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Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo and Nato Intervention A View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Istanbul Sehir University Repository ETHNIC CLEANSING IN KOSOVO AND NATO INTERVENTION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF ISTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY BY YEKTA İNCİ ZÜLFİKAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2015 ABSTRACT ETHNIC CLEANSING IN KOSOVO AND NATO INTERVENTION Zülfikar, Yekta İnci MA, Department of Political Science and International Relations Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Halil Rahman Başaran September 2015, 112 pages NATO’s 1999 humanitarian intervention in Kosovo in order to stop the ethnic cleansing in the province has come to function as a precedent for other interventions. The aim of this thesis is to study this intervention in order to clarify what ethnic cleansing and humanitarian intervention mean, and to validate whether or not NATO’s actions were indeed justified in the face of events in Kosovo. Beginning with the historical background of the province, both in terms of the mythologies that had future implications in terms of identity formation for Serbs as well as its political development especially throughout the 20th century until 1999, the study moves on to a study of ethnic cleansing. Starting from an account of what ethnicity is and then going on to ethnic cleansing, the definition that is arrived at for ethnic cleansing is that it is deliberate state policy aimed at territorial homogenization, done in a two-step process, with removal coming first and resettlement next. Using this definition, it is determined that ethnic cleansing did occur in Kosovo. The problem arises upon beginning the discussion on humanitarian intervention (HI), where the principles of HI are simply detailed and followed by an account of NATO’s intervention. This study concludes that unlike the popular adage of “illegal but legitimate” that has been stated for this intervention, NATO’s intervention was actually both illegal and illegitimate, for the ethnic cleansing NATO was supposedly intervening to abort had gotten worse after the intervention rather than stopping when the intervention began. Keywords: Kosovo, ethnic cleansing, humanitarian intervention, NATO intervention iv ÖZ KOSOVA’DA ETNİK TEMİZLİK VE NATO MÜDAHALESİ Zülfikar, Yekta İnci MA, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Yard. Doç. Dr. Halil Rahman Başaran Eylül 2015, 112 sayfa NATO’nun 1999’da Kosova’da etnik temizliği durdurmak için gerçekleştirdiği müdahale başka müdahaleler için örnek olarak alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı etnik temizlik ve insani müdahalenin ne olduğunu netleştirdikten sonra NATO’nun kullandığı sebeplerin doğruluğunu ölçmektir. Öncelikle tarihi alt yapı ile başlayıp Sırp’ların kimliklerinin oluşmasında önemli yeri olan olaylar incelendikten sonra Kosova’nın değişen siyasi durumu 1999‘daki müdahaleye kadar detaylı bir şekilde anlatılmaktadır. Etnik temizlikle alakalı incelemeden sonra etnik temizliğin bir devletin kasıtlı bir şekilde belli bir bölgeyi homojenleştirmek için takip ettiği iki adımlı bir süreç olduğu neticesine ulaşılmaktadır ve bu tanım kullanılarak Kosova’da yapılanın gerçekten etnik temizlik olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Problem insani müdahaleyi incelerken doğmaktadır. İnsani müdahalenin genel prensipleri aktarıldıktan sonra NATO müdahalesi mercek altına alınmakta ve sonuç olarak bu müdahele için kullanılan “gayrı kanuni ama meşru” ifadesinin aslında yanlış olduğu ve doğrusunun bu müdahalenin hem gayrı kanuni hem de gayrı meşru yönünde olması gerektiği saptanmaktadır, zira etnik temizliği durdurmak için müdahale ettiğini söyleyen NATO’nun aslında durumu çok daha kötü bir hale getirdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kosova, etnik temizlik, humaniter müdahale, NATO müdahalesi v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would first and foremost like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Halil Rahman Başaran, for agreeing to be my advisor in the first place, and for all his input and insight throughout the process of writing this thesis. My next debt of gratitude goes to the members of the committee, Prof. Dr. Berdal Aral and Dr. Talha Köse. I was able to have an actual committee defense experience, followed by constructive and encouraging comments. To Dr. Cangüzel Güner Zülfikar and Dr. Fahir Zülfikar, my mom and dad, there is a debt that can never be repaid. Thank you for coming to my thesis defense. Truly, what other mother carries a Mac-projector connector in their purse? And what father works on creating a Viber connection so that others can join in? Thank you for being my mother and father, and for being there every time I need you. I would like to thank Ms. Cemalnur Sargut for her unfailing advice, unflappable personality, encouraging words, and illuminating presence. Lastly, my deepest gratitude is for Dr. Robert Jenkins from UNC. A study abroad trip to the Balkans, Kosovo and Vienna under his guidance in 2009 was what first started this love for the region, and it has been one of the most enduring connections I have ever cultivated. Thank you, thank you, thank you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv ÖZ .............................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2. KOSOVO’S HISTORY ......................................................................................... 4 2.1. 1389--Battle of Kosovo-Polje ......................................................................... 4 2.2. Kosovo under Tito .......................................................................................... 8 2.3. Milosevic in Power and Kosovo ................................................................... 16 3. ETHNIC CLEANSING ....................................................................................... 27 3.1. Ethnicity in time ............................................................................................ 27 3.2. What is ethnicity? .......................................................................................... 30 3.3. What is ethnic cleansing? .............................................................................. 43 4. HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION ................................................................ 60 4.1. What is humanitarian intervention? .............................................................. 60 4.2. The problems of humanitarian intervention .................................................. 72 4.3. NATO intervention in Kosovo--illegal but legitimate? ................................ 77 5. RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT ..................................................................... 87 6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 107 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This thesis is a study of NATO’s 1999 intervention in Kosovo, alongside an examination of the terms ethnic cleansing and humanitarian intervention in order to evaluate whether NATO’s intervention was indeed justified on the grounds it put forth. Ethnic cleansing, when considered both legally and politically, is a complicated term, because there is no one set definition available; some tweaking involuntarily occurs depending on the field of the analyst. With this in mind, it is still possible to locate ethnic cleansing somewhere along a spectrum ranging from genocide on one end to population exchange on the other. That said, the machinations of ethnic cleansing and the intent involved remain hidden, and depend on the scholar to be brought out. After considering the various definitions available, the eventual conclusion about the definition of ethnic cleansing in its most general form was that it is deliberate state policy aimed at territorial homogenization and conducted in two steps. Having arrived at this conclusion, the next step was to apply this definition to the situation in Kosovo to see whether ethnic cleansing had occurred. Humanitarian intervention, much like ethnic cleansing, also changes colors according to the field of the analyst, and for this term as well it was possible to find common points among scholars. After conducting research into the various definitions of the concept, the main idea about humanitarian intervention was that it was the threat or the use of force by a third party against a target state with an ongoing humanitarian crisis, with the aim of stopping the humanitarian atrocities despite a lack of consent on the part of the target state and a lack of authorization by the international organ responsible for such decisions. Simply put, humanitarian intervention is an act, which is supposed to be legal but not always is, done by a third party with the aim of stopping the humanitarian crisis caused by the actions, or the inaction, as the case may be, of an offending state. Considering this, NATO’s intervention was humanitarian in the sense that it was indeed illegal because
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