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Radical Spatiality Dissident Architectural Practices in Contemporary Occupations

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RADICAL SPATIALITY DISSIDENT ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY OCCUPATIONS Ana Medina Gavilanes, Architect 2017 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DEPARTAMENTO DE PROYECTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS AVANZADOS Título de Tesis Doctoral RADICAL SPATIALITY DISSIDENT ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY OCCUPATIONS Autor Ana Medina Gavilanes, Arquitecta Directora de Tesis Atxu Amann y Alcócer, Doctora Arquitecta Codirector de Tesis Arturo Blanco Herrero, Doctor Arquitecto Año 2017 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis padres. Cada paso que he dado, ha sido por ellos. A mis hermanos. Gracias por siempre estar conmigo. A mi directora de tesis, Atxu Amann, por el tiempo, por el esfuerzo, por la presencia, por la guía, y por la energía incondicional. Solamente con ese espíritu tan fuerte este camino ha sido posible. A mi codirector de tesis, Arturo Blanco, por cada consejo y por la dedicación que me ha dado en cada momento. Son tantas las personas que me han acompañado durante estos años que no podría nombrar a cada una, el papel quedaría corto. Pero quiero decir que todos ustedes no son solamente parte de este trabajo, sino que forman una parte importante de mí. Cada conversación, cada café, cada noche llena de discusiones y música, cada bienvenida, cada despedida, cada skype, cada charla, cada risa, cada lágrima, cada silencio, cada viaje. A todos aquellos que me han acompañado en estas situaciones y en tantos lugares, me han llenado de energía para continuar. No habría podido sin su compañía, amigos, que me han tomado mi mano en todo momento. RESUMEN Tahrir Square, Occupy Wall Street, y Gezi Park / Taksim Square, son ocupaciones contemporáneas que despliegan una serie de acciones disidentes en el espacio público, cuestionando al mismo tiempo las relaciones entre la arquitectura urbana y las prácticas sociales. Una de las características de estos movimientos es la inclusión del espacio virtual como generador de acciones dentro del espacio físico, formando de esta manera un nuevo espacio. Mediante el uso de tecnologías digitales y junto a la expansión de las redes sociales, se promueven dispositivos que crean nuevas dinámicas y prácticas arquitectónicas en la ciudad, y asimismo visibilizan el estado obsoleto de una infraestructura urbana, la cual es contendida por una transformación radical de espacios públicos de manera instantánea y temporal. En el desarrollo de estas ocupaciones, una multitud toma cuerpo en el espacio público físico y virtual, el espacio público contemporáneo, el mismo que altera la imagen y el uso de espacios fijos y establecidos y los transforma en un sistema de espacios intermitentes, afectando consecuentemente los límites entre lo público y lo privado, lo exterior y lo interior, lo cotidiano y lo excepcional. Se produce una nueva arquitectura disidente y temporal ad- hoc que conduce a la construcción de una Espacialidad Radical, la que permite generar una serie de prácticas y procesos arquitectónicos espontáneos y disidentes. Estas relaciones se focalizan en elementos arquitectónicos que son explorados y utilizados de manera disidente: actuando dentro de los límites de las regulaciones urbanas locales, analizando la situación actual espacial, proyectando zonas para habitar de manera temporal, construyendo estructuras ligeras pero resistentes que responden a las necesidades de los ocupantes, reconfigurando la organización de objetos urbanos, y aplicando dispositivos para proyectar una apropiación espacial a través de prácticas colectivas y performativas. Por otro lado, las ocupaciones contemporáneas se relacionan con dos aspectos importantes en la construcción del paisaje arquitectónico urbano: el diseño de espacios públicos y las regulaciones urbanas. Posteriormente al desarrollo de estos movimientos sociales, distintos gobiernos locales han impulsado considerablemente la implementación de la privatización de espacios públicos a través del modelo urbano “POPS: Privately Owned Public Space” [Espacios Públicos Privados], y la elaboración de un manual de diseño arquitectónico de espacios públicos. Estas dos herramientas se aplican y reproducen sistemáticamente en ciudades geográfica y culturalmente distantes, provocando consecuentemente la construcción de un paisaje arquitectónico urbano homogéneo, desplazando la historia y dinámicas locales, y manifestando de esta manera un control espacial y social a través del diseño arquitectónico. Frente a esta situación, se plantean prácticas arquitectónicas de espacios post-públicos, como acciones disidentes que operan colectiva, temporal e intermitentemente. ABSTRACT Tahrir Square, Occupy Wall Street, and Gezi Park / Taksim Square, are contemporary occupations that unfold a series of dissident actions in the public space, questioning at the same time the relationships between urban architecture and social practices. One of the characteristics of these movements is the inclusion of the virtual space as a generator of actions inside the physical space, forming consequently a neW space. Thus, through the use of digital technologies alongside the expansion of social netWorks, they promote dispositives that create neW architectural dynamics and practices in the city, and simultaneously make visible the obsolete state of an urban infrastructure, Which is contended by a radical transformation of public spaces in temporal and instantaneous means. In the development of these occupations, a multitude takes form in the physical and virtual public space, the contemporary public space, Which alters the image and use of fixed and established spaces, and transforms them in a system of intermittent spaces, affecting subsequently the limits betWeen public and private, exterior and interior, quotidian and exceptional. It produces a neW dissident and temporal ad-hoc architecture that conducts to the construction of a Radical Spatiality, allowing to generate a series of architectural practices and processes that are spontaneous and dissident. These relationships focus on architectural elements that are explored and used in a dissident Way: acting inside the limits of local urban regulations, analysing spatial current situations, projecting zones to inhabit temporary, constructing light but resistant structures that respond to occupiers’ needs, reconfiguring the organization of urban objects, and applying dispositives to develop a spatial appropriation through collective and performative practices. Furthermore, contemporary occupations are related to tWo important aspects in the construction of the architectural urban landscape: the design of public spaces and the urban regulations. After the development of these social movements, different local governments have pushed considerably the implementation of public spaces privatization through the urban model “POPS: Privately OWned Public Space,” and the elaboration of an architectural design manual of public spaces. These two tools are applied and reproduced systematically in cities geographically and culturally distant, provoking consequently the construction of a homogeneous architectural urban landscape, displacing the local history and social dynamics, and manifesting the spatial and social control through architectural design. Facing this situation, neW architectural practices of post-public spaces are projected as dissident actions that operate collectively, temporary, and intermittently. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Estado de la cuestión. Antecedentes. Hipótesis. Objetivos. Metodología. Estructura de la tesis .................................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 19 State of the Art. Background. Hypothesis. Objectives. Methodology. Structure of the thesis .. 20 CHAPTER I. RADICAL ARCHITECTURE IN CONTEMPORARY OCCUPATIONS ................................. 37 1.1 Retrospection ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 1.2 ToWards the Revolutionary Square .......................................................................................................... 44 1.2.1 Spatial Atlas of the Revolutionary Square ..................................................................................... 4 8 1.3 Three events ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 4 1.3.1 Tahrir Square – Cairo ............................................................................................................................ 60 1.3.1.1 Tale of a revolution ................................................................................................................................. 63 1.3.1.2 Spatial cartography – Tahrir Square ............................................................................................... 65 1.3.2 Zuccotti Park – NeW York .................................................................................................................... 97 1.3.2.1 Urban insurgent narrative ..................................................................................................................
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