Index

Activist media practice, 132–134 #bluelivesmatter, 246 Adbusters, 107 Bolshevik government, 19 Aesthetics, 143 Boundaries of collective, 114–116 Affective labour, 266, 271 #Brexit for United Kingdom, 242, 246, Agency, 263 248–251 Aggressive marketing, 2 semantic network, 251–253 Agony of Russian idea, The,39–40 Broadcast Network Archetype, 251 Air Force Times, 134 Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), 32–33 #alllivesmatter, 246 Burnham’s theories, 99 Alternative media’s frames, 88–90 American dream, 40–41 Cafe´ Futuristov, 18 American oligarchs, 97 Cafe´ Poetov, 18 Anarchism, 197–198 California Department of Corrections Andalusian trade union of workers, (CDC), 136 206 Capital control measures, 269 Anti-government , 66 Capitalism, 264–265 Antifascist issues, 29–30 #CatalanReferendum for Catalan Antisurveillance, 273 context, 242, 248–251 ‘’, 262, 264 semantic network, 251–253 Armed forces (bewaffnete Organe), 31 Chartist movement, 198–199 ‘Art as Action’,20 Chinatown’ case study, 85–86 ‘Art of Noises’, The, 13–14 ‘Chinese industrial park’,3–4 Artistic communicator, 150–151 ‘Chinese-Belarusian industrial park’, Artistic skills (AS), 150–151 85 Audience Data and Reporting, Citizenship Amendment Act, 8 215–216 Civil society actors, 61–62 Austerity negotiations in Greece, 219 Clandestine unit (operative Authoritarianism, 39–40, 101–102 Diensteinheit), 27 Autocracy, 98 Claustrophobia, 273 Autonomous Left, 203 Code Pink, 135–136 Autonomous social movements, 202 Codes, 111–112, 116–118 Cold War, 99 Belarus, 69–72, 83 Cold Warriors, 100 Belsat satellite TV, 86 Collaboration, 141–142 Bereich 6/ZAIG development, 26–29 Collaborative art, 171–173 in fictional cinema and television Collective action, 108–109 productions, 29–33 Collective identity, 110–112, 179 Betweenness centrality, 149, 250 Collective voice, 118–121 #blacklivesmatter, 246 Common Dreams, 131 288 Index

‘Common Good: Ethics and Rights in Death to Art,15–16 Cybersecurity’, The, ‘Decentralization-recentralization’ 262–263 cycle, 56–57 Commons, 270, 272 Decision-making, 116 Communication, 111 Delhi Nirbhaya Protests, 177, 181–182 mechanisms, 2 Democracy, 98, 274–275 technologies, 230 Demonized communism, 99 Communication ecology, 229 Department for Agitation (Abteilung Communication is Constitutive of Agitation), 25–29 Organizing (CCO), 111 in fictional cinema and television Communication Mailing List (CML), productions, 29–33 148–149 Deutsche Film AG (DEFA), 29–30 Communication skills (CS), 150–151 Differential space, 163 Communicative control. See also Digital activism, 62–63 Soviet communicative Digital Agenda 2020, 75 control, 51 Digital cultural economies, 62–63 Communism, 197–198 Digital media, 64, 107–108 Comparative cyberconflict analysis of Digital networks, 143–144, 241–242 digital activism, 61 Digital political culture, 63–65 Belarus, 69–72 Digital technologies, 8–9, 229–231 comparison to Estonia, 73–75 Direct interactions, 52–53 Crimea, 65–69 Dirty cube, 146–147 digital political culture and ‘Disclosure’, 232–237 resistance publics, 63–65 Disinformation campaigns, 26 Concerted coups, 26–27 ‘Distributed discourse’ concept, Congress for Cultural Freedom, 99 212–213 Congress of the Comintern, 19 District departments (Bezirksverwal- Connective action, 109 tungen), 25–26 Contemporary media industries, 2 ‘Double tap’, 135 ‘Conversation’, 111–112 Drones Counterpropaganda (Konterpropa- activist media practice, 132–134 ganda), 26 caucus, 132–133 Country’s opportunity structures, creative resistance, 135–137 186–187 grounding, 127–132 Craft solidarity, 213 Creative resistance, 135–137 ‘E-residency’ programme, 75 and participation, 171–173 East German Public, 24–26 Crime stories, 32 East German State Security Service, 23 Crimea, 65–69 Bereich 6/ZAIG development, ‘Cultura Viva’, 268 26–29 Cyber-optimists, 70 Department for Agitation development, 26–29 Das unsichtbare Visier (television between public relations and media series), 28–29 control, 33–34 Index 289

public relations and propaganda, protest technologies and national 24–26 political cultures, 274–276 Emergent Organization, The, 111 German Democratic Republic (GDR), ‘End the Drone Wars’, 131 23 Enemy agents, 26–27 Glass ceiling, 199 Estonia, 73–75 Google Analytics, 215–216 Eternity, loss of, 43–44 Goteo platform, 268, 269 Ethnic territoriality principle, 56–57 Graphs, 247–248 European Union (EU), 241 Grassroots’ organizations, 99 ‘Great Soviet Dream’,38–39 Federalism, 54–55 ‘Great Utopia’,13–14 Fictional cinema, Bereich 6/ZAIG and Greek ‘Do Not Pay’ Social Movement. Department for Agitation See also Hong Kong’s in, 29–33 Umbrella Movement Fight-specific, 146–147 (2014), 227–228 Flash balls, 6–7 communicating dissent, 228–231 Formalization of labour movement, ‘disclosure’, 232–237 204 methodology, 231–232 Four Theories of the Press,52 ‘remembrance’, 232–237 Framing, 86 #greferendum, 242 alternative media’s frames, 88–90 #Grexit for Greece, 242, 246, 248–251 dissent in Post-Soviet communica- semantic network, 251–253 tive ecologies, 86–90 Guardian, The, 134 mainstream media’s frames, 86–88 process, 180, 188–190 Halle’s tripartite typology, 26 and, 245–246 Hashtags, 242, 246 Freedom House report, 75 Hierarchical meritocratic system, 41 ‘Futurist Synthetic Theater’, The, Homo sapiens,43–44 13–14 Homo Sovieticus,43–44 Futurists, 16 Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement (2014), 161–162, 164 Gavary praudu (GP), 86, 88 co-production of protest art in Geeks of the Squares urban space, 168–170 ideological production in protest collaborative protest art, creative technologies and media resistance and participation, revolutions, 268–274 171–173 masses connecting, 261–266 Lefebvre’s spatial triad, 162–163 methods, 266–268 method, 165 movement actors’ experiences of use representational spaces and symbols of protest technologies, of protest art, 165–168 276–278 space production and urban social orders of dissent and agentive movements, 163–164 action, 265 ‘Hooliganism’,14 participant interviews, 267 Horizontal structures, 185 290 Index

24-Hour rule, 117 KnowDrones, 132–133 Kundschafter, 25, 27–28 Identity, 263 identity-based movements, 201–202 Labour movement, 197–199, 201–202 ‘Identization’, 110–114, 116 ‘Last Soviet republic’,69 Ideological production in protest Latent capacity theory, 63–64 technologies and media Lavoratori dell’Arte’ (LdA), 142 revolutions, 268–274 Leaderless structures, 185 Impressions, 236–237 Lefebvre’s spatial triad, 162–163 In-Page Analytics, 215–216 Lefebvre’s theory of spatial Inclusiveness, 117 reproduction, 5, 161–162 Industrial solidarity, 213 Liberal meme makers, 69 Information Libertarianism, 101–102 ecology, 84 Lion Rock, 166–167 operations, 97–98 Localization, 54 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), 61, Macao 178, 183–186 conflicts and division of labour in framing process and, 188–190 Macao’s experience, mobilization structures and, 147–151 183–186 cooperation within, 152–153 political opportunity structure and, organizational model, 141–142 186–188 refusal of horizontality, 141–142 struggle to dominating ICT terrain, Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom, 190–193 The,98 as tools for movement action, Maduro government, 7–8 178–180 Main departments (Hauptabteilung), Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IM), 29 25–26 Institute of Apiculture, 44–45 Mainstream media’s frames, 86–88 Institutional Left, 202–203 Managerial Revolution, The,98 Institutionalization, 143–144 Manichean ideological trap, 101–102 International solidarity, 197–198 Manicheanism, 101–102 Internet, 108, 179 Marxian materialist interpretation, crowds, 69 62–63 freedom, 74–75 Mass self-communication, 212 memes, 65–68 ‘Mass vigilance’ (Massenwachsamkeit), Interpersonal communication, 52 27–28 ‘Ironic media activism’,4 ‘Material for argumentation’,23 Isola Art Center, 146–147 Materiality of Macao’s relations, 145–147 John Lennon Wall in Prague, 169–170 Media, 112, 230 Juristische Hochschule Potsdam (JHS), revolutions, 9 29 Mediation, 111 Mediatization, 111 Index 291

Mediatized interactions, 52–53 movement, 107, 113, 214, Mediatized quasiinteractions, 52–53 264–265 Melucci’s conceptualization of Occupy Movement, 177, collective identity, 108 181–182, 185–186, 189 Ministerium fur¨ Staatssicherheit (MfS), , 107, 112–113, 115, 23 119 Ministry of National Defence (MfNV), Odnoklassniki, 67–68 31 OGAS, 55 Ministry of the Interior (MdI), 31 Operative agitation Mobile phones, 184 (Operativagitation), 26 Mobilization, 64 Organization studies (OS), 143–144 structures, 178–179, 183–186 Organizational communication, Movement actors’ experiences of use of 110–112 protest technologies, 276–278 ‘Painted faces’,16 ‘Movements of the squares’, 107 Participants, 181–182 Mozilla, 214 Participatory culture, 63 Multi-case study approach, 180–181 Paternalism, 39–40 #Muppetology, 249 Peace activists, 131 Music, 13–14 Perception management, 97–98 ‘Music is Before all Else’,13–14 ‘Performance art’,13–14 Musicians, 13–14 ‘Petersburgkaia Gazeta’ newspaper, 17 Plan-based economy, 55 Nairaland, 184 Platform for Affected by Mortgages Nasha Niva newspaper, 86 (PAH), 205 National political cultures, 274–276 Polarization, 253–257 ‘New landlord of Belarus?’, The, 89 Political ‘New social movements’, 199–202 mobilizations, 64–65 ‘New Year gateway to peace’, 131 opportunity structures, 179, Nirbhaya movement, 184 186–188 NodeXL, 248 participation, 64 ‘Non-communist Left’,99 socialization, 63 Noncontentious content, 219 Political communication (PC), 111 #NotABugSplat, 136–137 ‘Political-operative protection’,23 Populism, 253–257 OBERIU group, 20 Post-Crimea consensus, 55 Oblomovism, 41 Post-Soviet communicative ecologies, ‘Occupare il conflitto’, 148 83 Occupy activists, 4, 108 framing dissent in, 86–90 Occupy , 113, 120–121 framing issue, 86 Stock Exchange methodology, 86 (OccupyLSX), 113, 115, theoretical framework, 84–86 117, 120 Post-Soviet Russia Occupy mobilization, 64–65 292 Index

rebirth of Soviet communicative Resistance publics, 63–65 control in, 55–57 Resistant microbloggers, 65–66 Russian Academy of Sciences’ Resource mobilization theory, 178 Sociological Survey on Rhizomatic structures, 185 Russian Dream, 40–42 Royal Air Force (RAF), 131 Russian Idea to Russian Dream, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 37–40 37 Victor Pelevin’s postmodern novel Sociological Survey on Russian Generation “II”,42–46 Dream, 40–42 Post-Soviet Russian transition, 51 ‘Russian avant-garde’,13 Press conferences, 26–27 Russian dream, 42, 45 Press office, 26 Russian futurists, 15 Presseabteilung,25–26 ‘Russian hackers’, 102 ‘Principles of Solidarity of OWS’, 116 Russian idea and the American dream, ‘Private Property’,87 The,37–38 Production of Space, The, 162 Russian Idea to Russian Dream, 37–40 Professionalization of labour ‘Russian meddling’, 97, 102 movement, 204 Russian media environment, 65–66 Propiska, 54, 56 ‘Russian oligarchs’,97 Proprietary platforms, 108–109 Russian protest movement, 51 Protest art Russian Revolution, 1, 2, 9 co-production of protest art in Russian society, 37 urban space, 168–170 representational spaces and symbols Securitization, 273 of, 165–168 Security, 273 Protest communication, 3–4 Self-reflection, 118 Protest technologies. See also Short message service (SMS), 178 Information and Silent revolution, 199–200 Communication Situationist International, 202–203 Technologies (ICTs), 9, Social media, 108–109, 184, 213 274–276 Social movement (SM). See also Greek ‘Psychological warfare’ techniques, 101 ‘Do Not Pay’ Social Public affairs, 97–98 Movement, 118, 143, 228, Public diplomacy, 97–98 230 Public relations (Offentlichkeitsarbeit¨ ), case study and methods, 142–143 24–26, 97–98 conflicts and division of labour in Macao’s experience, Quantitative content analysis, 231–232 147–151 cooperation within Macao, 152–153 Rammstein Album Cover, 71–72 framing organization in hybrid ‘Remembrance’, 232–237 movements, 143–145 Representational space, 162–164 materiality of Macao’s relations, and symbols of protest art, 165–168 145–147 Representative democracy, 200 Social networks, 248–251 Index 293

Socialism, 197–198 Telephone service, 54 Socialist development, 27–28 Television productions, Bereich 6/ Sociopolitical agency, 263, 265–266 ZAIG and Department for Soft or smart power, 97–98 Agitation in, 29–33 Solidarity, 83–84 ‘Text’, 111–112, 116–118 movement in Poland, 201 Thematic analysis, 221 ‘Someone-as-anyone’ strategy, 119 Theory of interactions, 52–53 SORM ICT monitoring system, 71 Tiananmen Square, 161 Soviet communicative control, 52–55 To Restore American Independence and implications, 57 Now (TRAIN), 100 in Post-Soviet Russia, 55–57 Trade Unions, 205–207, 211 review and methodology, 52–53 Traditional media, 84 Soviet ideology, 55 Transnational Soviet intellectuals, 44 labour solidarity, 212–214 Soviet power, 54 struggle, 6–10 Soviet Union, 54–55 Truth About Civil Turmoil (TACT), Sozialistische Einheitspartei (SED), 100 24–25 ‘Tweetboat’, 119–120 Space production, 163–164 Twitter, 242 ‘Spaces of play’, 172–173 digital methods, data collections Spaces of representations, 162, and limitations, 247–248 163–164 and framing, 245–246 Spain’s 15-M Movement, 197 networks and politics, 243–245 logics of collective action in conflict, as political sphere and tool for 202–205 campaigning, 242–243 Trade Unions and, 205–207 ‘Tyranny of structurelessness’, Spatial practice, 162–164 144–145 Staatssekretariat fur¨ Staatssicherheit. See State Secretary for State ‘Umbrella Everywhere’, 168–169 Security (SfS) Umbrella Movement, 164, 166 State Secretary for State Security (SfS), Umbrella Revolution. See Umbrella 24–27 Movement State Security Service, 24–26 Umbrella Square, 165–166 Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), 214 Union Solidarity International (USI), Summer Camp, 145–147 5–6, 211 ‘Symphony of Sirens’, The, 19 data and research methods, 215–216 findings, 216–223 Task Force for Public Connections transnational labour solidarity, (Arbeitsgruppe Offentliche¨ 212–214 Verbindungen), 29 Twitter account, 217 Technical activist, 150–151 Unit of analysis, 231–232 Technical communicator, 150–151 Unofficial Collaborators, 29 Techno-optimism, 269 Urban social movements, 163–164 Telegraph service, 54 294 Index

US Committee for Public Information Western intelligence agencies, 24 (CPI), 101 Whatsapp, 184 Women workers, 199 Ventriloquism, 118–119 Workers World, 130–131 Victor Pelevin’s postmodern novel Generation “II”, 37, 42–46 Xenophobia, 89 Victory over the Sun,14–15 Yellow vests, 6–7 ‘Virtual democracies’ phenomenon, 70 Visual analysis, 165 YouTube’s ‘alternative’ TV channels, Visual Arts Section, 19 86 Visualizations, 247–248 VKontakte, 67–68 Zentrale Auswertungs-und Informationsgruppe (ZAIG), Web 1. 0, 212–214 28–29 Web 2. 0, 212–214, 229