DOCSLIB.ORG

Anthocyanin and Polyphenolic Composition of Fresh And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anthocyanin and Polyphenolic Composition of Fresh And Anthocyanin and Polyphenolic Composition of Fresh and Processed Cherries A. CHAOVANALIKIT AND R.E. WROLSTAD ABSTRACT: The distribution of anthocyanin pigments and polyphenolics in 1 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) and 3 sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cultivars was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Changes during frozen storage, canning, and brining were also monitored. Sweet cherry cultivars differed qualitatively with respect to the minor anthocyanins. Hydroxycinnamates are the major class of polyphenolics in sweet cherries, whereas flavanols are in the majority in Montmorency cherries. Hydroxycinnamates were greatly affected by processing and storage, whereas flavonol glycosides were quite stable. Half of the anthocyanins and polyphenolics were transferred to the syrup with canning, and nearly all were transferred to brine during brining. Keywords: anthocyanins, polyphenolics, canning, brining, frozen storage Food Chemistry and Toxicology Introduction cherries (Dekazos 1970; Chandra and others Although all cherry cultivars have some t is widely accepted that a diet rich in 1992); cyanidin-3-arabinosylrutinoside, cy- anthocyanin pigmentation in the skins, the Ifruits and vegetables will reduce the risk anidin-3-gentiobioside, and peonidin-3-ru- amounts vary tremendously (Chaovanali- of several oxidative stress diseases, includ- tinoside have also been reported to be kit and Wrolstad 2003). Some varieties have ing coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke, present (Schaller and Von Elbe 1968; Deka- pigmentation in the flesh, for example, and dementia. These health benefits are as- zos 1970; Shrikhande and Francis 1973a; Bing, and others do not, for example, Royal cribed to phytochemicals such as caro- Chandra and others 2001). Ann and Montmorency. The distribution of tenoids and polyphenolics, which include Hydroxycinnamates are a major class of individual phenolics and polyphenolic anthocyanin pigments, flavan-3-ols, procy- polyphenolics that are present in cherries. classes in skins, flesh, and pits has not been anidins, flavonol glycosides, phenolic acids, Schaller and Von Elbe (1970) identified 6 iso- reported. Pits in particular are a substantial and ellagic-acid derivatives (Ames and oth- mers of caffeoylquinic acid, 4 isomers of p- cherry-processing waste and could be a po- ers 1993; Halliwell and others 1995; Hortog coumaroylquinic acid, caffeic acid, and p-cou- tential source of polyphenolics for nutra- and others 1995; Porter and others 2001; Avi- maric acid in Montmorency cherries. ceutical or antioxidant use. ram and Fuhrman 2002; Bors and Michel Neochlorogenic acid and 3Ј-p-coumaroylqui- We recently reported how total anthocy- 2002). Our laboratory has recently investi- nic acid have been identified in sweet cherries anins, total phenolics, and antioxidant gated the anthocyanin pigment and total (Gao and Mazza 1995; Friedrich and Lee 1998; properties of sweet cherries are altered phenolic contents of cherries along with Mozetic and others 2002). The presence of when sweet cherries are processed by can- their antioxidant properties (Chaovanalikit caffeoyltartatric acid in sweet and sour cher- ning and brining and stored at freezing tem- and Wrolstad 2003). The antioxidant prop- ries and 4Ј-p-coumaroylquinic acid in sour peratures (Chaovanalikit and Wrolstad erties of sour cherries have been extensively cherries has also been reported (Friedrich 2004). Processing clearly had an impact on investigated by Michigan workers (Wang and Lee 1998). Flavonols and flavonol glyco- all 3 parameters. In some instances, antiox- and others 1999c; Wang and others 2000; sides are another important class of cherry idant properties actually increased, while Seeram and others 2002). polyphenolics, the rutinosides and glucosides total phenolics showed little change. Know- The major anthocyanin pigments in sweet of quercetin and kaempferol being reported ing how individual compounds and and sour cherries have been identified. Cy- by several workers in sweet and sour cherries polyphenolic classes are affected by pro- anidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, (Schaller and Von Elbe 1970; Shrikhande and cessing may help to understand the rela- peonidin-3-rutinoside, peonidin-3-gluco- Francis 1973b; Henning and Herrmann tionship between polyphenolics and their side, and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside have 1980). In addition, Shrikhande and Francis antioxidant properties. been identified in Bing and other sweet cher- (1973b) reported the presence of quercetin- Our objectives were to identify the an- ry cultivars (Lynn and Luh 1964; Gao and 4Јglucoside, kaempferol-3-rhamnoside-4Ј- thocyanins and polyphenolics in sweet and Mazza 1995; Mozetic and others 2002). Cya- galactoside (tentative), and kaempferol-4Ј- sour cherries and to measure their distribu- nidin-3-glucosylrutinoside, cyanidin-3-ruti- glucoside (tentative). Henning and tion in skins, flesh, and pits. In addition, we noside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin- Herrmann (1980) isolated the 3,4Ј-bigluco- would like to monitor how they were quali- 3-sophoroside have been identified in sour sides of kaempferol and quercetin from sweet tatively and quantitatively affected with cherries and identified the galactoside of frozen storage, canning, and brining. MS 20030394 Submitted 7/11/03, Revised 9/26/03, quercetin and kaempferol and the rhamno- Accepted 9/26/03. Authors Chaovanalikit and Materials and Methods Wrolstad are with the Dept. of Food Science and side of quercetin in cherries. Friedrich and Lee Technology, Oregon State Univ., 100 Wiegand Hall, (1998) found the flavanol epicatechin in both Corvallis, OR 97331-6602. Direct inquiries to author sweet and sour cherries and procyanidins in Standards Wrolstad (E-mail: [email protected]). sour cherries. Phenolic standards (protocatechuic acid, Cherry anthocyanin and polyphenolic composition . chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, p- immersed in water and heated at 100 °C for adsorbed onto a C-18 Sep-Pak mini-column coumaric acid, and quercetin-3-rutinoside) 12 min. The canned fruits were cooled by (Waters Assoc., Milford, Mass., U.S.A.), were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. placing them in 25 °C water and then stored whereas sugars, acids, and other water-sol- (St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A.). Quercetin-3-gluco- at 2 °C and 22 °C. The canning experiment uble compounds were removed by washing side, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, kaempfereol- was replicated twice. the mini-column with 10 mL of 0.01% aque- 3-glucoside, and kaempferol-3-rutinoside Brined cherries. Royal Ann and Bing ous HCl (v/v). Then, the mini-column was were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, cherries with stems (about 1 kg) were each dried with nitrogen gas. Polyphenolics were France). Concord grape juice concentrate placed in 4-L glass jars. The bisulfite brine was subsequently eluted with 5 mL of ethyl ac- (Welch Food Inc., Concord, Mass., U.S.A.) added to the fruit-containing jars until the etate. Anthocyanins were eluted with 5 mL was purchased at a local supermarket, fruits were covered. Bisulfite brine solution of acidified methanol. whereas cranberry, black currant, red rasp- was prepared by dissolving 220 g of sodium The ethyl acetate fraction containing the berry, and strawberry juice concentrates metabisulfite, 202 g of calcium chloride, and polyphenolics and the methanol fraction Food Chemistry and Toxicology were provided by Kerr Concentrates Inc. 10 g citric acid in 10 L of water. This gave a containing the anthocyanins were concen- (Salem, Ore., U.S.A.). solution, which was 2.2% sodium met- trated to dryness using a Büchi rotavapor-R abisulfite, 2% calcium chloride, and 0.1% (Brinkmann Instruments, Westbury, N.Y., Sources of cherry samples citric acid. The pH was about 3.0. Plastic U.S.A.) at 40 °C. The polyphenolics and an- Rainier sweet cherries were provided by wrap covered the glass jars to allow for air thocyanins were redissolved in acidified the Mid-Columbia Experiment Station, diffusion. The brined fruit was stored for 12 water and stored at –70 °C. Samples were Hood River, Ore. Two varieties of sweet cher- mo at 22 °C. After 12 mo, cherries were filtered through a 0.45-␮M Millipore filter ries, Bing and Royal Ann, and 1 variety of washed with running cold water for about 5 paper (Type HA, Millipore Corp., Bedford, sour cherries, Montmorency, were harvested d, until sulfur dioxide content of cherries Mass., U.S.A.) before high-performance liq- at the Lewis Brown Horticultural Farm, Or- was less than 200 parts per million. Washed uid chromatography (HPLC) injection. egon State Univ. Dept. of Horticulture, Cor- brined cherries were frozen with liquid nitro- vallis, Ore. Oregon Cherry Growers, Inc., gen and stored at –70 °C. The spent brine Acid hydrolysis of anthocyanins Salem, Ore., supplied Bing and Royal Ann solution was also stored at –70 °C. Acid hydrolysis was performed by the pro- cherries for the brining experiment and also cedure as described by Durst and Wrolstad provided Bing cherries for canning and fro- Extraction of anthocyanins and (2001). Five milliliters of 2 N HCl were add- zen storage experiments. Cherries were de- polyphenolics ed to purified anthocyanins (about 1 mL) in livered to the Dept. of Food Science and Samples were liquid nitrogen powdered a screw-cap test tube, flushed with nitrogen, Technology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, using a stainless-steel Waring Blender. Pow- and capped. The purified compound was Ore., and then were stored at 2 °C before dered samples (about 10
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cherries Grow on Trees and Can Be Found in Orchards
    FUN FACES OF WISCONSIN AGRICULTURE BERRY BUNCH’S CHERRY FAST FACTS Production Information Wisconsin Production Cherries grow on trees and can be found in orchards. Door County cherries account for over They prefer sandy soil because of the better drainage. It 95% of all tart cherries produced in usually will take 4-5 years before a tree can produce Wisconsin. In 2005, Wisconsin produced enough cherries for harvest. about 7.2 million pounds of tart cherries. There are over 2,000 acres of Red tart cherry trees are very hardy. The roots will store Montmorency tart cherries and 50 acres the nutrients over the winter so that is when cherry of sweet cherries grown in Door County. farmers will prune the trees. If you don’t prune regularly, the cherry trees will get very thick in the middle and its Why Door County? The quantity and difficult for sunlight to reach the cherries. Cherry blossom quality of fruit depends on the climatic time (early May) is a beautiful time to visit a cherry conditions. Lake Michigan tempers the orchard. The blossoms will leave behind the green buds winter winds and cools the orchards in which will become the red cherry that is later harvested. the summer. Trees are fertilized in the spring and grass is cut in the orchard and weeds control is necessary. New trees are also planted in the spring. Trees need to be sprayed Career Information regularly to prevent pests from damaging the fruit. Orchard owners must know how to prune trees, fertilize and watch for Most trees are mechanically harvested using a “shaker” diseases and pests.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence and Distribution of Stem Pitting of Sweet Cherry Trees in Washington
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4. BOTHAST, R. J., and D. I. FENNELL. 1974. A purpose medium for fungi and bacteria. We wish to thank E. B. Lillehoj and his staff at the medium for rapid identification and enumeration Phytopathology 45:461-462. Northern Regional Research Center, SEA-USDA, of Aspergillus flavus and related organisms. 9. RAMBO, G. W., J. TUITE, and P. CRANE. Peoria, Mycologia IL, for aflatoxin analyses of these five 66:365-369. 1974. Preharvest inoculation and infection of 5. CHRISTENSEN, Aspergillus cultures. C. M., and H. H. KAUFMANN. dent corn ears with Aspergillus flavus and 1965. Deterioration of stored grains by fungi. Aspergillus parasiticus. Phytopathology Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 3:69-84. 64:797-800. 6. LILLEHOJ, LITERATURE CITED E. B., D. I. FENNELL, and W. F. 10. SHOTWELL, 0. L., M. L. GOULDEN, and C. KWOLEK. 1976. Aspergillus flavus and W. HESSELTINE. 1974. Aflatoxin: 1. ANDERSON, H. W., E. W. NEHRING, and W. Distribu- aflatoxin in Iowa corn before harvest. Science tion in contaminated R. WICHSER. 1975. Aflatoxin contamination corn. Cereal Chem. 193:495-496. 51:492-499. of corn in the field. J. Agric. Food Chem. 7. LILLEHOJ, E. B., W. F. KWOLEK, E. E. 11. TAUBENHAUS, 23:775-782. J. J. 1920. A study of the black VANDERGRAF, M. S. ZUBER, 0. H. and the yellow molds of ear 2. ANONYMOUS. 1972. Changes in official corn. Tex. Agric. CALVERT, N. WIDSTROM, M. C. FUTRELL, Exp. Stn. Bull. 270. method of analysis. Natural Poisons 26. B01-26. and A. J. BOCKHOLT. 1975. Aflatoxin 12. ZUBER, M. S., 0. B03.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Quality and Consistency of Australian Cherries to Ensure Market Access
    Improving the quality and consistency of Australian cherries to ensure market access Dr John Golding Department of Primary Industries Project Number: CY10012 CY10012 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the cherry industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the cherry industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 2973 4 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2012 Horticulture Australia Ltd. Project CY10012 (July 2012) FINAL REPORT Improving the quality and consistency of Australian cherries to ensure market access John Golding Nancy Leo Michael Rettke NSW Department of South Australian Research Primary Industries and Development Institute Project Number CY10012. Improving the quality and consistency of Australian cherries to ensure market access Research Team: John Golding. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI). Locked Bag 26. Gosford NSW 2250. T: 02 4348 1926. F: 02 4348 1910. E: [email protected] Nancy Leo and Michael Rettke. South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI). GPO Box 397.
    [Show full text]
  • Cherry Grown in Balochistan (Pakistan)
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY 1560–8530/2004/06–3–565–567 http://www.ijab.org Effect of Rootstocks on “Bing” Cherry Grown in Balochistan (Pakistan) MUHAMMAD JAVED TAREEN AND MUHAMMAD NAVEED TAREEN Directorate of Agriculture Economics and Marketing Balochistan, Quetta–Pakistan ABSTRACT Effect of two rootstocks viz. colt and Mazzard on Cherry cultivar “Bing” was studied. Rootstock colt came to full bloom two days earlier, one day earlier for leaf sprouting and one day earlier for fruit set. Results of yield of fruits of Bing cherries were found significant on rootstock colt. Whereas, rootstock mazzard showed significance in skin color of fruit and TSS on Bing cherries. Number of fruit set, number of fruit drop and proper stage of maturity between the two rootstocks remained non- significant. In the light of this study, rootstock mazzard might be recommended for commercial production of cherries in Quetta region (Pakistan). Key Words: Rootstock; Bing; Cherry; Pakistan INTRODUCTION There are three types of roorstocks, which are used for cherry propagation. They are Colt, Mazzard and There are two main types of cherries, the sweet Mahaleb. The mazzard rootstock is most widely used and (desert) and the sour. The cultivation of sweet cherries most widely satisfactory. It does not dwarf the trees, forms (Prunus avium L.) is taken up on a commercial scale and good union and is moderately tolerant of poorly aerated sour cherries (Prunus census L.) are known as cooking soils. Mazzard roots are as tolerant of wet, poorly aerated cherries. Sweet cherry tree is tall with fruits of different soils as peach, almond or apricot roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Growth Regulators Modify Fruit Set, Fruit Quality, and Return Bloom
    HORTSCIENCE 56(8):922–931. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15835-21 additional or complementary solution to enhance fruit set. Treatments with PGRs can elicit a wide variety of effects and plant Plant Growth Regulators Modify Fruit responses, including manipulation of fruit size, fruit set, fruit maturation, and fruit shape Set, Fruit Quality, and Return Bloom in tree fruit species, including sweet cherries (Greene, 1988; Ryugo, 1988; Stosser€ and in Sweet Cherry Anvari, 1982). Various concentrations of PGRs have different effects on fruit set in pear Irfan Ali Sabir, Xunju Liu, and Songtao Jiu (Pyrus communis) (Zhang et al., 2007), plum Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao (Prunus domestica) (Webster, 1984), and Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China sweet cherries (Zhang and Whiting, 2011). There are myriad studies on the effects of Matthew Whiting PGRs in tree fruit, and results vary with PGR Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State application timing, concentration, and even with application technology. In previous University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24106 N. studies, preharvest applications of gibberel- Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350 lins during the stage II–III transition in sweet cherry have increased fruit size and delayed Caixi Zhang maturation (Clayton et al., 2006; Facteau Department of Plant Science School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao et al., 1985; Kappel and MacDonald, 2002, Tong University, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China 2007; Lenahan et al., 2006; Proebsting et al., 1973; Stern et al., 2007; Usenik et al., 2005; Additional index words.
    [Show full text]
  • New Plants 2017
    One Green World- New Plants 2017 SKU Size Name Description Apples One of our favorites, this unique, New Zealand variety bears large, high quality, crisp and juicy fruit with deliciously tangy flesh. This is the variety we look for when we have to buy apples in the supermarket. Braeburn 0116 BR Braeburn - Apple Semi Drawf ripens in mid-October and can be stored until spring. Freedom Apple is a later-fruiting cultivar that produces a bright-red fruit with almost invisible yellow background and some patches of nettled russeting. With its subacidic, spright flavor, it is an excellent apple for fresh eating, 0134 BR Freedom Semi Dwarf - Apple cider or cooking. Very juicy and flavorful, this classic, early ripening variety makes the best cider and pies. Vigorous and reliable, 0142 BR Gravenstein Semi Dwarf - Apple Gravenstein produces abundant crops of lar Jonagold Apple is a later-maturing, medium to large, firm-fruited apple with yellow/green skin with red stripes and superb, rich, full flavor. It is the most common cultivar planted in Europe and an excellent hand-eating or 0146 BR Jonagold Semi Dwarf - Apple cooking apple. Melrose Apple is a beautiful, yellow/green skinned apple with dark red streaks and russet spots. Its firm, coarse, juicy, creamy-white flesh has a slightly acidic flavor and is very good for both cooking and in desserts. It continues to ripen off the tree and is best eaten after Christmas. One of the best storers, it can be kept until April at 31°F. It is the official Ohio State apple, where it has been planted extensively since its introduction in 1944.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sweet Cherry Planting System Comparison Involving Virus
    A SWEET CHERRY PLANTING SYSTEM COMPARISON INVOLVING VIRUS EFFECTS WITH MULTIPLE GENOTYPES By JOSEPH BRETT ADAMS This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture December 2008 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of JOSEPH BRETT ADAMS find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Chair ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank Dr. Matthew Whiting for his willingness and help in selecting a topic in the fruit tree industry that is relevant to my future and my family business as well as the industry as a whole. His excitement for the researched topic has made this thesis an enjoyable experience and his willingness to work with a distant student has been much appreciated. I would also thank Dr. Ken Eastwell for all the help and time spent analyzing the ELISA and PCR results. I also thank Dr. Mohan Kumar for serving on my committee and his knowledge of the subject. Thanks to Dr. Richard Alldredge for his help in analyzing the data statistically. Also I give thanks to the staff working with Ken Eastwell in the ELISA and PCR labs, for helping me through the painful process of hundreds of sample testing. Thanks to the laborers at the WSU irrigated research station for taking care of the orchard plots and supplying the labor hours for planting and harvesting the trees. A special thanks to Willow Drive Nursery for the equipment, time, labor, plant materials, field space, and supplies for this research project.
    [Show full text]
  • SWEET CHERRIES: Production, Marketing, and Processing
    árf-3 SWEET CHERRIES: Production, Marketing, and Processing Agriculture Handbook No. 442 p^ C_^ '"^ CI? -j-, ■ —Í 00 ::^ Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PRECAUTION Pesticides used improperly can be injurious to man, animals, and plants. Follow the directions and need all precautions on the labels. Store pesticides in original containers under lock and key—out of the reach of children and animals—and away from food and feed. Apply pesticides so that they do not endanger humans, livestock, crops, beneficial insects, fish, and wildlife. Do not apply pesticides when there is danger of drift, when honey bees or other' pol- linating insects are visiting plants, or in ways that may contaminate water or leave illegal resi- dues. Avoid prolonged inhalation of pesticide sprays or dusts; wear protective clothing and equipment if specified on the container. If your hands become contaminated with a pesticide, do not eat or drink until you have washed In case a pesticide is swallowed or gets in the eyes, follow the first aid treatment given on the label, and get prompt medical attention. If a pesticide is spilled on your skin or clothing, remove clothing immediately and wash skin thoroughly. Do not clean spray equipment or dump excess spray material near ponds, streams, or wells Be- cause It is difficult to remove all traces of herbicides from equipment, do not use the same equip- ment for insecticides or fungicides that you use for herbicides. Dispose of empty pesticide containers promptly. Have them buried at a sanitary land-fill dump or crush and bury them in a level, isolated place.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Bing' Sweet Cherry Leaf Nutrition Is Affected by Rootstock
    HORTSCIENCE 31(7):1169–1172. 1996. October, as required (British Columbia Minis- try of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1995). Nitrogen fertilizer was routinely broadcast on ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry Leaf Nutrition is a field basis. At site 1, N at 76 kg•ha–1 was applied in Oct./Nov. 1989 and 1990 and N at Affected by Rootstock 57 kg•ha–1 in Oct./Nov. 1991 and 1992 and Spring 1993, all as ammonium nitrate (34N– Gerry Neilsen and Frank Kappel 0P–0K). For site 2, ammonium nitrate appli- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, Summerland, B.C. V0H cations of N at 76 kg•ha–1 also were made in 1Z0, Canada Oct./Nov. 1989–90, but urea (46N–0P–0K) was applied at 103 kg•ha–1 N in Oct./Nov. Additional index words. Prunus avium, leaf mineral concentration 1991–92 and Spring 1993 to accommodate other plantings in the same field. Both sites Abstract. Leaf nutrient concentration of ‘Bing’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was also received Production Guide (British Co- affected by rootstock over 4 years in the Pacific Northwest. Trees on GM 79, GI 148/1, GI lumbia Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and 195/1, and GI 196/4, which had higher yields than Mazzard, also had lower leaf K and, Food, 1995) recommended Zn applications in excepting GM 79, lower leaf Mg concentration. Use of GI 195/1 and 196/4 resulted in lower the late dormant period (March–April) each leaf N than use of Mazzard. These higher-yielding rootstocks will require greater attention year at 40 kg•ha–1 zinc sulfate (36% Zn).
    [Show full text]
  • Cherry Crinkle-Leaf and Deep Suture Disorders
    PUBLICATION 8007 Cherry Crinkle-Leaf and Deep Suture Disorders STEPHEN M. SOUTHWICK, Pomology Department, UC Davis, and JERRY UYEMOTO, USDA Plant Pathologist, UC Davis. INTRODUCTION UNIVERSITY OF Crinkle-leaf (“bull trees,” “unproductive cherry,” or “male trees”) and deep suture CALIFORNIA are very important disorders of sweet cherry because they are so widespread and Division of Agriculture have such a damaging effect on vegetative growth and fruit yield. Both disorders have been reported throughout cherry producing regions of California, the Pacific and Natural Resources Northwest, Utah, and British Columbia. Although there is no complete accounting http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu of the economic impact associated with affected trees in California, these two disor- ders together probably cost sweet cherry fruit and nursery tree growers more money each year than any other disease or disorder. This publication replaces Leaflet 2454, Cherry Crinkle Over the past decade or more incidence of crinkle-leaf has fluctuated widely, and Deep Suture Diseases. seemingly independent of rainfall rates. One cherry orchard in particular had an abundance of crinkle-leaf one year but was virtually free of the disorder the next year, following a winter of normal precipitation. Boron nutrition may have been a factor in the transient nature of crinkle-leaf in this orchard: C. G. Woodbridge has reported results (based on his research in Summerland, British Columbia) that sup- port this interpretation, and boron-deficient trees are often known to be poor-bear- ing. Woodbridge showed that cherry trees with narrowed leaves and irregular leaf margins (symptoms resembling those of crinkle-leaf) produced normal leaves on new growth after boron applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Temperature Effects on Pistil Viability and Fruit Set in Sweet Cherry
    Scientia Horticulturae 241 (2018) 8–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Scientia Horticulturae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scihorti Temperature effects on pistil viability and fruit set in sweet cherry T ⁎ Lu Zhanga,b, Louise Fergusonb, Matthew D. Whitinga, a Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA b Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Field observations suggest high air temperatures during bloom decrease fruit set of many sweet cherry (Prunus Prunus avium L. avium L.) cultivars. We investigated the role of temperature on stigma receptivity and ovule viability in four Stigma receptivity sweet cherry cultivars that exhibit variability in productivity and fertility: ‘Sweetheart’ (self-fertile, high pro- Ovule senescence ductivity), ‘Benton’ (self-fertile, low productivity), ‘Rainier’ (self-sterile, high productivity), and ‘Tieton’ (self- Warm temperature sterile, low productivity). The development of the stigmatic surface, and pollen hydration, germination and tube Production growth in vivo, were evaluated by hand pollination and used as proxies for stigma receptivity. In addition, the senescence of primary and secondary ovules was analyzed with fluorescence microscopy. The stigmatic papillae began deteriorating by the second day after anthesis and had collapsed by the sixth day post-anthesis across cultivars. Pollen hydration exhibited 5 stages related to the length-width ratios of 2.5:1, 2:1, 1.75:1, 1.5:1 to 1:1. Maximum pollen hydration and pollen germination occurred on the stigmas within 2 days of bloom, depending on cultivar and air temperature. Pollen hydration and germination, and ovule senescence accelerated under warmer temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit Trees & Small Fruits
    FRUIT TREES & SMALL FRUITS Apple 'Cortland' Semi-Dwarf Cortland Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Cortland' semi-dwarf #5 FP $56.98 Apple 'Empire' Semi-Dwarf Empire Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Empire' #7 5-7' $79.98 Apple 'Fuji' Semi-Dwarf Fuji Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Fuji' semi-dwarf #5 $79.98 Apple 'Granny Smith' Semi-Dwarf Granny Smith Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Granny Smith' #5 $79.98 Apple 'Honeycrisp' Honeycrisp Semi Dwarf Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Honeycrisp' semi-dwarf #5 FP $56.98 Apple 'Honeycrisp' semi-dwarf #7 $79.98 Apple 'McIntosh' Semi-Dwarf MacIntosh Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'McIntosh' semi-dwarf #5 FP $56.98 Apple 'Northern Spy' Semi-Dwarf Northern Spy Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Northern Spy' #7 5-7' $79.98 Apple 'Red Delicious' Semi-Dwarf Red Delicious Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Red Delicious' semi-dwarf #5 FP $56.98 Apple 'Royal Gala' Semi-Dwarf Royal Gala Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Royal Gala' #7 5-7' $79.98 Apple 'Yellow Delicious' Semi-Dwarf Yellow Dellicious Apple 12' x 12' white Apple 'Yellow Delicious' semi-dwarf #5 FP $56.98 Apple 'Yellow Delicious' semi-dwarf #5 $79.98 Apricot 'Goldcot' Goldcot Apricot 15' x 15' white Apricot 'Goldcot' #7 $79.98 Apricot 'Tomcot' Semi-Dwarf Tomcot Apricot 17' x 17' white Blackberry 'Arapaho' #1 $17.98 Blackberry 'Arapaho' #3 $44.98 Blueberry 'Blue Jay' Blue Jay Blueberry 6' x 6' white Blueberry 'Blue Jay' AB #3 $52.98 Blueberry 'Blueberry Glaze' Blueberry Glaze Blueberry 2.5' x 2.5' white Blueberry 'Blueberry Glaze' #19cm $29.98 Blueberry 'Blueberry Glaze' #2 $46.98
    [Show full text]