghy & Michael K. Carroll in the National Interest Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909–2009 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll, Editors Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online) © 2011 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll University of Calgary Press 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4 www.uofcpress.com Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication In the national interest [electronic resource] : Canadian foreign policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909-2009 / Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll, editors. (Beyond boundaries, Canadian defence and strategic studies series, 1925-2919 ; 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. Electronic document issued in PDF format. Also issued in print format. ISBN 978-1-55238-539-5.--ISBN 978-1-55238-561-6 1. Canada Foreign relations. 2. Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade History. I. Donaghy, Greg II. Carroll, Michael Kiernan III. Series: Beyond boundaries (Online) ; 3 FC242.S47 2011b 327.71 C2011-901459-9 The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Alberta Foundation for the Arts for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. This book has been published with support from the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary. Cover image: Image #13348650 by B. Aranob (istockphoto.com) Cover design, page design, and typesetting by Melina Cusano For Mary Donaghy and Tara Scheurwater Table of Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll 1 Chapter 1 National Independence and the National Interest: O.D. Skelton’s Department of External Affairs in the 1920s Norman Hillmer 11 Chapter 2 “Behaving as Adults”: External Affairs and North American Security in the 1930s Galen Roger Perras 27 Chapter 3 National Identity, Public Opinion, and the Department of External Affairs, 1935± 1939 Heather Metcalfe 51 Chapter 4 When the Department of External Affairs Mattered And When it Shouldn’t Have J.L. Granatstein 69 Chapter 5 The Department of External Affairs and the United Nations Idea, 1943± 1965 Adam Chapnick 81 Chapter 6 Sovereignty and Security: Canadian Diplomacy, the United States, and the Arctic, 1943± 1968 P. Whitney Lackenbauer and Peter Kikkert 101 Chapter 7 Advancing the National Interest: Marcel Cadieux, Jules Léger, and Canadian Participation in the Francophone Community, 1964± 1972 Robin S. Gendron 121 Chapter 8 External Affairs and Canadian External Trade Policy, 1945± 1982 Michael Hart 137 Chapter 9 Conflicting Visions: Pierre Trudeau, External Affairs, and Energy Policy Tammy Nemeth 155 Chapter 10 Setting the Canadian Foreign Policy Agenda, 1984± 2009: Prime Ministers as Prime Actors? Nelson Michaud 181 viii In the National Interest Chapter 11 Engaging the United States: The Department of Foreign Affairs and U.S. Policy, 1982± 2005 Stephen J. Randall 207 Chapter 12 The Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade: Interdepartmental Leadership and the Beijing Conference on Women Elizabeth Riddell-Dixon 229 Bibliography 245 Contributors 263 Index 265 Table of Contents ix Acknowledgments This volume and the conference that gave rise to it have benefited from the strong support of a number of people and institutions. The Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade and the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary have encouraged the editors from the start. Professor David Bercuson, Director of the Centre for Mil- itary and Strategic Studies, was a genial and stimulating host who helped us refine our themes and select our contributors. He was ably assisted by the redoubtable Nancy Pearson Mackie, who provided outstanding assist- ance “on the ground” in Calgary. We thank them both. The success of our conference owed much to the efforts of the individ- uals who chaired its sessions: Patrick Lennox, Duane Bratt, Gordon Houl- den, Brig.-Gen. Robert S. Millar, Terry Terriff, and Ariel Delouya. They carried out their duties with the requisite combination of firmness, good- humour, and wisdom. Two exceptional public servants and diplomats, Mel Cappe and Don Campbell, enlivened the proceedings with frank reflec- tions on their own efforts to define and pursue Canada’s national interest. Several individuals with a strong interest in Canada’s foreign policy and its rich past were also very helpful in bringing this volume together. The following individuals deserve our special thanks: Jean Bourassa, Weldon Epp, John Ferris, Mary Halloran, and Philippe Lagassé. Introduction Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll Over the last two decades, Canadian foreign policy has benefited from an exceptionally rich and vigorous, as well as polarized, discussion of Can- ada’s national interest. The contours of that debate emerged sharply in the mid-1990s, when the end of the Cold War still seemed likely to liberate global politics in general, and Canadian foreign policy in particular, from the traditional constraints of empire, alliance, and power. Canada’s Liberal foreign minister at the time, Lloyd Axworthy, certainly thought so, and he embraced an ambitious “human security” agenda that placed individual not state welfare at the centre of the global agenda.
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