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The Radical Reformation in Münster False Prophets and Preachers FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 1 6/10/16 10:02 AM Habent sua fata libelli Early Modern Studies Series General Editor Michael Wolfe Queens College, CUNY Editorial Board of Early Modern Studies Elaine Beilin Raymond A. Mentzer Framingham State College University of Iowa Christopher Celenza Robert V. Schnucker Johns Hopkins University Truman State University, Emeritus Barbara B. Diefendorf Nicholas Terpstra Boston University University of Toronto Paula Findlen Margo Todd Stanford University University of Pennsylvania Scott H. Hendrix James Tracy Princeton Theological Seminary University of Minnesota Jane Campbell Hutchison Merry Wiesner- Hanks University of Wisconsin– Madison University of Wisconsin– Milwaukee Mary B. McKinley University of Virginia FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 2 6/10/16 10:02 AM Early Modern Studies 18 Truman State University Press Kirksville, Missouri FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 3 6/10/16 2:15 PM Copyright © 2016 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501 All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu Cover art: Johann Karl Ulrich Bähr, Jan van Leiden tauft ein Mädchen. Oil on canvas, 1840. Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History. Cover design: Teresa Wheeler Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Gresbeck, Heinrich, active 1540. | Mackay, Christopher S., 1962– Title: False prophets and preachers : Henry Gresbeck’s account of the Anabaptist kingdom of Münster / [translated and annotated by] Christopher Mackay. Other titles: Berichte der Augenzeugen über das münsterische Wiedertäuferreich. English Description: Kirksville, Missouri : Truman State University Press, 2016. | Series: Early modern studies ; 18 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2015042883 (print) | LCCN 2016006745 (ebook) | ISBN 9781612481418 (library binding : alkaline paper) | ISBN 9781612481425 () Subjects: LCSH: Gresbeck, Heinrich, active 1540. | Anabaptists—Germany—Münster in Westfalen—History—16th century. | Münster in Westfalen (Germany)—Church history—16th century. | Münster in Westfalen (Germany)—History—16th century. | Germany—History—1517-1648. Classification: LCC BX4933.G3 G7413 2016 (print) | LCC BX4933.G3 (ebook) | DDC 943/.5614031—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042883 [replace CIP end] last number flush right No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means with- out written permission from the publisher. The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48– 1992. FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 4 6/10/16 2:15 PM Kelliae carissimae ac de me optime merenti, cuius ocelli, siquid desit meis, supplent! v FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 5 6/10/16 10:02 AM Contents Introduction: The Radical Reformation in Münster ................................................1 Origin and Narrative of the Rebaptism at Münster in Westphalia That Took Place in the Year 1535 ......................................49 Appendix .................................................285 Bibliography.............................................297 Index ........................................................301 Index of Scripture References ................. 314 About the Author .................................... 317 vii FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 7 6/22/16 2:13 PM Illustrations Plate 1: Christoffel von Sichem (1546– 1624), John Matthias, copper engraving, ca. 1605/6 (© Stadtmuseum Münster). Plate 2: Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61), John of Leiden, copper engraving, 1536 (© Stadtmuseum Münster). Plate 3: Anonmyous, after a portrait by Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61), John of Leiden, woodcut printed in Nuremberg (© Landschaftsverband Westfalen- Lippe). Plate 4: Anonymous, after a portrait by Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61), Diewer of Haarlem, woodcut (© Landschafts- verband Westfalen- Lippe). Plate 5: Heinrich Aldegrever (ca. 1502– 55/61) Bernd Knipper- dolling, copper engraving, 1536 (© Stadtmuseum Mün- ster). Plate 6: Daniel Hopfer (ca. 1470– 1536), A landsknecht with his wife, etching (© Stadtmuseum Münster). Plate 7: Hans Burkmair the elder (1473– 1531), Group of landsknechts, woodcut (© Stadtmuseum Münster). Plate 8: Erhard Schön (after 1491– 1542), Siege of Münster, woodcut (© Stadtmuseum Münster). Plate 9: Max Geisberg (1875– 1943), The Cross Gate as it would have appeared in 1535, drawing, ca. 1900 (© Stadtmuseum Münster). Plate 10: One- thaler coin, obverse (author’s collection). Plate 11: One- thaler coin, reverse (author’s collection). ix FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 9 6/10/16 10:02 AM x Illustrations Plate 12: Opening page of the Gresbeck manuscript (© Stadtarchiv Köln). Plate 13: Pages from the end of the Gresbeck manuscript (© Stadtarchiv Köln). Plate 14: Everhard Alerdinck (1598– 1658), Bird’s eye view of Münster, 1636 (© Stadtarchiv Münster). FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 10 6/10/16 10:02 AM Introduction The Radical Reformation in Münster Late one night in late May 1535, five men warily snuck out of the besieged city of Münster. One man became separated from the group. He wandered in the dark, trying to avoid the enemy troops in the trenches, but eventually decided to give himself up and hope for the best. This man, Henry Gres- beck, was to play a major part in the recapture of the city from the Anabap- tists. He would also write the only eyewitness account of what had gone on in the city for the preceding fifteen months. Gresbeck addressed his account to the prince- bishop, possibly to explain his role in the Anabaptist rebellion and his importance to the eventual capture of the city. Gresbeck’s original manuscript seems to have disappeared into the prince- bishop’s ar- chive (eventually turning up in the archives in Cologne). His account had no effect on the sixteenth- century treatments of the events in Münster; it was only rediscovered in the mid- nineteenth century. That account is here translated into English for the first time. The best- known surviving source for the events in Münster was written a generation later by the schoolmaster Herman von Kerssenbrock, who was a boy at the time of the Anabaptist regime and fled the city. He wrote his history in Latin a generation later (in the 1560s), partly using archival in- formation but mostly by borrowing from earlier historians. Kerssenbrock’s magisterial work eclipsed not only the influence of earlier historians, but also the knowledge of Gresbeck’s eyewitness account. It was only with the 1853 publication of Gresbeck’s account in a col- lection of documents edited by C. A. Cornelius that his involvement in the 1 FalseProphets-Mackay.indb 1 6/10/16 10:02 AM 2 Introduction fall of the city came to be generally known. Cornelius based his edition of the Low German on two derivative manuscripts. One was a heavily edited copy of Gresbeck’s account from the ducal library in Darmstadt and the other a copy that was edited and converted into High German from a li- brary in Meiningen. Cornelius was unable to consult another manuscript of Gresbeck that was located in Cologne. I have used a copy of the orig- inal manuscript that Gresbeck submitted to the prince- bishop to prepare a much better edition of the original text, and that text is the basis of the following translation. The Cologne manuscript appears to be the original manuscript Gresbeck had submitted to the prince- bishop. The translation presented in this volume is based on that early copy. The narrative presented in Gresbeck’s retrospective account is not with- out its own difficulties, but not only does it give us the perspective of a common man on very unusual events, it is also the only account written by a man who actually witnessed these events with his own eyes. To judge by his account, Gresbeck was a keen observer of events around him, and he presents his story with verve and humor. 1. The Münster Rebellion The Anabaptist regime in Münster was brief— from February 1534 to June 1535— and the fact that the city was under siege resulted from one of the most remarkable events of the early Reformation in Germany.1 In the years before 1533, the city of Münster was gripped with reforming fervor, which was adopted in part by the dignitaries of the local city council. The city was under the control, however, of the prince-bishop of Münster, who held both religious and secular powers. The city council had extorted wide- ranging privileges that amounted to autonomy from the newly appointed Bishop Francis of Waldeck in 1533, but these would prove to be short- lived. The Reformers were intent on going much further in their religious innovations 1. For a short (generally narrative) introduction to the events in Münster, see Klötzer, “Melchi- orites and Münster.” For the general history of the city in the late medieval and early modern period, see Lutterbach, Der Weg in das Täuferreich. Arthur, Tailor- King, is an unreliable popularizing treatment. Due to disputes with the city council of Münster at the time, Kerssenbrock was unable to get his work published, and it remained in manuscript form until the Latin text was finally published in 1899, edited by Detmer on the basis of one particularly good manuscript. (I’ve been informed by Berndt Thier of the Stadtmuseum Münster that other good early witnesses [i.e., other versions] to the Kerssenbrock text have come to light, but the new textual information provided by them has not been published.) The only modern translation of Kerssenbrock’s
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