Appendix C: Roman Public Monuments in the Late Antique West

Home , Aqua Augusta (Naples), Aqua Marcia, Aqua Traiana, Aqueduct of Diocletian, Baelo Claudia, Marsala

The tables in this appendix present the data collected in this provides at least the name of the structure, the city, the cen- study on the lives and afterlives of Roman public buildings. tury and date (if the date is not specified beyond late antique, These data are broken down into building type (Tables 1–16 ‘L A’ will be noted), a note and the source of the information. cover baths, 17–20 aqueducts, 21–34 spectacle buildings), Tables that present new building have the size of the build- region (Italy, Gaul, Spain and North Africa), and finally building, and both new building and repairs add the patron of the ing phase (new construction, repair and restoration works, works and his title (if known). The name of the ancient city still in use and disused). Tables 35–36 present the collected is either provided in the building name, or if the structure is instances of reuse, divided by building type. Each table already named, in parentheses in the ‘city’ column.

Table c.1 New baths in Late Antique Italy

Building City Century— Patron Size Notes Reference Date

Baths of the Ostia Second half 660 m2 Baths were built up against a wall Poccardi (2006) 177; Philosopher of the 3rd from ca.250, providing t.p.q. Date Boersma (1985) 46 (maybe 4th) is provided by the masonry, which is fairly regular, with little reused material and good mortar. Baths of Ostia 3rd–4th ca.200 m2 These were expanded from a Turci (2014) Musiciolus 2nd c. balneum. Dating based on masonry style and mortar quality. Hercules Baths Milan 3rd–4th Maximian 14,500 m2 This was a large bath complex Jouffroy (1986) 167 286–305 in the eastern section of the city, called the Hercules baths by Ausonius (Ordo nob. urb. 5.41). Baths of Rome First half of Diocletian 140,600 m2 Baths are only partly preserved. CIL 6.1130=31242; Diocletian 4th (38,750 w/o They are known from drawings by SHA Prob. 2.1; 298–305/6 palaestra) Anonymous Destailleur. Chronography of 354 1.148M; Not. Rom. VI Baths of Rome First half of Constantine 18–19,000 m2 Almost nothing is preserved, but Not. Rom. VI; Nielsen Constantine 4th (9,000 w/o they are known from drawings by (1990) 2.4 315 palaestra) Palladio. Grandi Termi or Aquileia First half of Constantine 20,000 m2 ? The size comes from Rubinich Rubinich (2011); Constantinian 4th (2011). Some excavations on the Reiß (2001); Baths 306–37 site throughout the 20th c. Unclear Rubinich (2012) if this is an ex novo construction or simply a major reconstruction. Constantine is noted as the patron in an inscription (AE (1996) 694; AE (2001) 1008 or see Reiß (2001). Valesio Torchiarolo First half of 632 m2 These were probably not public, Boersma (1995) 123 Baths 4th nor urban. Connected to the mansio on the road between Lecce and Brindisi called Mutatio Valentia. Ceramic evidence provides the date. Baths in the Piazza First half of 1,100 m2 These were likely private, and not Nielsen (1990) 2.10 Imperial Villa Armerina 4th urban like the others here. But it 320–40 is an important site, especially for the well-preserved mosaics. Constantinian Treglia First half of Constantine The inscription is fragmentary, but CIL 10.4559; Fagan Baths (Trebula) 4th ? refers to the baths from the time of (1999) 275 Constantine. Baths in Horreum Ostia 4th ? ca.100–200 m2 This very small baths were Poccardi (2006) 178 installed into a Hadrianic horreum. Dated on masonry (opus vittatum) characteristics.

Table c.1 New baths in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century— Patron Size Notes Reference Date

Baths Asolo/ Second half Valentius An inscription notes “balneum AE (1972) 202; Asola? of 4th: Baebianus a solo fecit” but no significant Fagan (1999) 298 376 Junior remains of baths are known from there. Fagan lists the name as Asola, but this city in Lombardy does not seem to have existed in antiquity. Asolo (ancient Acelum) in the Veneto seems like a better option. Terme Catania 4th–5th Currently Only 10 rooms remain, which Wilson (1990) 93 dell’Indirizzo (Catina) preserved were incorporated into S. Maria sections: ca.400 dell’Indirizzo convent. m2 Baths in Domus Ostia 4th–5th ca.250 m2 These were built into a corner of Poccardi (2006) 178 dei Dioscuri a 2nd c. house. Poccardi suggests they were private, because they could only be accessed through the house. Byzantine Baths Ostia 4th–5th 1000–1200 m2 These were built on an earlier Nielsen (1990) 2.6; 390–425 domus. Dated on masonry style. Heres (1982) 511–15 Terme di via Ostia Second half 200 m2 These are the smallest public Nielsen (1990) 2.6; della Foce (Small of 5th baths at Ostia. Dated on masonry Heres (1982) 434 Baths) 450–500 style. Baths at Ticinum Pavia 5th–6th Theoderic Excerpta Valesiana says “item Excerpta Valesiana Ticino […] thermas fecit.” An 2.71; CIL 5.6418=ILS inscription found there notes 829 Athalaric. It is unclear if the use of fecit indicates a new construction or simply some repair or restoration carried out on an older building. Baths Verona 5th–6th Theoderic Anonymous Valesianus says “item Excerpta Valesiana Veronae thermas […] fecit.” It is 2.71 unclear if the use of fecit indicates a new construction or simply some repair or restoration carried out on an older building.

Table c.2 Bath repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Venusia Baths Venosa 3rd–4th New mosaics were laid. Nielsen (1990) 2.8 Double Baths at Fossombrone 3rd–4th Minor rebuilding occurred. Nielsen (1990) 2.9 Forum Sempronii Baths in Region IV Tindari 3rd–4th Small baths (530 m2) were Nielsen (1990) (Tyndaris) installed in a larger insula in 2nd 2.11; Coarelli and c. Restored in this era, but no Torelli (1984) 388 details provided. Cinquecento Baths Rome 3rd–4th There is evidence for blocked Hubert (2007) doorways, which suggest a 130; Meneghini change in layout or function. and Santangeli Valenzani (1996) 59–60 Lavinium Baths Practica di Mare 3rd–4th Constantine The emperor was named in Jouffroy (1986) unedited inscription. 165

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Table c.2 Bath repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Severan Baths Castelporziano First half of 4th Several retaining walls were put Claridge (1985) in to support the vault. The large 71ff hot-water pool was removed and replaced with two smaller basins. Baths of Agrippa Rome First half of 4th Constantius and An inscription notes restoration. CIL 6.1165 Constans Very little of the building is preserved, so little is known about these phases. Central Baths (Terme Porto Torres First half of 4th This complex is poorly Nielsen (1990) del ‘Palazzo di Re (Turris Libisonis) preserved. 2.18 Barbaro’) Baths of Neptune Ostia First half of 4th There was significant Poccardi (2006) reconstruction. A new caldarium 171; Heres (1978) installed inside a previous 103 frigidarium, reusing elements of the previous heating system. New rooms were added to the back of the complex. These works are dated from Constantinian-era brickstamps in the suspensurae of the new heated room. Baths Amiternum First half of 4th Anonymous patron These were restored after a long AE (1937) 119; 325 period of disuse at the expense Ward-Perkins of the patron of the town. (1984) 20 Winter Baths Otricoli First half of 4th C. Cluvius Martinus Restored by two local CIL 11.4095=ILS (Oriculum) 341 and M. Caesolius magistrates. 5696; CIL 11.4096; Saturninus Ward-Perkins (1984) 20 Unnamed Baths Ostia First half of 4th Constantius and The inscription notes that CIL 14.135 340–350 Constans restoration took place for “[therm]as incuria longi temporis destituta[s].” Baths of Mithras Ostia First half of 4th Major rebuilding and Poccardi (2006) redecorating took place, 170; Heres (1982) including two new apses, door- 437–33 blockings and reconfigured walls. This is dated on masonry style. Herdonia Baths Ordona 4th? Walls constructed in a late Volpe (2006) 565 After 346? masonry style were found in the complex. These may be repairs following from an earthquake in the region that is dated to 346. Severan (?) Baths Lago Patria First half of 4th ? Virius Audentius The inscription relates to the CIL 10.3714 (Liternum) Before 383 Aemilianus; movement of a statue from a supervised hidden place to the ‘thronged by Tannonius Severan baths’. Chrysantius Baths of Caracalla Rome 4th The baths were redecorated. Chronography of 354 1.148; Nielsen (1990) 2.3 Small Baths Nora 4th New mosaics were laid. Nielsen (1990) 2.18 Baths of Venus Lago Patria 4th (probably Domitius The inscription notes that the ILS 5693; Fagan (Liternum) second half) Severianus; carried governor of Campania rebuilt (1999) 245 out by Sentius the baths damaged by age, and Marsus that the work was carried out by the curator of Capua, Liternum and Cumae.

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Table c.2 Bath repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Interamna Lirenas Pignataro 4th ? Marcus Sentius An inscription commemorates CIL 10.5348; Baths Interamna Crispinus this local magistrate and Ward-Perkins benefactor, who restored the (1984) 20 baths. Naniglio Baths Gioiosa Ionica 4th ? Jouffroy notes a repair and that Jouffroy (1986) vestiges of a late bath have been 166 discovered. This was likely a villa site, so probably not public. Thermae Silvani Sepino Second half of 4th Fabius Maximus, An inscription notes restoration CIL 9.2447; Fagan (Saepinum) 352–57 rector provinciae of the baths from the (1999) 242 benefactor’s own funds. Telesia Baths Telese Terme Second half of 4th Fabius Maximus, An inscription notes the CIL 9.2212=ILS 352–57 rector provinciae restoration of the baths 5690; Fagan “curante ordine splendidissimo (1999) 241–42 Telesinorum” Hercules Baths Alifae (Allifae) Second half of 4th Fabius Maximus, An inscription notes that baths CIL 9.2338=ILS 352–57 rector provinciae were restored “a fundamentis” 5691; Fagan after an earthquake. (1999) 242 Spoletium Baths Spoleto Second half of 4th Constantius and An inscription records that CIL 11.4781; 355–60 Julian the emperors restored baths Fagan (1999) 237 destroyed by fire. Regium Iulium Baths Reggio Calabria Second half of 4th Valens, Gratian and An inscription notes the AE (1913) no.227; (Regium) 374 Valentinian emperors ‘returned the baths, Fagan (1999) 237 which had collapsed through old age and an earthquake to their own people, the Rhegians; they improved the baths’ refinements and appearance’ Maritime Baths/Porta Ostia Second half of 4th Proculus Gregorius, An inscription notes works CIL 14.137=ILS Marina Baths 375–78 praefectus annonae carried out on the thermae 5694; Poccardi on behalf of maritimae. There has always (2006) 174 Valens, Gratian and been some confusion about this Valentinian III because it was found out of place and other baths at Ostia are frequently called the Maritime baths. Poccardi firmly states that this must have come from the Porta Marina baths (which, given the imperial involvement, makes sense) and relates to the period when new mosaics and marble veneers were installed. Forum Baths Ostia Second half of 4th Ragonius Vincentius This restoration is often CIL 14.4718; AE 385–89 Celsus, praefectus ascribed to the prefect. The (1955) no. 28; annonae works involved altering the Poccardi (2006) connections between a few 171; Heres (1982) rooms and disconnecting one 401; on the room from the heating elements. praefectus: Boin Poccardi also notes the addition (2013) 148 of an apse to a pool, but Heres (1982) 401 claims this is early 4th c. Baths at Antium Anzio Second half of 4th Anicius Auchenius An inscription notes that the CIL 10.6656=ILS 379–82 Bassus, proconsul governor restored the baths. 5702; Fagan Campaniae (1999) 244 Tarracina Baths Terracina Second half of 4th Avianus Vindicianus An inscription records that the CIL 10.6312; After 378 baths were restored. Fagan (1999) 243

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Table c.2 Bath repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Baths of the Ostia Second half of Valerius Faltonius Fistulae with the inscription CIL 15.7571; Lighthouse 4th? Adelfius? VALERI FALTONI ADELFI’ Geremia Nucci VC ET IN and ET ANICIAE (2000) 400–404 ITALICAE was found, likely connected to individuals operating in the late 4th c. Saena Baths Siena Second half of 4th Anonymous patron An inscription noting the repair CIL 6.1793; Ward- of the baths was found on a Perkins (1984) 20 statue base in Rome. Baths of Novianus (or Cassino Second half of 4th C. Paccius Felix, An inscription notes a CIL 10.5200; Novius) curator rei publicae restoration for baths that had Fagan (1999) 275 been out of use for some years. Constantinian Baths Treglia (Trebula) Second half of 4th L. Alfius Fannius An inscription is fragmentary CIL 10.4559; Primus So[…] but notes a bath repair. Fagan (1999) 275 Baths of Gratian Susa (Segusio) Second half of 4th Anonymous Work by anonymous mag(ister) CIL 5.7250=ILS mag[…] or mag(istratus) noting giving 5701; Fagan pipes, leading water as well as (1999) 281 other necessary gifts.

Pentascienses Baths Taranto Second half of 4th Furius Togius An inscription notes the ILS 5700; Fagan Quintillus restoration of the water supply, (1999) 312 which had been cut off by an earthquake, thereby restoring their use. Baths of the Ostia Second half of 4th A new apsidal pool was added. Boersma (1985) Philosopher Its date is based on masonry 45–46 style, including many reused pieces. Winter Baths Otricoli 4th–5th C. Volusius Victor An inscription notes that baths CIL 11.4094; (Ocriculum) were restored to their original Fagan (1999) 281 glory. Isola Sacra Baths Ostia 4th–5th The baths went through Nielsen (1990) a substantial phase of 2.4; Pavolini reconstruction around this (2006) 279 time, but this has not been fully examined. Puteoli Baths Pozzuoli 4th–5th Septimius The governor is called a ‘restorer CIL 10.1707=ILS Rusticus, consularis of baths’. 5692; Fagan Campaniae (1999) 245–46 Vada Baths San Gaetano di 4th–5th Two new praefurnia built, two Nielsen (1990) Vada rooms exchanged functions and 2.10; Pasquinucci possibly an apse was built. and Alessi (1987) 127 Baths of Tuscianus Bolsena 4th–5th Maecius Paternus, Maecius Paternus is noted as CIL 11.7298; (Volsinii) curator et patrono restorer of the baths on funerary Fagan (1999) 281 civitatis inscription. Grumentum Baths Grumento Nova 4th–5th Rullus Festus, An inscription notes CIL 10.212; Fagan corrector Lucaniae et ornamentum were put together (1999) 246 Brittiorum for the baths. The baths are very poorly preserved. Beneventum Baths Benevento 4th–5th Anonymous patron An inscription referring to the CIL 9.1596=ILS repair has been dated by Nielsen 5511; Fagan to the 4th or 5th c. Fagan notes (1999) 299 that although unlikely, it could be 6th c. The inscription does note that the baths (and much of the rest of the city) were restored after an enemy burned nearly everything.

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Table c.2 Bath repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Baths of Trajan Rome 4th–5th Julius Felix An inscription notes the addition CIL 6.1670; Campanianus, of statues to the baths. Nielsen (1990) 2.3 praefectus urbi Severan Baths Castelporziano 5th Further reinforcements were Claridge (1985) added to the vaults. The baths 75 overall were reduced by 1/5 in size. The dating comes from masonry style, which features reused brick in opus vittatum. Grandi Termi Aquileia 5th A new mosaic was laid down Rubinich (2011); After 452? in one room during this period, Rubinich (2012) dated from ceramics sealed 625 beneath it. Rubinich (2011) k2 notes that the baths saw “the recovery of Aquileia after the plunder of Attila the Hun” although the connection to the year 452 is tenuous. Baths of Sura Rome First half of 5th Caecina Decius This is the repair of the damage CIL 6.1703; Aginatius Albinus, caused by Alaric’s sack. These Nielsen (1990) 2.3 praefectus urbi baths are only known from the Severan marble plan. Interamna Lirenas Pignataro First half of 5th Marcus Sentius An inscription on a statue base CIL 10.5349; Baths Interamna 408 Redemptus for local benefactor notes his Ward-Perkins work on the baths. (1984) 20 Baths of Invidioso Ostia First half of 5th A number of new walls were Heres (1982) 400–25 installed that reorganised the 549–53 space. These are dated on masonry style. Baths of Achilles Catania First half of 5th Flavius Felix An inscription speaks of the IG 10.455; ca.434 Eumathius restoration. The baths are below Coarelli and the cathedral. Torelli (1984) Baths of Constantine Rome Second half of 5th Petronius An inscription notes a repair CIL 6.1750; ca.443 Perpenna Magnus (reportedly small, being limited Nielsen (1990) 2.4 Quadratianus, by meagre public funds) after a praefectus urbi fire and earthquake. ‘Daphne’ Baths Syracuse 6th The excavator argues for a Nielsen (1990) Byzantine-era reconstruction 2.10; Cultrera based on the presence of several (1954) 115 ‘late’ features like a badly-sorted opus sectile floor and the reuse of tubuli in the construction. No further dating information is given. Baths of Caracalla Rome First half of 6th Brickstamps of Theoderic CIL 15.1665a, suggest works. Only one of these 1669; DeLaine was contexted, and was found (1997) 256 in a stair to the lower level in a caldarium pier. Baths of Constantine Rome First half of 6th Brickstamps of Theoderic CIL 15.1665.2; suggest works, although the Nielsen (1990) 2.4 extent of these is unclear. Porta Marina Baths Ostia First half of 6th Poccardi notes brickstamps Poccardi (2006) of Theoderic and refers to CIL 174 15.1664, 1669; However, in the CIL volumes, Ostia is not explicitly listed among the find spots for Theoderican bricks. Small Baths Ostia Second half of 6th Several new rooms added as well Heres (1982) 434 490–550 as a secondary doorway. Date from masonry style.

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Table c.3 Baths still in use in Late Antique Italy

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Forum Iulii Cividale del First half of 4th Coins of Constantine were found in the building. Nielsen (1990) 2.15; Baths Friuli Stucchi (1951) 60 Baths of Trajan Rome 4th The baths were referenced in the Calendar of 354. Nielsen (1990) 2.2–3 Vada Baths San Gaetano 4th–5th Ceramics up to and through this period indicate that the Pasquinucci and di Vada building remained in use. Alessi (1987) 121 Baths of the Ostia 4th–5th The water system was repaired in the late 4th c. Geremia Nucci Lighthouse (2000) 403 Baths of Rome First half of 5th These continued to be used as a “luxury establishment”. Yegül (2010) 199 Agrippa Venusia Baths Venosa First half of 5th These remained likely in use. Nielsen (1990) 2.8 Centum Cellae Civitavecchia First half of 5th These were noted in Rutilius Namatianus’ poem. Koehler (2007) 124 Baths Baths of Rome Second half of 5th These were mentioned in Sidonius Apollinaris. Nielsen (1990) 2.4; Diocletian 470 Sid. Apoll. Carm. 23.495–96 Baths of Rome Second half of 5th These were mentioned in Sidonius Apollinaris. Sid. Apoll. Carm. Agrippa 470 23.495 Baths of Nero Rome 4th, 5th and These were mentioned in several textual sources: Not. Rom. Nielsen (1990) 2.2; Second half of 5th VIII, Chronography of 354 1.147, Aur. Vict. Caes. 24; Sid. Hubert (2007) 130 470 Apoll. Carm. 23.495–96. Isola Sacra Ostia First half of 6th These were simply noted to be in use up to the mid 6th c., Nielsen (1990) 2.4; Baths although they might have been co-opted for the nearby Pavolini (2006) 279 (Matidia) Basilica of Saint Hippolytus. Spoletium Spoleto First half of 6th Cassiodorus records that Theoderic provided free bathing Cassiod. Var. 2.37 Baths here.

Table c.4 Disused baths in Late Antique Italy

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Baptisterium Rome First half of 4th The Lateran Baptistery was built over the baths. Thayer (2012) 7 Baths Baths in Region Tindari Second half of 4th These were possibly damaged in an earthquake. Their Nielsen (1990) 2.11; IV (Tyndaris) subsequent reuse is marked by “misere costruzioni.” Coarelli and Torelli (1984) 389 Baths of Silenus Ostia Second half of 4th The Natatio and some doorways were filled in. The David et al. (2014). excavators suggest this may be an expropriation by the neighbouring villa. Lilybaeum Baths Marsala 5th The dating for this disused bath is based on the Wilson (1990) 331. stratigraphy of a neighbouring road. Cinquecento Rome Second half of Excavation shows a change in the use of the space Hubert (2007) 130; Baths 5th–6th through several new walls, probably meant to convert this Meneghini and building to domestic uses. Santangeli Valenzani (1996) 63–69 Baths of Titus Rome 6th These were probably disused before 6th c. No further Nielsen (1990) 2.2 information is given. Baths of Trajan Rome 6th These were probably disused in the 6th c. No further Nielsen (1990) 2.3 information is given. Vada Baths San Gaetano 6th Pillars in the exedra were destroyed, and doorways in Nielsen (1990) 2.10; service area were closed and a “circular structure” built Pasquinucci and inside one of the rooms. Also burials “alla cappuccina” Alessi (1987) 127 were found. Baths of Caracalla Rome First half of 6th These were said to be disused when aqueduct was cut. Nielsen (1990) 2.3 ca.537 Baths of Rome First half of 6th These were said to be disused when aqueduct was cut. Nielsen (1990) 2.4 Diocletian ca.537 Maritime Baths Ostia LA Late antique lime kilns and infant burials in amphorae Veloccia Rinaldi were discovered here, but they are not securely dated. (1969–70) 565

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Table c.5 New baths in Late Antique Gaul

Building City Century— Patron Size Notes Reference Date Ilôt Chabrefy Angoulême 3rd–4th 66 m2 The presence of a hypocaust Bouet (2003b) Baths (Iculisma) (preserved system has led to the 633 portion only, identification of this as a bath, three rooms) but Bouet notes that the lack of any basins discovered in the preserved portion may suggest a habitation instead. North Baths (or Arles (Arelate) First half of Constantine ? 3,570 m2 In spite of a long-standing Nielsen (1990) Constant-inian 4th association, there is no direct 2.11–12; Baths) evidence to associate this with Heijmans (2004) Constantine. Two sondages have 175 revealed pottery no later than a late 3rd/early 4th c. date. Les Thermes de Toulouse First half of ca.35 m2 These were situated in the Heijmans la Place Saint- (Tolosa) 4th eastern part of the city, near to (2006b) 35; Étienne (A) the early imperial wall. They Nielsen (1990) were partially destroyed by the 2.11–12; second building (B—below) on Bouet (2003a) the site. 2.305–306 Les Thermes de Toulouse Second half 280 m2 These were situated in the Heijmans la Place Saint- of 4th eastern part of the city, near to (2006b) 35; Étienne (B) the early imperial wall. The new Nielsen (1990) building was built after (A) was 2.11–12; Bouet destroyed. (2003a) 2:305–6 Hôtel de Sade Saint-Rémy-de- 4th ? 330 m2 These are partially known from Heijmans Baths, Building A Provence beneath the Hôtel de Sade, along (2006b) 35; with three other possible bath Bouet (2003a) suites (which are thought to be 2.239–41 private). The dating is not fully certain, but this was in Saint- Rémy, not nearby Glanum— which was destroyed in the 3rd c.—providing a t.p.q. Bouet also notes similarities to the Baths of Maxentius in Rome. Place Suarès Arles 4th ? ca.100 m2 This small bath was built on a Bouet (2003a) Baths (preserve 3rd c. abandonment layer. It may 2.41 section) possibly be a private structure. Apt (Place Jean Apt Second half 13.25 m2 These were excavated in a 1981 Bouet (2003a) Jaurès) Baths (Apta Julia) of 4th–5th (preserved in clearance project. A small 2.34 section) room with a hypocaust and access to water was found in the ruins of a 1st c. public building. The rest of the structure is unknown. Peribole Baths Saint-Bertrand- 5th under 300 m2 A small bath suite was built from Heijmans de-Comminges a variety of building materials in (2006b) 35; (Lugdunum the peribolos (enclosure) of the Bouet (2003b) Convenarum) temple precinct, adjacent to the 568 old baths which were destroyed in the late 4th c. Elusio Baths Saint-Pierre- 5th ? 62 m2 These are only partially Bouet (2003a) d’Alzonne preserved. Their dating is 2.177; Bouet uncertain, but Bouet (2003a) (2003b) 598 1.177 proposes that they were contemporaneous with the church that was 20 m or so south.

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Table c.6 Bath repair and restoration work in Late Antique Gaul

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Les Thermes Arles (Arelate) 3rd–4th This is the second phase of baths on this site after the Bedon (2001) 82; de l’Esplanade first were destroyed in a fire in the late 3rd c. There were a Bouet (2003a) number of structural changes, including a new piscine and 2.37 new doorways installed, between the two phases. North Baths Saint-Bertrand-de- 4th Here, one portico was divided into three small rooms and a Nielsen (1990) Comminges small heated room was installed in a service corridor. Access 2.11; Bouet (Lugdunum to the frigidarium was restricted around this time, possibly (2003b) 577 Convenarum) in the same works. East Baths Cimiez (Cemenelum) 4th A women’s section was added. Nielsen (1990) 2.11 Forum Baths Saint-Bertrand-de- First half of 4th The west wall of the caldarium rebuilt along with a new Nielsen (1990) St Bertrand Comminges heated room. 2.12; Bouet (2003b) 574 Forum Baths Saint-Bertrand-de- Second half of The baths expanded, with two new rooms to the north, and Badie et al. St Bertrand Comminges 4th the palaestra was divided into two spaces, one of which may (1994) 62–68; have been occupied by a marble workshop. Bouet (2003b) 574

Table c.7 Baths still in use in Late Antique Gaul

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Les Thermes de la place Marseille 4th These are said to be still in use, despite some Heijmans Villeneuve-Bargemont (Massalia) rearrangement at the end of the 4th c. (2006b) 35 Mérande Baths Arbin 4th Coins from 4th c. were found. This is a villa site, so Bouet (2003b) perhaps not fully public. 590

Table c.8 Disused bath in Late Antique Gaul

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Parking du Poitiers 4th No details given. Bouet (2003b) 565 Calvaire Baths (Pictavium) Les Thermes de Arles Mid-4th These were abandoned before spoliation began in Bedon (2001) 82; l’Esplanade (Arelate) the 380s. Bouet (2003a) 2.37 Les Thermes de Toulouse Second half of 4th These were destroyed, and a new bath building built Heijmans (2006b) 35; la Place Saint- (Tolosa) on top of it. Bouet (2003a) 2:306 Étienne (A) Les Thermes de la Marseille Second half of 4th No details given. Heijmans (2006b) 35 place Villeneuve- (Massalia) Bargemont Longeas Baths Chassenon Second half of The primary function of the building stopped before Bouet (2003b) 622 (Cassinomagus) 4th–5th it was given over to housing. Thermes de Toulouse 4th–5th Excavators discovered a drain filled with 4th c. Bouet (2003a) 2.307 la Rue du pottery, indicating disuse of the water features and Languedoc presumably an end to bathing. Arc de Diane Cahors 4th–5th The building seems to be abandoned by this point, Labrousse (1963) 222; Baths (Divona) given that the latest coin found there was a nummus Bouet (2003b) 558 of Licinius (315–17). Forum Baths St Saint-Bertrand- Late 4th–5th The excavation did not reveal a precise date of Nielsen (1990) Bertrand de-Comminges abandonment. The latest coins found contexted 2.11–12; Guyon et al. (Lugdunum were from ca.348, and some were found out of (1991) 99; Aupert et al. Convenarum) context from 395. One of these may provide the date (2001) 97 of disuse, but without firm stratigraphy, they can only suggest the chronology. North Baths Saint-Bertrand- First half of 5th Access to the frigidarium was already limited in the Nielsen (1990) 2.12; de-Comminges 4th c., perhaps because it was hazardous. It was Bouet (2003b) 577 completely disused by the 5th c.

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Table c.8 Disused bath in Late Antique Gaul (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Peribole Baths Saint-Bertrand- Second half of 5th Ceramics provide at t.a.q. of the 5th c. for Nielsen (1990) 2.12; de-Comminges abandonment. Aupert et al. (2001) 98 Les Thermes de Toulouse 5th-First half of 6th This was the second building on the site. Evidence Heijmans (2006b) 35; la Place Saint- for destruction comes from lead heating elements Bouet (2003a) 2.306 Étienne (B) found in the wells of a neighbouring space in 5th–6th c. layers. Constantinian Arles Second half of 6th Excavation shows abandonment layers that date Heijmans (2004) 219 Baths from the end of the 6th c.

Table c.9 New baths in Late Antique Spain

Building City Century— Size Notes Reference Date

‘Late’ Baths Linares Second Very little has been uncovered here. The pool of the Férnandez Ochoa (Castulo) half of the frigidarium has been dated to the late 3rd or early 4th c. and Zarzalejos 3rd–4th Prieto (2001) 23 South Forum Alcalá de 3rd–4th ca.225 These were built in the central complex of the town to replace Rascón Marqués Baths Henares m2 the earlier baths that were converted into the basilica. (2000) 238 (Complutum) Calle John Mérida 4th 85 m2 This small bath building was built from reused materials in Diarte Blasco Lennon Baths (Emerita the western part of the forum coloniae. (2012) 266 Augusta) Plaça del Rei Barcelona 5th–6th The size of the pool suggests that these were public baths. The Beltrán de Heredia Baths (Barcino) building is poorly preserved. They were possibly operated by Bercero (2002) 103 episcopal authorities. The dating for construction is based on the levels of the surrounding streets. Mérida Mérida 6th–7th These were in the suburbs. Ceramics provide the date, but Kulikowski (2004) Suburban the chronology of the forms is not precise enough to move 302 Baths beyond this two c. range.

Table c.10 Bath repair and restoration work in Late Antique Spain

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Carteia Baths San Roque 3rd–4th Publius Pertillius A reinforcement or retaining wall Diarte Blasco installed, commemorated in an (2012) 102 inscription. Thermae Tarragona 4th M. Aurelius Vicentius, Sometimes identified with the Carrer de RIT 155; CIL Montanarum (Tarraco) vir perfectissimus and Sant Miquel baths, but this association 2.4112=ILER curator reipublicae has not been conclusively shown. 1306 An inscription notes that the patron restored the baths. Carrer de Sant Barcelona 4th This work involved closing off some of Diarte Blasco Miquel Baths (Barcino) the rooms of the bath complex. (2012) 72 ‘Late’ Baths Linares 4th? The pavement was restored. Férnandez (Castulo) Ochoa and Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 23 Segobriga Baths Saelices 4th–5th The date of this restoration is based on Kulikowski the typology of a new floor mosaic in (2004) 100 the tepidarium. La Calle Honda Cartagena 4th–5th This was a major phase of Diarte Blasco Baths (Carthago reconstruction for the whole structure (2012) 108 Nova) and possibly the hypocaust. Works use a high degree of spolia, which suggests to Diarte Blasco a later (i.e., 5th c.) date.

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Table c.11 Baths still in use in Late Antique Spain

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Segobriga Baths Saelices 4th No details provided. These were near the Cabeza Férnandez Ochoa and de Griego site. Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 22 Carrer de Sant Tarragona 5th A small amount of pottery dated to early 5th c., Macias Solé (2004) 203 Miquel Baths (Tarraco) and two late 4th c. coins found there. Ebora Baths Évora 5th No details provided. Férnandez Ochoa and Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 26 Residential Baths Barcelona 6th There were signs of occupation and use until 8th Ripoll López (2002) 36 North (Barcino) c., but it is unclear in what capacity.

Table c.12 Disused baths in Late Antique Spain

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

North Baths Alcalá de Henares Second half of These were converted into a civil basilica, which reused Rascón Marqués (Complutum) the 3rd–4th parts of the hypocaust system. (2000) 238 Baelo Claudia Baths Bolonia First half of 4th The date of construction for these baths is disputed Nielsen (1990) and they are thought to be either 2nd or 3rd/4th c. 2.15; Diarte There was a late stage of the building where some Blasco (2012) 67 doorways were closed and several flimsy walls installed in the rooms. This might be connected to the domestic occupation (indicated through ceramics) that was happening from the middle of the 4th c. Extra Mural Baths Toledo (Toletum) 4th The large natatio was filled in and residential buildings Férnandez built over it. Ochoa and Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 22 Carteia Baths San Roque 4th Shortly after (or contemporaneously with) repairs, Férnandez there were signs of domestic reoccupation in parts of Ochoa and the bath, notably organic remains and domestic-type Zarzalejos Prieto pottery. This seems to remain until the 6th c., when the (2001) 28; Diarte building was partially destroyed and graves installed. Blasco (2012) 103 Calle John Lennon Mérida 4th (second The date of disuse is provided by ceramics (mostly Férnandez Baths (Emerita half?) lamps). These were from the early 4th c. Ochoa and Augusta) Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 25 Forum Baths Clunia 4th–5th The area outside the baths was being used as a Férnandez dump from the 2nd to the 4th c. at least. The first Ochoa and reoccupation within the baths was domestic, as well Zarzalejos Prieto as several burials in the apodyterium in the late 4th or (2001) 21; Diarte early 5th c. Blasco (2012) 118 South Forum Baths Alcalá de Henares 4th–5th? These baths, built in the early 4th c., were fairly quickly Kulikowski (Complutum) disused. (2004) 100 La Calle Honda Baths Cartagena 5th? A large amount of pottery from the 6th and 7th c., Férnandez along with animal bones, was found in the bath. Some Ochoa and have taken this to mean that it continued to be used Zarzalejos Prieto for bathing, while others interpret it as belonging to a (2001) 22; Diarte reoccupation phase (likely domestic). Blasco (2012) 108 Double Baths Mirobriga 5th? Ceramic finds from 5th c. suggest it had gone out of Kulikoski (2004) use, but Kulikowski suggests that the ceramics may 101 have been washed from the hill beside it.

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Table c.13 New baths in Late Antique North Africa

Building City Century— Patron Size Notes Reference Date

Baths Kerkouane 3rd–4th 290 m2 This was a small bath, and is dated Nielsen (1990) on the style of the mosaics, which 2.27; Courtois featured panels set within geometric (1954) 202 sets. Large Baths, Tazoult 3rd–4th 920 m2 These have been assigned a late date Nielsen (1990) ‘Palais du (Lambaesis) because of generous use of spolia in 2.30; Gsell (1901) Legat’ construction. 220 Early/ Khoms (Lepcis 4th 3,300 m2 This imperial-type bath project Nielsen (1990) Unfinished Magna) remained unfinished. The date of 2.27; Goodchild Baths construction is uncertain, but was (1965) certainly after 265, and possibly not long before the Austurian invasions and an earthquake in the 360s, which possibly could have impacted on this not being finished. Baths north- Hammam- 4th 800 m2 There has been no excavation, but Thébert (2003) west of Darradji (Bulla a date has been proposed on the 134–35 Theatre Regia) architecture and mosaic styles. Timgad Timgad 4th? 875 m2 Nielsen says this is a late building, Nielsen (1990) north-west possibly from the 4th c. Thébert says 2.31; Thébert Baths that there is no indication of the date (2003) 237 from the surviving structure. Rusguniae Tametfoust 4th? 900 m2 Nielsen says this is a late building, Nielsen (1990) Baths possibly from the 4th c. Thébert 2.29; Thébert says that it must be later than the (2003) 221 Severan period (bricks) but before Constantius II, whose coin was found in a hypocaust pillar. Small North Timgad 4th? 300 m2 These baths have been dated on the Nielsen (1990) Baths basis of the mosaic style. 2.31; Thébert (2003) 229 Forum Khamissa Second half 2,100 m2 Nielsen says this is a late building, Nielsen (1990) Novum (Thubursicum of 4th from before 360–70. Thébert 2.31; Thébert Baths Numidarum) says there is no preserved dating (2003) 225 information, and that the mosaic which often is used to date the structure can only indicate a repair. Triomphe de Sétif (Sitifis) 4th–5th 2,000 m2 These baths were first dated on Sears (2007) 87; Venus Baths the style of the mosaic; it was then Thébert (2003) 223 confirmed by stratigraphy. Baths of Carthage 5th–6th King These are only known through Bockmann (2013) Thrasamund 493–526 Thrasamund literary texts. They were said to 55–56 be built in the suburban region of Alianae. This might only be a reconstruction of an existing bath. Baths of Carthage First half of Prince These are only known through CIL 8.25362; Leone Gebamund 6th Gebamund literary texts. Might be a (2013) 95 n.63; 530–33 reconstruction. Bockmann (2013) 56–57 Priests’ Sbeitla First half of 590 m2 Very little has been preserved, but Nielsen (1990) Baths (Sufetula) 6th the construction style and mosaic in 2.28; Thébert the frigidarium suggest (for Thébert) (2003) 157 a 5th or 6th c. construction. Nielsen notes the year 500. North-East Timgad 6th? 650 m2 Capitals in the baths were dated Thébert (2003) baths stylistically by the excavator to the 234–35 Byzantine period.

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Table c.14 Bath repair and restoration work in North Africa

Building City Century— Patron Notes Reference Date

Winter Baths Sbeitla 4th The fragmentary text reads “piscinalem ILAfr 141; (Sufetula) thermarum hiemalium squallentem.” Thébert (2003) Seems to be related to another fragment 493–94 that is Tetrarchic in date. Small East Timgad 4th Nielsen claims the building was rebuilt. Nielsen (1990) Baths Thébert notes two inscriptions from the 2.30; Thébert 3rd c. that end up reused in a staircase in (2003) 231–32 a service corridor, but otherwise does not discuss repair phases. Proconsular Carthage 4th Flavius Dardanius This is possibly a new work, but more ILTun 1093; Baths likely a restoration. Rossiter (2009) 180 Aïn Doura Dougga 4th The baths were enlarged with a new room Leone (2007) 91 Baths and new mosaics added, which provide a date, based on style. Baths of the Henchir-Thina First half of This restoration is dated on a coin hoard Thébert (2003) Months (Thaenae) 4th (coins between 297 and 311) found 161–62 beneath a new mosaic floor. (…) sinsensium Henchir-Maouli First half of The baths were restored and a porch and AE (1934) Baths 4th cella solaris added. 133=ILTun 622; Leone (2007) 91 Thubursicum Khamissa First half of Fagan notes that although the text of the CIL 8.4878=ILS Numidarum 4th inscription does not mention a restoration 2943; Fagan Baths 322–33 per se, it is clear (saying “ther]mas et (1999) 298 ce[tera rui]na dilap[sa aedificia] …”) that is what is being commemorated. He further notes that it is unclear which of the two baths this refers to, the Forum Novum Baths or the Baths Northwest of the Forum Novum. Thébert does not mention the second bath at all, but given that the Forum Novum Baths were likely only constructed in the first part of the 4th c., a repair is unlikely. Unless, of course, Fagan’s reading of the restoration is incorrect. West Baths El Djem First half of A fragmentary inscription notes the CIL 8.22853; (Thydrus) 4th emperors but does not specifically say Thébert (2003) 323–33 anything about restoring the baths. It 497 was found in a cistern of the palaestra of the baths, and so is generally assumed to relate to the baths. Forum Baths Henchir First half of M. Caeionius Julianus, An inscription notes that works were done AE (1978) el-Faouar 4th proconsul by the proconsul. Also, in the 4th c., a wall 864; Stirling (Belalis Maior) 326–31 was closed off between the baths and a et al. (2001) new annex building was built to the south- 70; Mahjoubi west of the caldarium. (1978) 209 Capitol Baths Henchir Kasbat First half of The baths were repaired a number of Thébert (2003) (Thuburbo 4th times in Late Antiquity, but few phases 173 Maius) can be given a solid date, besides one new mosaic from the beginning of the 4th c. Memmia Baths Hammam- Second half Large works reorganised the space in the Thébert 2003, Darradji (Bulla of 4th western part of the baths. These have 133–4 Regia) ca.360 been dated on stratigraphic excavation evidence. Region VII Sabratha Second half Flavius Vivus An inscription notes that when the baths IRT 103; Thébert Baths of 4th Benedictus, vir had fallen down, the patron restored them (2003) 111; 378 perfectissimus at his own expense. Nielsen (1990) 2.28

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Table c.14 Bath repair and restoration work in North Africa (cont.)

Building City Century— Patron Notes Reference Date

Antonine Baths Carthage Second half Proconsul of Africa, The works are not specified, but an AE (1949) no. of 4th Polemius inscription found in the baths refers to 28; Thébert 388–92 ‘decora.’ It was carved on an architrave (2003) 141–43 already commemorating work in the 2nd c. (AE 1949 no. 27). Winter Baths Henchir Kasbat Second half G. Optatianus, flamen An inscription notes that work was done ILAfr 285; Fagan of 4th perpetuus, curator rei to rebuild and strengthen the cella solaris (1999) 281 publicae and its pools, and adding a new pool. Summer Baths Henchir Kasbat Second half Annius Namptoius, There is an inscription that celebrates the ILAfr 273; of 4th flamen perpetuus, repair of the baths. Some changes to the Thébert (2003) 361 curator reipublicae physical structure, like the reconstruction 166–67; Fagan of the caldarium to have a trefoil plan, (1999) 275 have been hypothesized for this repair. Large Summer M’Daourouch Second half Caecilius Pontilius An inscription in two pieces (found in the ILAlg 1.2101; Baths (Madauros) of 4th Paulinus, flamen forum and north of the theatre) referring Thébert (2003) 364 perpetuus to the Summer baths, which are generally 512; Fagan thought to be the large baths. It notes the (1999) 277 restoration of the baths that were once very splendid and had fallen into ruin. Large Summer M’Daourouch Second half Anonymous patron In inscription found reemployed in a late ILAlg 1.2102; Baths of 4th wall at the baths refers to works. This is Thébert (2003) 366–67 often seen as a second major restoration, 512 but Thébert argues that it might not even be about the baths at all. Small Winter M’Daourouch Second half An inscription notes that the baths ILAlg 1.2100; (?) Baths of 4th underwent repairs at public expense, and Thébert (2003) 361–63 Fagan connects the use of the passive to 512; Fagan the work being carried out by the council. (1999) 277 The inscription was found in the large baths, but is thought to refer to work in the small baths. Calama Baths Guelma Second half Q. Basilius Flaccianus, An inscription notes that a pool and a CIL 8.5335=ILS of 4th flamen perpetuus, cistern were rebuilt and brought back to 5730=ILAlg 366–68 augur et curator rei proper functioning. 1.256; Fagan publicae (1999) 278 Abbir Maius Henchir Second half Local Council and An inscription notes that the oceanum had AE (1975) 873; Baths el-Krendeg of 4th Flavianus Leontius, been started from its roots and completed Fagan (1999) 368–70 curator rei publicae and that the soliaris, which had collapsed, 279 was restored, as well as new entrances and statues for the complex. Licinian Baths Dougga Second half […]dius Honorati(a) An inscription notes that the atrium ILAfr 573; ILT of 4th nus, flamen perpetuus had been started earlier, but was of poor 1500; Lepelley 367–83 quality, and it was restored and improved. 1981, 221; Fagan (1999) 279 Northwest Carthage Second half The baths were rebuilt and expanded Sears (2007) 87; Byrsa Baths of 4th in the late 4th c., according to the Gerner-Hansen interpretations of the excavators. Dating (2002) 117 is largely based on stylistic comparisons of a mosaic in this phase of the complex, which has parallels from the late 4th c., as well as the presence of a particular grey mortar that only seems to have come into use after the earthquake of 365. Tubernuc Baths Aïn-Tebournouk Second half An inscription notes that a new, better CIL 8.948; Fagan of 4th water supply was brought to the baths. (1999) 311 364–75

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Table c.14 Bath repair and restoration work in North Africa (cont.)

Building City Century— Patron Notes Reference Date

Mustis Baths Henchir Mest Second half Town council? An inscription notes (in the passive, CIL 8.16400; of 4th possibly referring to the actions of the Fagan (1999) 371–3 or town council) that the balneae were 280 375–78 restored. Baths of the Henchir Kasbat 5th A coin dated to 410–39 was found in a Sears (2007) 87; Labyrinth blockage in the foyer of the caldarium. Thébert (2003) 172. Central Baths Sétif (Sitifis) 5th These 3rd c. baths were destroyed in the Sears (2007) 87; early 5th c. (Fentress suggests a possible Fentress (1989) earthquake). The baths were rebuilt in the first quarter of the 5th c. (t.p.q of 410 from coins and pottery). Baths of the Henchir Kasbat 5th The baths were enlarged and embellished Thébert (2003) Stars in the course of the 5th c. 419 Winter Baths Henchir Kasbat First half of Gabinius Salvianus An inscription notes that work was done ILAfr 276; Fagan 5th 395–408 Edilicius, principalis on the building by Gabinius Salvianus, (1999) 281 principalis of Carthage. Large Summer M’Daourouch First half of Cl. Sisena An inscription notes that he restored the ILAlg 1.2108; Baths 5th Germanianus, curator baths that had been long in ruin out of his Fagan (1999) 407–408 rei publicae own expenses. 282 Mebressa Baths Medjez-el-Bab First half of M. Aurelius Restitutus, An inscription notes that statues and ILS 5731; CIL 5th curator rei publicae ornaments were put up in the baths. 8.25837; Fagan 412–14 (1999) 282 Antonine Baths Carthage 6th A small section was returned to working Lézine and order, probably in the 530s, based on Picard (1956) masonry typology. 425–30; Thébert (2003) 141

Table c.15 Baths still in use in Late Antique North Africa

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Forum Baths Henchir el-Faouar 5th Minor, continued works to the building from the 4th Stirling et al. (2001) 70; (Belalis Maior) and 5th c. imply continued use. Mahjoubi (1978) 207 Memmia Baths Hammam- 5th–6th Excavation shows continued usage until the late 5th c. Thébert (2003) 134 Darradji (Bulla or even into the Byzantine era. Regia) Baths of the Henchir-Thina 6th Stratigraphy suggests that it was in use until the Arab Thébert (2003) 161 Months (Thaenae) conquest.

Table c.16 Disused baths in Late Antique North Africa

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Hunting Baths Khoms 4th ? Ward-Perkins and Toynbee suggest the date for Nielsen (1990) 2.27; (Lepcis Magna) 363 ? disuse from the raids of the Austoriani in 363 and the Ward-Perkins and construction of the city wall (which was pre-363) that Toynbee (1949) 19 left the baths outside. Bir el Jebbana Carthage 4th These were reused for burials from the 4th c., indicated Sears (2007) 87; Baths from a number of late 3rd c. coins found in earliest Rossiter (1998) 112 burials. Further, pottery from many of the burials was uniformly mid-4th to early 5th c. Rusguniae Baths Tametfoust 4th These are also called the Southeast Baths. They were Stirling et al. (2001) 70 abandoned at some point before 5th c., (dated on coins from reoccupation layers) before the tiled roof collapsed.

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Table c.16 Disused baths in Late Antique North Africa (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Region VII Baths Sabratha 4th Two rooms showed signs of major damage, which the Nielsen (1990) 2.28; excavators connected to an earthquake in 365. Even Brecciaroli Taborelli if such a precise date is suspicious, pottery from those (1974–75) 142–45 rooms (African terra sigillata D, forms 67, 68 and 71A) are dated to the last quarter of the 4th c. Large West Cherchel (Iol 4th ? Nielsen provides this date, although Thébert says Nielsen (1990) 2.29; Baths Caesarea) 371 ? nothing of their destruction in the 4th c. Rather, he Thébert (2003) points out the large number (50 or so) statues found 191–92 in the excavations (which are thought to have been moved from temples and other places after the late 4th c.) suggest that the baths stayed open and probably continued to function past this point. Antonine Baths Carthage 5th The building was partial abandoned when the caldarium Lézine (1968) 71–72 After 425 and frigidarium roofs collapsed, sealing in a coin deposit that closes in 425. Large East Baths Maktar (Mactaris) 5th–6th In the 4th c., and possibly even after 400, the baths were Stirling et al. (2001) t.a.q. of reconfigured and downsized in order to accommodate 70; Thébert (2003) Byzantine a limited water supply. They were incorporated into a 144–45 period Byzantine fortress, which provides the date by which they were abandoned. Belalis Maior Henchir el-Faouar 5th–6th Some pools were filled in, and new rubble partition walls Stirling et al. (2001) Baths were built across rooms. This suggests a reoccupation, 70; Mahjoubi (1978) possibly for domestic or industrial purposes. 209 Odeon Baths Carthage 5th–6th The pottery from the fill that covered much of the Garrison et al. (1993) building is mostly from the early 6th c., suggesting the 260 building was out of use by then. East Baths Lamta 6th The first sign of disuse was the robbing of the hypocaust Stirling et al. (2001) 67 (Leptiminus) tiles, which caused the mosaic floor to collapse. Pottery kilns were installed, which produced Keay type 61–61 amphorae (5th–7th c.) and 8A (possibly 7th c. only). A coin of Heraclius (610–41) was found immediately above the dumping areas for these kilns.

Table c.17 Late Antique Aqueducts in Italy

Name Activity Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Aqua Augusta Repair First half of 4th Constantine An inscription notes the restoration of the AE (1939) 151; Arthur (Naples) aqueduct that was “longa incuria et vetustate (2002) 44 conruptum.” Amiternum Repair First half of 4th Sallius The patron restored this at the same time as he AE (1937) no.119; Ward- Aqueduct 325 Pompeianus restored the baths. Perkins (1984) 20 Sofronius Paestum Repair First half of 4th […]vius An inscription notes that the aqueduct was Mello and Voza (1968) Aqueduct Bassus repaired. no.110 Siena Repair Second half of Anonymous The aqueduct was restored at the expense of an CIL 6.1793; Ward-Perkins Aqueduct 4th patron anonymous patron of the city. The inscription (1984) 20 394 was placed on a statue base in Rome. Aqua Claudia Repair 4th Brick repairs have been noted in a section just Mancioli et al. (1995) (Rome) north of the Porta Furba on the joint line with the Anio Novus. Aqua Anio Repair 4th A section of the aqueduct was reconfigured to Mancioli et al. (1995) Novus (Rome) join with Claudia just north of Porta Furba. Aqua Marcia Repair 4th–5th Honorius Honorius restored this, but no further Lançon (2000) 13 (Rome) 400–410 ? information is given. Nola Aqueduct New First half of 5th This is the only new late antique aqueduct in Paul. Carm. 21, 27, 28; 400 Italy. It ran 9.5 km to St. Felix’s basilica. Squatriti (1998) 13

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Table c.17 Late Antique Aqueducts in Italy (cont.)

Name Activity Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Aqua Marcia Repair Second half of Two ‘Counts This was restored by two ‘Counts of the Lançon (2000) 13 (Rome) 5th of the Aqueducts’. 460s Aqueducts’ Ravenna Repair First half of 6th Theoderic Theoderic ordered the aqueduct repaired. Two Cassiod. Var. 5.38; AE Aqueduct 503 fragments of pipes with Theoderic’s name have (1941) 94; Deliyannis been found in Ravenna, lending some credence (2010) 122 to his claims, although there are no repairs known from the rest of the aqueduct. Verona Repair First half of 6th Theoderic Theoderic is said to have repaired this Excerpta Valesiana 2.71 Aqueduct aqueduct. Parma Repair First half of 6th Theoderic Theoderic is said to have repaired this Cassiod. Var. 8.29–30 Aqueduct aqueduct. Aqua Augusta Destroy First half of 6th Procopius reports that Belisarius cut the Procop. Goth. 5.8.45; (Naples) 536 aqueduct. Arthur (2002) 44 Aqua Traiana Destroy First half of 6th Procopius reports that the Belisarius blocked Wilson (2000) 233 (Rome) 537 the aqueducts of Rome so that troops could not enter through them. Mills on the Janiculum hill have shown good evidence for this blocking activity, which is confirmed by 6th c. ceramics. Aqua Augusta Restore Second half of Pope Gregory ordered the bishop to return the Arthur (2002) 44 (Naples) 6th aqueduct to the civic authorities in 598. This Before 598 should be seen as a t.a.q. for the repair of the aqueduct cut by Belisarius. Aqua Claudia Repair 6th A few sections of the numerous repairs to the Coates-Stephens (2003c) (Rome) Byzantine ? masonry have been identified as 6th c. based on 87; Coates-Stephens opus vittatum use. This masonry is difficult to (1998) date with precision. Aqua Repair 6th ? A few sections of the numerous repairs to the Lançon (2000) 13 Alexandrina Byzantine ? masonry have been identified as 6th c. based on (Rome) opus vittatum use. This masonry is difficult to date with precision. Ravenna Repair 6th–7th Maurice An inscription noting the repair of the CIL 11.11=ILS 836; Ward- Aqueduct ca.700 Tiberius aqueduct has Emperor Maurice Tiberius in Perkins (1984) 132 the nominative case and the governor in the accusative.

Table c.18 Late Antique Aqueducts in Gaul

Name Activity Century—Date Notes Reference

Périgueux (Vesunna) New 4th A small stretch of aqueduct was discovered inside the Leveau (1992) 276 Aqueduct city in 1961. It does not seem to be connected to the earlier aqueducts at the city, as it does not match their levels, so the source is unknown. The date is assumed because of its relationship with the late antique wall. Saint-Marcel Disuse 4th No further information provided. Leveau (1992) 267 (Argentomagus) Aqueduct Nîmes (Nemausus) In Use 3rd–4th Esperandieu calculated that 399 was the last time the Hauck (1988) 171–72; Aqueduct 399 ? channel was cleared of sinter. Fabre et al. suggest that Fabre et al. (1990) 85–87 this was earlier than the 4th c. Nîmes Aqueduct Repair 4th–5th ? A few small-scale repair projects were discovered along Fabre et al. (1990) 85–87 the channel. Arles Aqueduct Disuse 4th–5th? Burials near to the Barbegal Mill complex, dated by a Gateau and Leveau (1999) Pasqualini A1 type pot, suggest the system was out of 178–79 use. Nîmes Aqueduct Disuse 9th Esperandieu calculated that by this date, the flow was Hauck (1988) 171–72 800 reduced to a quarter of its original capacity, making it essentially out of use.

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Table c.19 Late Antique Aqueducts in Spain

Name Activity Century—Date Notes Reference

Córdoba (Corduba) New Late 3rd–Early One aqueduct was diverted and extended to serve the Kulikowski (2004) Aqueduct 4th Circadilla complex. 119 Córdoba Aqueduct Disuse 4th Excavations of the physical remains show that it was collapsed Martínez Jiménez (Aqua Vetus) or cracked in the 4th c., in addition to being cut by the other (2012) 27 Córdoba aqueduct. Bolonia (Baelo Disuse 4th ? This aqueduct seems to have been put out of use by an Leather (2002) 72 Claudia) Aqueduct earthquake, which Leather reports was in the middle of the 4th c. Los Bañales Disuse 4th The aqueduct has been reasonably documented, but there is Martínez Jiménez Aqueduct little direct evidence given for its disuse. (2011) 128 Muruzabal de Disuse 4th The date for disuse is provided by the ceramics that were Martínez Jiménez Andión (Andelos) uncovered around a regulator tank, which stop after the 4th c. (2011) 128; Aqueduct Mezquíriz (2004) 304 Santiponce (Italica) Disuse 4th ? The aqueduct has been well-documented, but there is little Martínez Jiménez Aqueduct evidence given for its disuse. (2011) 128 Toledo (Toletum) Disuse 4th Ceramic evidence points to portions of the aqueduct already Martínez Jiménez Aqueduct being reused in the 4th c. (2011) 128; Aranda et al. (1997) 334–36 Segovia Aqueduct In Use 4th–5th ? The aqueduct may have remained in use until Visigothic Martínez Jiménez period. (2011) 128 Mérida (Emerita Disuse 5th This went out of use in the 5th c. due to a lack of repairs. Martínez Jiménez Augusta) Aqueduct (2012) 31 Barcelona (Barcino) In Use 5th–6th The aqueduct was standing, and probably functioning until Martínez Jiménez Aqueduct the 10th c., when it was pulled down. In the 5th and 6th c., (2012) 33 functioning baths at the domus of Bisbe Cacador and Pati d’en Llimona, in addition to the new small baths, suggest that the aqueduct still functioned in some capacity. Tarragona (Tarraco) Repair 6th A branch of the aqueduct that brought water to the upper Martínez Jiménez Aqueduct city was still functioning in the 6th c., indicated by several (2012) 35 new cisterns installed near the terminus. These are thought to mean that the water supply was intermittent. Mérida Aqueduct Repair 6th ? There are late antique masonry on repairs to the aqueduct that Martínez Jiménez Martínez Jiménez argues date from the 6th c. (2012) 35 Valencia (Valentia) In Use 6th The aqueduct is not particularly well-known, but excavations Martínez Jiménez Aqueduct at the specus at Calle Quart and Calle Cavallers have shown (2012) 33 that the aqueduct channel remained functioning until the 11th c. Córdoba Aqueduct In use 6th Excavations have revealed that a distribution tank that served Martínez Jiménez, the north-west suburbs, as well as the branch that served the (2012) 37–38 Circadilla complex, continued to be used through this period. This is also confirmed in two sources from the Islamic period. Reccopolis Aqueduct New Second half of Very little known about this aqueduct, but remains have been Velázquez and Ripoll 6th found outside the urban area. Martínez Jiménez reports that it (2012) 161; Martínez 578 was (in 2012) being studied. Jiménez (2012) 31

Table c.20 Late Antique Aqueducts in North Africa

Name Activity Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Henchir Repair First half of 4th An inscription notes restoration of ILTun 662; Wilson Maouli 340s the aqueduct’s water shrine from its (1997) 260 Aqueduct foundations. Constantine New Second half of Caecina Decius Albinus An inscription notes that water was brought ILAlg 2.619=ILS Aqueduct 4th Junior, senator of through a pipe to the city. 5789=CIL 8.7034 388–92 consular rank Guelma Repair Second half of An inscription notes repairs. ILAlg 1.256=CIL Aqueduct 4th 8.5335 364–75

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Table c.20 Late Antique aqueducts in North Africa (cont.)

Name Activity Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Dougga Repair Second half of Lucius Napotius Felix, An inscription notes repairs of the channel ILAfr 533; Wilson Aqueduct 4th curator and perpetual that had collapsed through age. (1997) 314 376 flamen Tazoult Repair Second half of Lucius Silicius Rufus, Both the curia building and the aqueduct of ILS 5520; Ward- Aqueduct 4th duumvir, curator Lambaesis were restored by the patron. Perkins (1998a) 379–83 379; Lepelley (1979) 420–1. Zaghouan In Use 6th This was in use during the Vandal period, Sears (2007) 38; Aqueduct but then cut and restored in the Byzantine. Wilson (1998) (Carthage) 93–97

Table c.21 New spectacle buildings in Late Antique Italy (Note: bold = circus, italics = theatre, bold-italics = amphitheatre)

Building City Century—Date Patron Size Notes Reference

Circus of Rome First half of 4th Maxentius 520 m × 92 m This circus was located between Humphrey Maxentius 306–12 2nd and 3rd milestones on (1986) 601 the Via Appia, connected to the Imperial Villa, and thus likely semi—or fully private. Humphrey suggests that it would have primarily been used for the imperial court, servants and the nobility. The date is established from inscriptions referring to its builder Maxentius. Mediolanum Milan First half of 4th Maximian ca.460 m × This is known through a few Humphrey Circus Before 305 67–68 m toponyms as well as sporadic (1986) 619 excavation in basements of buildings in the area. The date has not been confirmed archaeologically, but good circumstantial evidence points to Maximian, starting in the 290s. Circus Aquileia First half of 4th Maximian ? 450 m × 85 m This was built in the northwest Humphrey ca.305 quarter of the city, and known (1986) 625 through several excavations. The date has not been confirmed, but must be before 425, and probably before the mid-4th c. Humphrey connects this circus to that of Milan and argues for Maximian as the constructor. Circus Ravenna 5th ? Humphrey suggests that this Humphrey Before 450? might date to when the imperial (1986) 633 court moved there, 402. Has to be before 450, when a race was mentioned. There is some toponymic evidence that it was in the southeast, but nothing has ever been uncovered of it. Theatre Ravenna 5th ? No remains have been found, Malineau (2006) 402? and the date is uncertain. 195 Malineau posits that it was maybe constructed around 402 when the city became capital.

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Table c.22 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Circus Rome Second half of Diocletian (or The circus was rebuilt after a collapse. Humphrey (1986) 127 Maximus 3rd–4th Maximian) Maximian renovated the imperial palace façade onto the circus, possibly at a slightly later point. Theatre Ostia Second half of Diocletian and Fragmentary inscription found at the CIL 14.129; Sear (2006) 3rd–4th Maximian theatre suggesting a restoration. 129 Mediolanum Milan Second half of Basso argues that the curved side was Basso (2003) 907; Circus 3rd–4th englobed in the wall of Maximian, but Humphrey (1986) Humphrey notes there was a gap between 613–18 the two. Colosseum Rome First half of 4th Lightning having struck the building is Rea (2001) 179 320 reported in the Theodosian Code (16.10), and Rea says that the damage was light and repaired. Circus Rome First half of 4th Constantine Contemporary sources say that Humphrey (1986) 129 Maximus Constantine elaborately decorated the structure, which Humphrey suggests meant work on the barrier and a portico, the foundations of which have been discovered. Circus Rome First half of 4th Aurelius The prefect set up a statue in the circus, Humphrey (1986) 129 Maximus 341–42 Celsinus, the base of which was subsequently praefectus urbi erased and rededicated by another prefect, Turcius Apronianus, in 363/64. Circus Rome First half of 4th Constantius II A second obelisk was set up on the spina. Humphrey (1986) 129 Maximus 357 Circus Rome 4th Constantius II The whole right side from starting gates Humphrey (1986) 129 Maximus or Julian onward was reconstructed, possibly due to threat of collapse. Acerrae Theatre Acerra 4th Unspecified restorations were carried out. Sear (2006) 119 Ferentium Viterbo 4th A minor restoration of the hyposcaenium Sear (2006) 167 Theatre in opus vittatum took place. Saepinum Sepino 4th The cavea was expanded, the scene Sear (2006) 154; Theatre building restored and porticus post Malineau (2006) 196 scaenam built. Grumentum Grumento 4th Excavators note several (unspecified) Sear (2006) 146; Theatre Nova repairs in the early 4th c., and the date Adamesteanu (1967) seems to come from stratified African 44 lamps. Venafrum Venafro 4th ? Water elements (kolymbethra and a Berlan-Bajard (2006) Theatre Before 346 cistern) were added sometime before 506 earthquake which damaged the theatre. Velletrae Velletri Second half of 4th Lol(lius?) An inscription refers to the restoration of CIL 10.6565; Ward- Amphitheatre 364–75 Cyrius, the amphitheatre with the patron’s own Perkins (1984) 95 principalis money; the structure had collapsed due curiae to age. Theatre Ostia Second half of 4th Ragonius An inscription refers to the building being CIL 14.4621, 4716=AE Vincentius restored and new statues put up. (1910) 195, 196 Celsus, praefectus annonae Theatre Syracuse Second half of 4th ? Water elements (kolymbethra and a Wilson (1990) 63; cistern) were added. Berlan-Bajard (2006) 504 Theatre Syracuse Second half of Neratius Patron restored the scaenae frons, Wilson (1990) 60 4th–5th Palmatus recorded in a now-lost inscription. 412? Spoletum Spoleto 4th–5th Water elements (kolymbethra and a Berlan-Bajard (2006) Theatre cistern) were added, but this date is not 494 especially solid.

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Table c.22 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Theatre Ostia 4th–5th A kolymbethra was installed as well as Berlan-Bajard (2006) Before 455, After Spoletum cisterns under the cavea. 491 289 Catana Theatre Catania 4th–5th Water elements (kolymbethra and a Wilson (1990) 70 cistern) were installed. Catana Theatre Catania First half of 5th Merulus, The patron restored the statues, said AE (1956) 259; Wilson Before 550 consularis to have been damaged by the enemy (1990) 332 provinciae (Vandals?). siciliae Colosseum Rome First half of 5th Iunius Valerius This is a long inscription that ran around CIL 6.32085; Rea 417–23 Bellicius, the amphitheatre in a single line, repeated (2001) 183 praefectus urbi twice. It was partially erased, but has been reconstructed to refer to the restoration by the prefect as well as Honorius and Theodosius. Rea suggests that these were repairs following the sack of Alaric. Colosseum Rome First half of 5th Anicius A fragmentary inscription refers to some CIL 6.32090; Orlandi 425–27 Acilius Glabrio work done to the building. Orlandi is (1999) 252 Faustus, sceptical of inscription as evidence for praefectus urbi any work, as the provenance of the piece is not clear. Colosseum Rome First half of 5th Flavius Paulus, An inscription carved on the same blocks CIL 6.32086–32087; 425–50 praefectus urbi as inscription CIL VI.32085. It notes Dugast (2007) 17; Rea Theodosius and Placidus Valentinian (2001) 185; Orlandi (pro felicitate dominorum nostrorum (1999) 259 Theodosii et Placidi Valentiniani), and so may date from 425–50. It may have been put up after an earthquake in 429 of 443, although Rea and Orlandi both note some problems with the chronology for all of these 5th c. repairs. Colosseum Rome First half of 5th Rufius An inscription notes that Lampadius CIL 6.32086–87; 429–50 Caecina Felix rebuilt the arena and restored the steps Dugast (2007) 17; Rea Lampadius, where spectators sat, after another (2001) 187–88 praefectus urbi earthquake, possibly in 422 or 443. Colosseum Rome First half of 5th Another long inscription may note the CIL 6.32088=1763; 444 ? vicennalia of Valentinian, which was Orlandi (1999) 258 celebrated in 444. Theatre of Rome First half of 5th Sear claims that it was possibly restored Sear (2006) 136 Balbus 408–23 ? in this period, although no evidence is provided, and generally little is known about the theatre. Theatre of Rome First half of 5th Petronius The prefect set up statues in the theatre. CIL 6.1660; Dugast Marcellus 420–21 Maximus, (2007) 17 praefectus urbi Theatre of Rome 5th Arcadius and An inscription notes restoration by CIL 6.1191; Sear (2006) Pompey Honorius emperors. 133 Colosseum Rome Second half of 5th Messius There was a restoration by another CIL 6.32091‑92, 470s Phoebus prefect, reportedly after a long period of 32188‑89; Dugast Severus, desuetude. (2007) 17 praefectus urbi Colosseum Rome Second half of 5th Odoacer An inscription from the gladiator barracks Dugast (2007) 17; Rea 476–80 records that Odoacer restored the steps (2001) 190 (novi gradus).

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Table C.22 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Colosseum Rome Second half of 5th– Decius Marius Three statue bases bear inscriptions that CIL 6.32094 First half of 6th Venantius note that the prefect restored the arena =1716; Dugast (2007) 484 or 508 Basilius, and the podium at his own expense after 17; Rea (2001) 189–90 praefectus urbi an earthquake. It is unclear which Basilius (one was consul in 484 and the other in 508) this refers to. Colosseum Rome First half of 6th Archaeological work in the 1980s showed Christie (2009) 224; 520 that the epigraphic record continues for Priuli (2002) 141 senatorial inscriptions until the second decade of the 6th c. Amphitheatre Verona First half of 6th Theoderic Theoderic is said to have built an Excerpta Valesiana 498–526 amphitheatre here along with other urban 2.71; Christie (2009) monuments. Christie notes archaeological 223 evidence, but provides no further evidence or citation. Ticinum Pavia First half of 6th Theoderic The word fecit is used in this passage, Excerpta Valesiana Amphitheatre which can either mean built or restored 2.71; CIL 5.6418; Ward- (see Ward-Perkins). It seems unlikely Perkins (1984) 115 that Theoderic could have built an no.80 amphitheatre ex novo in this period, but it is not impossible. Theatre of Rome First half of 6th Symmachus Cassiodorus records a letter from Cassiod. Var. 4.51; Pompey 507–11 Theoderic to the Patrician Symmachus Christie (2009) 229 which “Commends him […] for his restoration of the massive ruins of past days, chiefly the theatre of Pompeius.” (transl. Hodgkin (1886) 286).

Table C.23 Spectacle buildings still in use in Late Antique Italy

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Theatre Amiternum First half of 4th Games were given in the theatre at this date. AE (1937) 119; 325 Jouffroy (1986) 169 Hispellum Theatre Spello First half of 4th The inscription mentions C. Matrinius Aurelius as “praecipuae CIL 11.5283; Sear laetitiae theatralis editori.” (2006) 160 Hispellum Spello First half of 4th A very long inscription of Constantinian date mentions “ludos CIL 11.5265 Amphitheatre 330s schenicos” and that the town was given permission to host the games. Circus of Rome First half of 4th A statue of Claudius Gothicus, supposed ancestor of Humphrey (1986) Maxentius 312–37 Constantine, was found on the barrier, suggesting Constantine 601 added this and continued to use it. Circus of Rome First half of 4th A statue of Constantine II found in the palace indicates that Humphrey (1986) Maxentius 337–40 the Villa, and presumably the Circus, continued to be used. 601 Circus Syracuse 4th The Expositio Totius Mundi says circus games (“spectaclum Humphrey (1986) circensium”) were held. 575–76 Catana Circus Catania 4th The Expositio Totius Mundi says circus games (“spectaclum Humphrey (1986) circensium”) were held. 575–76 Panormus Palermo 4th An alternate version of the Expositio Totius Mundi adds Pisani Sartorio Circus Palermo to the list (with Syracuse and Catania) where circus (2008) 76; games were held. Humphrey (1986) 575–76 Civitas Cividate 4th Two passages for transporting animals were still being used Mariotti (2004) 77 Camunnorum Camuno in the 4th c., noted from excavation, suggesting the whole Theatre structure was in use. Theatre of Balbus Rome 4th Ausonius notes the building among the other theatres in Rome Auson. Ludus (which were being repaired), suggesting it was still in use. It septem sapientium also appears in the regionary catalogues. 40

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Table C.23 Spectacle buildings still in use in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Circus Aquileia Second half of Julian (Or. 1.32) notes a hippodromos in the city. Julian Or. 1.32; 4th Jouffroy (1986) 350–52 169 Mediolanum Milan Second half of Ausonius mentions the circus. Auson. Ordo nob. Circus 4th urb. 7.5 Mediolanum Milan Second half of Paulinus records an incident where a rejoicing mass of soldiers Paul. V. Amb. 34; Amphitheatre 4th returned to the amphitheatre. Jouffroy (1986) 169 Mediolanum Milan Second half of Ausonius mentions the wedge-shaped mass of the theatre. Auson. Ordo nob. Theatre 4th urb. 7.5; Malineau (2006) 195 Colosseum Rome First half of 5th The emperor Honorius is mentioned giving games in Prudent. C. Symm. 403 Prudentius’ Contra Symmachum. 2.1065; Rea (2002) 133 Circus Aquileia First half of 5th Procopius notes that Valentinian II had the usurper John Procop. Goth. ca.425 paraded through the circus. 3.3.9; Pisani Sartorio (2008) 76; Humphrey (1986) 625 Catana (or Catania or 5th In 401 Sicilian charioteers were in demand in Rome, which Wilson (1990) 333 Syracusae?) Syracuse Wilson takes to indicate that the building where they would Circus have trained or exhibited was still in use. Mediolanum Milan 5th Ausonius mentions the circus as one of the defining features of Auson. Ordo nob. Circus the city. urb. 5.39 Circus Maximus Rome First half of 6th The last games were put on here by Totila. The circus was Christie (2009) 549 certainly in use under Theoderic, as it was noted in Cassiodorus 229; Cassiod. and the Anonymous Valesianus says “exhibens ludos Var. 1.27, 3.51; circensium et amphitheatrum, ut etiam a Romanis Traianus vel Excerpta Valesiana Valentinianus, quorum tempora sectatus est, appellaretur.” 2.58 Colosseum Rome First half of 6th Cassiodorus records a letter in which animal hunts are Cassiod. Var. 5.42; 523 criticized by Theoderic. Anon. Vales. (see above) notes games at Excerpta Valesiana the same time. 2.58; Orlandi (1999) 251 Mediolanum Milan First half of 6th Malineau thinks that Theoderic’s appointment of a tribunus Cassiod. Var. 7.10; Theatre 523–26 voluptatum indicates that this was still being used. Malineau (2006) 195 Theatre Ravenna First half of 6th Malineau argues that the evidence of the Variae (although she Cassiod. Var. 5.25; cites no particular letter) suggests this was still used. Malineau (2006) 195 Circus Ravenna First half of 6th The Anonymous Valesianus mentions that Theoderic gave Excerpta Valesiana games in the circus after he killed Odoacer 12.60; Humphrey (1986) 633

Ravenna Ravenna First half of 6th The Anonymous Valesianus mentions that Theoderic gave Excerpta Valesiana Amphitheatre games in the amphitheatre after he killed Odoacer 12.60

Table C.24 Disused spectacle buildings in Late Antique Italy

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Venafrum Venafro First half of 4th A large earthquake greatly damaged the building, which was Berlan-Bajard Theatre 346 abandoned at some point in the 4th c. before being reused in the (2006) 506 5th. Spoletum Spoleto 4th This was closed in the 4th c. due in part to a collapse in the walls, Christie (2009) 225 Amphitheatre caused by an earthquake. Taurinum Turin 4th The disuse of this building is suggested by the fact that it is only Christie (2009) 224 Theatre a few meters from a 4th c. church, which would be an unusual arrangement, if the theatre was still in use. Tyndaris Tindari 4th This theatre collapsed in an earthquake sometime before the Wilson (1990) 60 Theatre 4th c., after it had been converted in the 2nd–3rd c. to host gladiatorial combats and possibly venationes.

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Table C.24 Disused spectacle buildings in Late Antique Italy (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Catana Catania 4th ? This was already closed and in disrepair by the time the theatre Wilson (1990) 333 Amphitheatre Before early 5th was restored. Amphitheatre Aquileia 4th ? The amphitheatre was presumably out of function by the time Christie (2009) Before 395 elements of it were spoliated into wall, although Bertacchi does 227; Bertacchi not directly note any elements of the amphitheatre in the late (1994) 166 antique fortifications. Crypta Balbi Rome Second half of A layer of soil, possibly deposited by a flood, built up across Manacorda (2001) 4th the portico, indicating that it had been disused. The site has a 42 long history of reoccupation following this period. There is no indication of what was happening at the adjacent theatre. Acrae Theatre Palazzolo Before 5th By the late Roman period, buildings encroached on the eastern Wilson (1990) 57 Acreide side of the cavea and there were grain stores where the scaenae frons had been. Acelum Theatre Asolo Second half of Burnt timbers were found, suggesting a destructive fire. The date Basso in Rosato 4th–5th is based on ceramics found on the paving of the cryptoporticus. (2000) 137 Theatre of Rome First half of 5th ? There is very little information about how the theatre went out Manacorda (2001) Balbus of use. It was still listed in the 5th c. next to the other theatres 49; Malineau in Rome, which may suggest continued use. And yet, the (2006) 195 neighbouring crypta was disused by this period. Malineau thinks it was abandoned by the early 5th c. Albintimilium Ventimiglia 5th Christie notes that burials were set around the theatre by around Christie (2009) 225 Theatre Before 450 this date. In reality, there were intramural burials, but they were in a neighbouring (ca.100 m east) building. While this may indicate the state of the city at this period, it is not necessarily indicative of the theatre. Circus Aquileia 6th This was left outside reduced walls, maybe disused. Christie Christie (2009) 227 suggests this happened in the 5th c. (c. 420). Colosseum Rome First half of 6th The inscribed name of Gerontius, vir spectabilis, on top of a pillar AE (1990) 29; Rea Before 523 in the earthquake-damaged southwest section, shows that he and Pani (2002) had the right to quarry there. Nothing further is known about his 153–60 activities on the building.

Table C.25 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique Gaul

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Arelate Arles First half of 4th Constantine ? The complex was augmented in the late 3rd or early 4th c. Sintès (1994) Circus with the erection of an obelisk along the central spina. This is 192; Loseby generally thought to be Tetrarchic or Constantinian, although (1996) 54 no firm date has been established.

Table C.26 Spectacle buildings still in use in Late Antique Gaul

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Arelate Circus Arles Second half of 4th Private housing and shops were being built into the outer Sintès (1994) 192; buttresses, but it was almost certainly still in use. Loseby (1996) 54 Col. Vienna Vienne Early 5th Coin evidence from the circus suggests use until the first half of Humphrey (1986) Circus the 5th c. 40 Arelate Circus Arles Second half of 5th Sidonius relates a tale about going to games here. Sid. Apoll. Epist. Before 461 1.11.10 Arelate Theatre Arles 6th There are indications that the theatre may have lost some of Loseby (1996) 57; its decoration by this point and some archaeological evidence Caesarius, Serm. points towards industrial reoccupation at the beginning of the 12.3, 31.2, 61.3, 5th c. Yet, Saint Caesarius reproached his flock for attending the 89.5 theatre specifically over church. Arelate Circus Arles 6th Procopius notes that the Franks enjoyed chariot racing at Arles Procop. Goth. ca.541 and this likely occurred in the circus. Archaeological evidence 7.33.5; Loseby only shows abandonment after mid-6th c. (1996) 53; Sintès (1994) 185

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Table C.27 Disused spectacle building in Late Antique Gaul

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Argentomagus Saint-Marcel Second half of Ceramics from the abandonment layers excavated at the Sear (2006) 200; Second Theatre 3rd–4th theatre date from 260–350. Dumasy (1989) 68 Les Tours-Mirandes Vendeuvre-du- 4th Sear says it was abandoned in the 4th c., but no further Sear (2006) 206 Theatre Poitou evidence is provided. Baeterrae Béziers 4th Excavations have shown abandonment in the early 4th c. Christie (2009) Amphitheatre 300 with little activity after this point besides spoliation. 222 Burdigala Bordeaux 4th ? The amphitheatre, which was over 500 m from late Christie (2009) Amphitheatre antique wall, was damaged by fire, likely in the later 3rd 226; Heijmans c. Heijmans and Golvin report a layer of ash found in (2006b) 39; excavations in the 1950s and 60s, which was assumed to Golvin (1988) be associated with barbarian invasions. The structure was 214 built in the early 3rd c., and so the fire may well be from the later 3rd. The structure was probably never repaired after this, as spoliation seems to have begun in the 4th c. Aginum Agen Second half of 4th The amphitheatre was abandoned sometime in the second Heijmans Amphitheatre half of the 4th c., indicated by the two latest coins found (2006b) 38; Bizot there, both from the first half of the 4th c. There was some and Fincker occasional spoliation and in the Medieval period the whole (1992) 64 arena and much of the cavea was filled with a rich organic soil. Tolosa Toulouse Second half of 4th Excavators note that stratigraphic analysis has suggested Fincker et al. Amphitheatre this date. (1987) 46 Arelate Arles 5th Pottery and coins were found (uncontexted) around the Heijmans (2004) Amphitheatre building, possibly indicating disuse by this point. 37 Arelate Theatre Arles 5th Recent excavations point to industrial buildings inserted Heijmans (2013) in cavea and orchestra in early 5th c., but textual sources 94 suggest it may have been in use until the 6th c. Arelate Circus Arles Second half of 6th The circus was abandoned and stripped of much of its Sintès (1994) fabric. At the same time, the occupation around the 192; Loseby structure was completely deserted. (1996) 54

Table C.28 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique Spain

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Emerita Augusta Mérida Second half of NE vomitoria were closed, perhaps under tetrarchy, Durán Cabello Amphitheatre the 3rd–4th likely in connection with the rebuilding of the et al. (2009) 20; adjacent city wall. Durán Cabello (2004) 118 Caesaraugusta Zaragoza Second half of The orchestra was repaved with opus sectile and first Kulikowski Theatre the 3rd–4th two rows of the ima cavea were taken out, along (2004) 95 with evidence for layers of sand, suggesting it was converted to use for gladiatorial games. Tarraco Tarragona First half of 4th Constantine A fragmentary inscription was found in the RIT 98–99; Amphitheatre theatre that notes Constantine, but has no further Kulikowski information. (2004) 95 Emerita Augusta Mérida First half of 4th Constantine The inscription on a marble plaque commemorates Nogales Circus 337–40 this repair. Basarrate (2008) 190 Emerita Augusta Mérida First half of 4th Constantine Durán Cabello argues that this has to be in this date Sear (2006) 264; Theatre 333–35 range, before the death of Constantine but after Durán Cabello the appointment of his youngest son. Substantial (1998) 158 rebuilding project, with a renovation of the scaenae frons and the repaving the street around the theatre. Valentia Circus Valencia 4th Kulikowski notes that the circus was possibly Kulikowski repaired, but the primary reports note nothing about (2004) 96; such a phase. Ribera i Lacomba (1998)

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Table C.28 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique Spain (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Emerita Augusta Mérida Second half of The versurae were built after 357, based on dates Durán Cabello Theatre 4th of consulships, which completely reorganised the (1998) 169 After 357 circulation system of the building. The building was disused not long after, so it is not clear why this change was made. Caesaraugusta Zaragoza First half of 6th Excavations in the 1980s found terracing with sand Kulikowski Theatre for (likely) gladiatorial games up to the 5th row of (2006) 95; seats, along with ARS (Hayes 61B, 84, 87, 99, 110), Beltran Lloris which provides a date of after the early 6th c. (1993) 106

Table C.29 Spectacle buildings still in use in Late Antique Spain

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Toletum Circus Toledo Second half of 4th Coin finds suggests this was still in use. García Moreno (2001) 14 Toletum Circus Toledo 5th Kulikowski suggests that this was still used through the Kulikowski (2004) 96 5th c., but Nogales Basarrate (2008) 162 suggests that the archaeological material only points to occupation through the beginning of the century. Caesaraugusta Zaragoza First half of 6th Reports of circus games (“circus spectatus est”) in a Chronicorum Circus 504 chronicle suggest that the circus was still functioning. Caesaraugustanorum Arce (2001) 279 raises some doubts about this Reliquiae, in MGH.AA. 11.2, interpretation and suggests the games may have taken p. 222; Liebeschuetz (2001) place in a temporary structure. 91; Jiménez Sáchez (2006) Tarraco Circus Tarragona 7th King Sisebut admonished Eusebius for spending too Keay (1996) 36; Dupré 612–21 much time at the games. Theatre and amphitheatre Raventós (2004) 65; were out of use by this point. Archaeology has shown FHA 8.251 that major material decline of the track surface did not take place until much later.

Table C.30 Disused spectacle building in Late Antique Spain

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Segobriga Saelices 3rd–4th This was abandoned by the 3rd or 4th c. It is one of the few Kulikowski (2004) Amphitheatre instances in Spain where this has been well-demonstrated with 95 high-quality archaeology (with a date provided from ceramics). Baelo Claudia Bolonia 4th A grave dated to the 4th c. was found in the vicinity of the Diarte Blasco Theatre scaenae, which provides a t.a.q. (2012) 67 Regina Theatre Casas de 4th This disuse is dated on ceramic evidence. Sear (2006) 263 Reina Mid-c. Tarraco Theatre Tarragona 4th Ceramic evidence found around the orchestra points to Diarte Blasco elements of the building being dismantled by the mid-4th c., (2012) 215 providing a t.a.q. for its disuse. Corduba Córdoba 4th This has been dated to the 4th c. on ceramics found in layers Diarte Blasco Amphitheatre associated with spoliation (Hayes 61A, which dates from (2012) 136 325–420). Another region, which seems to have been used for habitation, has a destruction layer (with an end of 4th c. lamp) that overlays a collapsed section of the building. Valentia Circus Valencia 4th–5th Nogales Basarrate suggests this might be as late as 6th c. Ribera Christie (2009) 222; i Lacomba excavated, and says that the abandonment layer is Ribera i Lacomba sometime in the 5th c. and lasts until the 6th c. (1998) 336; Nogales Basarrate (2008) 62 Emerita Augusta Mérida 4th–5th The amphitheatre might have been disused slightly earlier than Diarte Blasco Amphitheatre the 5th c.—the point at which the building was reoccupied— (2012) 58 since there was some robbing of both decorative and structural stone before this point.

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Table C.30 Disused spectacle building in Late Antique Spain (cont.)

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Saguntum Theatre Sagunto 4th–5th The date of abandonment is not well-established, but has Diarte Blasco been suggested to have been in the 5th c. The latest repairs on (2012) 199 the building likely took place in the 3rd c. based on ceramic evidence, but there is little indication of continued use after this point. Tarraco Tarragona First half of 5th Terra sigillata Africana D, particularly Hayes 76, 81 and 99, was Dupré Raventós Amphitheatre found in the substructures, providing an early 5th c. date. (1994) 84 Emerita Augusta Mérida 5th This was abandoned sometime after the major renovations at Diarte Blasco Theatre the end of the 4th c. Stratified signs of occupation from the 5th (2012) 59 c. provide a t.a.q. Tarraco Circus Tarragona Second half of In the third quarter of the 5th c., one of the towers that allowed Dupré Raventós 5th access to the circus and forum was turned into an ash pit, which (2004) 65 blocked it completely. Around the same time, near the end of the 5th c., houses were installed in the vaults beneath the circus.

Italica Theatre Santiponce 5th–6th The presence of late, irregular paving suggests that it was in Diarte Blasco use in Late Antiquity. The latest ceramic evidence from the site (2012) 167 suggests roughly that it was disused sometime in the Visigothic period. Caesaraugusta Zaragoza 6th Dating evidence for the disuse of this building seems to come Ceballos Hornero Theatre 540–60 between the last sand floors that were laid in the 5th or 6th c. (2007) 445 and the domestic reoccupation that occurred in the 6th.

Table C.31 New spectacle buildings in Late Antique North Africa

Building City Century—Date Size Notes Reference

Sifitis Circus Sétif 4th 450–500 m × This building might be slightly later than the Humphrey (1986) 77 m Tetrarchic amphitheatre. Sears suggests the 4th c., 314; Ghaddhab and the excavators suggested the second half of the (2008) 128; Sears 4th c. (2007) 89 Tipasa Tipaza 4th ? 57 m × 35 m This was not built before the 3rd c., indicated by the Golvin (1988) Amphitheatre After 3rd reused blocks that it employed. 139–40; Ghaddhab (2008) 128

Table C.32 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique North Africa

Name City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Theveste Tébessa Second half of The amphitheatre was enlarged and Ghaddhab (2008) Amphitheatre the 3rd–4th monumentalised at a date that is not before the 128 mid 3rd c. and then restored in the era of the tetrarchs. Theveste Tébessa Second half of This was restored in the Tetrarchic era. Leone (2007) 86; Theatre the 3rd–4th Ghaddhab (2008) 128 Bulla Regia Hammam- 3rd–4th Ghaddhab notes that the theatre was restored Ghaddhab (2008) Theatre Darradji and redecorated in Late Antiquity, but cites only 127; Leone (2007) Augustine as a source for these works. Leone 90 notes that the orchestra floor was repaved along with some further repairs. Amphitheatre Henchir 4th Works were undertaken around the time of Sears (2007) 89; Kasbat 337–40 Constantine II. Dedications and archaeological Leone (2007) 91 (Thuburbo evidence suggests a major rebuilding in this Maius) period. Uthina Oudna 4th Sections of the building were restored in this Ghaddhab (2008) Amphitheatre period and the names of local duoviri continued 128 to be inscribed.

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Table C.32 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique North Africa (cont.)

Name City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Theatre Carthage First half of 4th Pullaenius, There was a restoration of the theatre, likely in Ghaddhab (2008) proconsul the reign of Constantine. 128 Lepcis Magna Khoms First half of 4th Constantius II A fragmentary inscription records the repair of IRT 470; Sear Theatre and Constans the structure damaged by age. (2006) 282 Sufetula Sbeitla First half of 4th Volusianus, CIL 8.11334 is a series of fragments of epistyles CIL 8.11334; ILAfr, Theatre consul found in the theatre, which probably are 116; CIL 9.23218 provinciae connected to CIL 9.23218 a, b, and which a, b; Ghaddhab probably come from a frieze on the scaenae frons. (2008) 128; They record the name of Volusianus, who served Lepelley (1981) in a number of imperial offices. Lepelley argues 309–10 that this dates from before 354. Thignica Aïn-Tounga First half of 4th The building was altered in this period with Lachaux (1979) Amphitheatre 306–12 the closure of several access points and the 125 installation of a wall with waterproof mortar as well as several basins, suggesting some kind of water installation. Amphitheatre Carthage Second half of Quintus An inscription from a statue base found in CIL 8.24584; 4th Aurelius amphitheatre notes that the proconsul set them Ghaddhab (2008) 373–74 Symmachus, up. 128; Lepelley proconsul (1981) 15 Theatre Carthage Second half of Virius An inscription notes that that the proconsul CIL 8.24588 and 4th Audentius repaired the statues in the theatre. 24589; Ghaddhab 379–83 Aemilianus, (2008) 128 proconsul Simitthus Chemtou Second half of Decimus A fragmentary inscription found in the ruins of CIL 8.22630; Leone Theatre 4th Hilarianus the theatre notes Gratian and Valentinian III, (2007) 91; Lepelley 376–77 Hesperius, along with the proconsul. While not explicit, this (1981) 164 proconsul may indicate a restoration of the building where it was found. Cuicul Theatre Djémila Second half of An inscription found in the theatre with the CIL 8 4th names of Valentinian I, Valens and Gratian. No 20157=10896; 367–75 specific works are mentioned, but it may indicate Ghaddhab (2008) a restoration of the building where it was found. 128 Calama Guelma Second half of Julius Rusticius An inscription notes the restoration of the ILAlg 1.260; Theatre 4th Vesper theatre. Ghaddhab (2008) 383 128 Ammaedara Haïdra Second half of Julian An inscription notes the restoration of the CIL 8.310; Theatre 4th theatre. Ghaddhab (2008) 355–62 117 Madauros M’Daourouch Second half of Apollodorus, An inscription notes that the proscenium, walls ILAlg. 1.2107; Theatre 4th proconsul and roof were restored, as part of a larger civic Ghaddhab (2008) 399–400 works project including improvements in the 128; Lepelley forum. (1981) 131 Theatre Carthage Second half of Reinforcement walls were put up after an Ros (1996) 482 4th earthquake (which was between ca.350–439). Probably at the same time, the floor of the stage was rebuilt at a lower level and paved with marble, and new capitals were installed in the scaenae frons. Sifitis Sétif Second half of A fragmentary inscription notes the restoration AE (1928) 39; Amphitheatre 4th of the amphitheatre at the time of Julian. CIL 8.8482; Sears (2007) 64; Lepelley (1981) 499

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Table C.32 Spectacle building repair and restoration work in Late Antique North Africa (cont.)

Name City Century—Date Patron Notes Reference

Theveste Tébessa 4th ? The amphitheatre, which was built originally AE (1967) 550; Amphitheatre in the 1st c. AD, was gradually enlarged and Ghaddhab (2008) embellished, going through at least four 128; Lepelley phases. Archaeological studies of the building (1981) 188 suggest a significant restoration or even partial reconstruction in the 3rd or 4th c. (a third phase), which seems to be confirmed with an inscription noting the restoration. Iol Caesaria Cherchel 4th ? This was converted to a theatre-amphitheatre by Jouffroy (1986) 309 Theatre removing the pulpitum, but keeping the scaenae frons. The date for this conversion is uncertain, but has been suggested to be in the second half of the 4th c. Theveste Tébessa 4th ? The 3rd phase (3rd–4th c.) provides a t.p.q. for Golvin (1988) Amphitheatre After 3rd the ultimate phase. The inscriptions were found 85–86; Ghaddhab on the lintels of the doorways that opened (2008) 128; onto the arena that note Honoratinanii and Wilkins (1988) 217 Victorinianii, likely patrons for this work. The date is uncertain, but Wilkins suggests the 4th c.

Table C.33 Spectacle buildings still in use in Late Antique Africa

Building City Century—Date Notes Reference

Lepcis Magna Khoms 4th c. A lead curse tablet dated to the 4th c. was found near Humphrey (1986) 641 Circus the starting gates, indicating a continued use of the n.1 structure. Hippo Regius Annaba Second half of 4th Spectacles are noted by Augustine here. August. Serm. 17.7–9; Theatre Ghaddhab (2008) 128 Bulla Regia Hammam- Second half of 4th Spectacles are noted by Augustine here. August. Serm. 17.7–9; Theatre Darradji Leone (2007) 136 Nabeul Nabil First half of 5th An inscription notes that games were given in that year. CIL 8.969; Ghaddhab Amphitheatre 400–401 (2008) 128 Theatre Carthage First half of 5th Destruction by the Vandals presents a definite end to Sear (2006) 278; Salv. the building, yet the fact that the statues were repaired Gub. Dei 6.69–71 in 379/83 suggests that it continued to be used until close to its end. Salvian bemoans the fact that as the Vandals attacked the city, the Christian populace continued to visit the circuses and theatres in Carthage and Constantine. Constantina Constantine Second half of 5th See Carthage theatre above. Salv. Gub. Dei 6.69–71; Circus 455 Ghaddhab (2008) 128 Thysdrus Circus El Djem 5th Leone notes evidence that points to this building being Leone (2007) 140 439–534 in use during Vandal period, but provides no further details. Amphitheatre Carthage First half of 6th Literary evidence, the epigrams of Luxorius, notes the Clover (1993) VI.9; continuing popularity of amphitheatre spectacles under Bomgardner (2000) the Vandal kings. 146 Circus Carthage First half of 6th Literary evidence, poems of the Latin Anthology, notes Clover (1993) VI.9; the continuing use of the circus in the Vandal period. Leone (2007) 140 This seems to be supported by the archaeology since the earliest tomb on the site is dated to the end of the 6th c.

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Table C.34 Disused spectacle building in Late Antique North Africa

Building City Century— Notes Reference Date

Lepcis Magna Khoms 4th By the first part of the 5th c., the building was in Leone (2007) 138 Theatre 365 disrepair and being reoccupied. Leone connects this to an earthquake in 365. Simitthus Theatre Chemtou Second half Ghaddhab argues that the city was incapable of Ghaddhab (2008) 110 of 4th organizing spectacles by the end of the 4th c., but is not explicit on the reasons. Lepcis Magna Khoms Second half The amphitheatre was abandoned in the 360s, which Sears (2007) 89 Amphitheatre of 4th has been connected to either an earthquake in 365 or 360 the raids of the Austoriani. A date in the third quarter of the 4th c. is supported with archaeology, which has been dated on the presence of certain lamp styles. The amphitheatre was left outside of the late wall, and likely turned into a fortification itself. Uthina Theatre Oudna 4th ? Archaeological evidence (coins as well as a decorative Landes and Ben Hassen Before 5th element reused in the amphitheatre) suggest that the (2007) 157 building was disused the by 5th c. Landes and Ben Hassen suggest that it may have been out of use for a while. Theatre Dougga 4th–5th ? There is no direct evidence about the disuse of the Ghaddhab (2008) 117 structure, but Vandal-era reuse provides a t.a.q. Thysdrus El Djem 5th Leone suggests that the building remained in use until Leone (2007) 271 Amphitheatre the 5th c., but provides no further information. It was reused as a fortification in the Byzantine era. Uthina Oudna 5th ? This was possibly abandoned by the 5th c. Leone (2007) 143 Amphitheatre Theatre Carthage First half of Victor of Vita reports that the Vandals destroyed the Sear (2006) 278; Victor 5th theatre and odeon when they took the city in 439. Vit. 1.8 439 Hippo Regius Theatre Annaba 5th–6th ? During the Byzantine period, only five rows of seats Ghaddhab (2008) 116 remained, and parts of the remaining structure were reoccupied. This reuse provides a t.a.q. for its disuse. Theveste Theatre Tébessa 5th–6th ? Parts of the theatre, both walls and decorative Ghaddhab (2008) 117 elements, were incorporated into and reused in the Byzantine fortress walls. This reuse provides a t.a.q. for its disuse. Madauros Theatre M’Daourouch 5th–6th Elements of the theatre were dismantled and used in Ghaddhab (2008) 117 the Byzantine fortress, which provides a t.a.q. for its disuse. Circus Dougga 5th–6th ? Stones from the circus were reused up in the late Ghaddhab (2008) 117 antique, or more likely Byzantine-era fortifications, providing a t.a.q. for its disuse. Circus Carthage 6th Ceramic evidence suggests one of the monumental Ghaddhab (2008) 120; bays of the circus was overlaid with a rubbish dump Ellis (1988b) in the early 6th c., suggesting that the structure was abandoned around the end of the Vandal period. Amphitheatre Sabratha Late Antique, This was abandoned after damage, by possibly a fire Leone (2007) 138 4th ? or earthquake, but the date has not been specified. We might imagine a connection to the 4th c. earthquake that seems to have seriously damaged the city. Theatre Sabratha Late Antique, This was abandoned after a fire, but the date of this is Leone (2007) 276; 4th ? never suggested. The adjacent insula was abandoned Kenrick (1986) 226 after an earthquake in 365, which may be connected to the disuse of the theatre. It was later occupied by housing and used as a quarry.

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Table C.35 Reused baths in the Late Antique West

Building City Region Century— Category Secondary Use Notes Reference Name Date

Private Baths Djémila (Cuicul) North Second half of 2 Industrial These were converted into Stirling et al. Africa the 3rd–4th an establishment for fulling (2001) 70 and dyeing. Saint-Pierre Saint-Rémy- Gaul After end 1 Funerary/ A small necropolis dated Grenier (1960) Baths de-Provence of the 3rd Christian? to the burial was found 245; Provost (Glanum) (possibly 5th) in the structure with 30 and Verdin burials, including several (1999) 376–77 with lamps with Christian symbols. Coins were found from Probus and Constantine. It has been suggested, as a result of the Christian imagery that the whole structure was used as a church before or at the same time as it was reutilized as a burial ground. Baptisterium Rome Italy First half of 1 Christian The Lateran Basilica was Thayer (2012) Baths 4th built over this bath. 7 315 Les Thermes Arles (Arelate) Gaul 4th 4 Spoliation These were subjected to Heijmans and de l’Esplanade from 380s systematic spoliation. Sintès (1994) 157; Heijmans (2006b) 37 Thermes de Saintes Gaul 4th 2 Funerary These were turned into a Bouet (2003b) Saint-Saloine (Mediolanum necropolis. 579 Santonum) Parking du Poitiers Gaul 4th 3 Spoliation These were subjected Bouet (2003b) Calvaire Baths (Pictavium) to systematic spoliation 565 and said to be completely dismantled. Thermae Rome Italy 4th 1 Christian The church of Greenhalgh Novatianae S. Pudenziana was built (1989) 112 over this bath. Severan Forum Djémila (Cuicul) North 4th 1 Domestic Small baths were turned Sears (2007) Baths Africa into a house and private 57 baths. Munigua Baths Mulva Spain 4th 1 Domestic These were converted into Nielsen (1990) a dwelling. 2.15 Residential Barcelona Spain 4th 1 ? There was substantial Ripoll López Baths North (Barcino) alteration in the 4th c. (2002) 36 Forum Baths Alcalá de Spain 4th 1 Political Part of the structure was Kulikowski Henares converted to be used as a (2004) 123 (Complutum) curia building. Caesaraugusta Zaragoza Spain 4th 2 Domestic A domestic building was Férnandez Baths installed in the frigidarium Ochoa and with the addition of new Zarzalejos walls. Prieto (2001) 21 Forum Baths Saint-Bertrand- 4th 2 Industrial The north section was Bouet (2003b) de-Comminges probably occupied by a 574 (Lugdunum marble workshop. Convenarum) Terme della Ostia Italy Second half 2 Christian Part of the baths was Nielsen (1990) Basilica of 4th converted into a church. 2.4 Cristiana Extra-mural Toledo Spain Second half 2 Domestic The natatio was filled Kulikowski Baths (Toletum) of 4th in, probably residential (2004) 101 buildings installed.

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Table C.35 Reused baths in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building City Region Century— Category Secondary Use Notes Reference Name Date

Late Baths Bolonia (Baelo Spain Second half 2 Domestic/ These were reoccupied for Férnandez Claudia) of 4th Funerary a domestic purpose and Ochoa and eventually some burials. Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 26; Diarte Blasco (2012) 67 Bir el Jebbana Carthage North 4th ? 2 Funerary Burials were found in the Rossiter (1998) Baths Africa north rooms with late 3rd 112 c. coins in them. West Baths Cimiez Gaul 4th–5th 1 Christian The remains of the baths Nielsen (1990) (Cemenelum) were converted into a 2.11; Heijmans church. Heijmans says (2006b) 37 that this was in the 5th c., Nielsen the 4th. Sea Baths Nora Italy 4th–5th 2? ? These were “converted to Nielsen (1990) (Terme a other purposes.” No further 2.18 Mare) information provided. The ‘Balneum’ Rome Italy 5th 2 Industrial A tile kiln was installed DeLaine of the Arval in the eastern hot rooms, (1990) 324 Brethren at La which was in use until Magliana 6th c. Bir el Jebbana Carthage North 5th 2 Funerary The south end of the Rossiter (1998) Baths Africa complex was used for 112. burials. Baths Lucus Feroniae Italy 5th 1 Christian The atrium of baths was Noted at converted into a church. site; no other reference found Large East Maktar North Before 6th 1 Fortification These were incorporated Stirling et al. Baths (Mactaris) Africa into a Byzantine fortress. (2001) 70 The “Balneum” Rome Italy Second half of 2 Industrial A kiln was installed in the DeLaine of the Arval 5th–6th northern section, which (1990) 324 Brethren at La was in use until end of Magliana 6th c. ‘Late’ Baths Linares Spain 5th–6th 4 Spoliation A small building was Férnandez (Castulo) constructed adjoining the Ochoa and baths, reusing some of the Zarzalejos materials. Prieto (2001) 23 Bath no. 1 Tharros Italy 5–6th? 1 Christian/ The caldarium and Noted at Funerary some service areas were site; no other converted into a church reference and other parts were used found for burials. Vandal graves found, which gives some idea of the dating. Baths of the Oudna (Uthina) North 6th 2 Industrial Pottery kilns were installed. Stirling et al. Laberii Africa (2001) 69 Small Baths on Carthage North 6th 2 Funerary Burials were found within Garrison et al. Cardo Africa the baths. (1993) 260 Carteia Baths San Roque Spain 6th 2 Domestic/ These were firstly partially Diarte Blasco Funerary reoccupied as a domestic (2012) 103 space, then reused as a necropolis. East Baths Lamta North 6th ? 2 Industrial Kilns were installed in the Stirling et al. (Leptiminus) Africa baths. (2001) 67

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Table C.35 Reused baths in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building City Region Century— Category Secondary Use Notes Reference Name Date

Sicca Veneria El Kef North 6th ? 2 Christian A Christian basilica was Leone (2007) Baths Africa built in frigidarium. 246 East Baths Lamta North 6th ? 4 Spoliation The hypocaust floor was Stirling et al. Africa robbed out (for tiles), and (2001) 67 possibly stone from one wall taken as well. Belalis Maior Henchir North LA 2 Industrial These were given over to Stirling et al. Baths el-Faouar Africa industrial and possibly (2001) 70 domestic uses. Calama Baths Guelma North LA 1 Fortification These were incorporated Stirling et al. Africa into the city wall. (2001) 70 Alebaece Riez Gaul LA 1 Christian A baptistery was built Heijmans Reiorum on top of supposed civic (2006b) 37 Apollinarium baths. Baths East Baths Cimiez Gaul LA 2 Domestic Traces of housing were Heijmans (Cemenelum) found. No date given. (2006b) 35 North Baths Cimiez Gaul LA 2 Domestic Traces of housing were Heijmans (Cemenelum) found. No date given. (2006b) 37 Les Thermes Marseille Gaul LA 2 Domestic Traces of housing were Heijmans de la place (Massalia) found. No date given. (2006b) 35 Villeneuve- Bargemont Novioregum Barzan Gaul LA 2 Funerary Two child skeletons were Bouet (2003b) Baths found in wells, but with no 514 datable material. Longeas Baths Chassenon(Cas- Gaul LA 2 Domestic These were given over to Bouet (2003b) sinomagus) domestic occupation. 622 Baths Barzan Gaul LA 4 Spoliation There was some systematic Bouet (2003b) recuperation of the walls. 514 Clos du Saint- Fréjus (Forum Gaul LA 2 Funerary These were reused for Heijmans Antoine Baths Julii) burials. (2006b) 35 Forum Baths Saint-Bertrand- Gaul LA 2 Funerary These were reused for Heijmans de-Comminges burials. (2006b) 37 Large Baths by Ascea (Velia) Italy LA 2? ? These are said to be used Nielsen (1990) Porta Marina for other purposes, but 2.9 Sud these are not enumerated. Baths Teboulba North LA 2 Industrial A late kiln was built in the Stirling et al. Africa baths. (2001) 69 Winter Baths Henchir Kasbat North LA 2 Industrial Oil presses were installed, Stirling et al. (Thuburbo Africa but at an unknown date. (2001) 70 Maius) Bir el Jebbana Carthage North LA 2 Domestic South part of complex was Rossiter (1998) Baths Africa used for housing? 112 Baetulo Baths Badalona Spain LA 1 Industrial These were turned into a Férnandez bakery? Ochoa and Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 21 Baths Bilbilis Spain LA 1 ? The baths were reoccupied Férnandez in the late antique or early Ochoa and medieval period for an Zarzalejos unclear use. Prieto (2001) 21 Los Arcos I Clunia Spain LA 2 Industrial These were used for Férnandez Baths ceramic production. Ochoa and Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 22

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Table C.35 Reused baths in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building City Region Century— Category Secondary Use Notes Reference Name Date

Small Baths Valencia Spain LA ? ? No details given. Férnandez (Valentia) Ochoa and Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 23 Emerita Mérida Spain LA 2 ? Part of the building was Férnandez Augusta Baths reused for an unclear use. Ochoa and Zarzalejos Prieto (2001) 25

Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Bononia Bologna Italy Second half of 4 Spoliation This was robbed for Christie Theatre the 3rd materials. (2009) 225 Theatre Aquileia Italy Second half of 4 Spoliation This was possibly robbed Christie the 3rd ? to help reinforce the wall (2009) 225 circuit in the late 3rd c. Mediolanum Saintes Gaul Second half of 4 Spoliation This was robbed for the Heijmans Santonum the 3rd ? construction of the late (2006b) 38 Amphitheatre antique wall circuit. Date is not well-established. Theatre Volterra Italy Second half of 2 Baths Baths were built on part of Sear (2006) the 3rd–4th the site. 170 Castulo Linares Spain 3rd–4th 2 Domestic This was reused for domestic Kulikowski Amphitheatre purposes. (2004) 95 n. 45 Tarraco Theatre Tarragona Spain 3rd–4th 2 Domestic/ Late antique buildings of Kulikowski Industrial uncertain purpose were (2004) 96; put up beside the theatre Diarte Blasco soon after it went out of use. (2012) 216 Domestic buildings nearby were built reusing stones from the theatre. There is evidence for smelting inside theatre. Theatre Dougga North Africa 3rd–4th 2 Industrial Oil presses were installed Ghaddhab Before mid-5th inside theatre before the (2008) 117 Vandal invasion. Corduba Córdoba Spain 4th 4 Spoliation Elements of the theatre were Ventura Theatre being robbed throughout Villanueva the 4th c. (2004) 66 Lepcis Magna Khoms North Africa 4th 2 Christian A vaulted room contained Leone Amphitheatre Christian monograms (2007) 93 of Constantinian type, suggesting it had changed purpose around the 4th c. Alba Fucens Albe Italy 4th 2 Domestic This was reoccupied for Basso (2003) Theatre domestic purposes. 906 Mediolanum Milan Italy 4th 4 Spoliation Basso argues that the arena Fieni (2007) Amphitheatre was still in use although Basso (2003) elements of the outer wall 904 were taken down for use in the church of S. Lorenzo.

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Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Amphitheatre Aquileia Italy 4th 3? Spoliation Much of this building was Christie 395 spoliated into the 4th c. (2009) 227 fortifications. Burdigala Bordeaux Gaul 4th 4 Spoliation This was robbed for stone, Christie Amphitheatre although some parts of the (2009) 226 structure survive to the present. Narbo Narbonne Gaul 4th 4? Spoliation This is not mentioned Heijmans Amphitheatre in Sidonius or Ausonius, (2006b) 38 suggesting it was largely or completely spoliated by the 4th c. This is not the soundest dating evidence, but very little of the structure survives, so no further conclusions are currently possible. Circus Aquileia Italy First half of 4th 1 Fortification The circus was incorporated Humphrey ca.300 in the city wall, but this (1986) 623 almost certainly did not put it out of use. Vesunna Périgueux Gaul First half of 4th 1/4 Fortification The structure was Christie Amphitheatre incorporated into a (2009) 227; fortification wall, and some Loseby individual stones were also (2006) 80; reused in the construction Heijmans of the wall. Loseby suggests (2006b) 39 the date. Caesarodunum Tours Gaul First half of 4th 1 Fortification This was incorporated into Christie Amphitheatre the Late Roman wall. (2009) 227; Pinon (1990) 108 Vesunna Périgueux Gaul First half of 1 Military This was likely converted Christie Amphitheatre 4th ? into arms or army depot. (2009) 226 Arelate Circus Arles Gaul Second half of 2 Domestic Private housing and shops Christie 4th were being built on the (2009) 228; outside of this at the same Loseby time that it was still in use. (1996) 52 Loseby calls this “planned reorganization.” Taurinum Turin Italy 4th ? 4 Spoliation Decorative elements of the Christie Theatre theatre were robbed and (2009) 226 used in the neighbouring church. Corduba Córdoba Spain 5th 4? Spoliation The building was Ventura Theatre significantly robbed, Villanueva effectively becoming a (2004) 66 quarry. Lepcis Magna Khoms North Africa 5th 1 Fortification/ This was fortified and Leone Amphitheatre Domestic inhabited. (2007) 144 Albingaunum Albenga Italy 5th 2 Funerary Tombs were found against Basso (2003) Amphitheatre the outside wall, with 906; Maggi material dated to the 5th c. (1987) 19 Spoletum Spoleto Italy 5th 2 Domestic/ Housing and burials Christie Amphitheatre Funerary reoccupied the structure. (2009) 225 Venafrum Venafro Italy 5th 2 Domestic There were some Berlan- Theatre modifications, and 5th Bajard c. ceramics were found, (2006) 506 suggesting reoccupation for domestic use.

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Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Arelate Circus Arles Gaul 5th 2 Domestic/ This was partially destroyed Sintes Funerary and reoccupied by houses (2008) 211 and tombs from the 5th c. onwards. Aquae Sextiae Aix-en- Gaul 5th 2 Domestic This was occupied by Heijmans Theatre Provence housing from 5th c. (2006b) 39 Nemausus Nîmes Gaul 5th 2 Domestic This was occupied by Heijmans Amphitheatre housing from 5th c. (2006b) 39 Arausio Theatre Orange Gaul 5th 2 Domestic This was given over to Heijmans housing in the 5th c. (2006b) 39 Apta Julia Apt Gaul 5th 2? Domestic There seems to have been De Michèle Theatre habitation around the (2007) 142; theatre, indicated by a large Heijmans amount of ceramics. (2006b) 39 Tarraco Circus Tarragona Spain 5th 2 Domestic The vaulting beneath the Keay (1996) structure was used for 36; Dupré housing from the 5th c. Raventós onwards. Housing did not (2004) 65 take over the upper track until much later. Lepcis Magna Khoms North Africa First half of 5th 2/4 Domestic Dwellings were inserted into Leone Theatre the structure. It was already (2007) 138 robbed of materials by this point. Uthina Theatre Oudna North Africa First half of 5th 4 Spoliation This seems to have been Landes and 412–17 spoliated for the restoration Ben Hassen of the big baths next door. (2007) 158 Arelate Theatre Arles Gaul First half of 5th 4 Spoliation The Life of St Hilary records Christie Before 449 the story of a priest, Cyril, (2009) 226– who was responsible for 27; Loseby building churches, and who (1996) 62 was robbing decoration from the still-active theatre, when he dropped a marble block on his foot. Tyndaris Tindari Italy 5th ? 3 Spoliation Spoliated material from this Wilson Theatre After 4th building was used in the (1990) 60 construction of the city wall. Theatre Ostia Italy 5th–6th 1 Fortification Blocking elements (statue Heres (1982) bases and the like) were 86, 154 installed in entranceways, converting it into a fortress. Saepinum Sepino Italy 5th–6th 2 Funerary/ Houses and Burials in Late Christie Theatre Domestic? Antique/Early Medieval (2009) 225; Period. Malineau only Malineau mentions burials. (2006) 195 Albium Ventimiglia Italy 5th–6th 2 Domestic Houses certainly reoccupied Christie Intemelium the structure in the 6th and (2009) 225; Theatre 7th c. Basso says this started Basso (2003) in the 5th c. 906 Catana Catania Italy 5th–6th 3 Spoliation Citizens applied for Cassiod. Var. Amphitheatre permission to reuse the 3.49; Wilson stones of the ruined (1990) 333 amphitheatre for the wall.

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Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Arelate Arles Gaul 5th–6th 1 Fortification This was integrated into Heijmans Amphitheatre the city wall, which was no (2006b) 39; later than 5th c. Bomgardner Bomgardner suggests this act, which (2000) 119 also includes tearing down elements of the upper sections was at the time of Theoderic. Cumae Cuma Italy 5th–8th 2 Industrial Pottery kilns were installed Basso (2003) Amphitheatre and the types of pottery 906 found indicate a broad period of reuse. Corduba Córdoba Spain 6th 2 Industrial Lime kilns from the 6th c. Ventura Theatre were found in the theatre. Villanueva (2004) 66 Thysdrus El Djem North Africa 6th 1 Fortification This was reinforced, likely to Ghaddhab Amphitheatre create a type of fortress. (2008) 117 Uthina Theatre Oudna North Africa 6th 2 Domestic Housing was installed in Landes and the orchestra during the Ben Hassen Byzantine era. (2007) 158 Althiburos M’deina North Africa 6th 1? Fortification? The substructures were Ghaddhab Theatre blocked up and structure (2008) reinforced, but the reuse 117; Leone purpose is not fully (2007) 239 understood. Leone suggests that it was fortified, which is reasonable. Bulla Regia Hammam- North Africa 6th 2 Fortification Only a small portion of the Leone Theatre Darradji theatre, the scaenae frons, (2007) 242 was fortified. Ammaedara Haïdra North Africa 6th 3 Fortification/ Stones were spoliated for Ghaddhab Theatre Spoliation use in the conversion of (2008) 117 Arch of Septimius Severus into a fortress at the time of Justinian Spoletum Spoleto Italy 6th 1 Fortification Procopius says this was Christie Amphitheatre converted into a fortress- (2009) 225; refuge during the Gothic Procop. Wars. Wall blockings and Goth. 7.23.3 arrow slit windows seem to confirm this conversion. Amphitheatre Parma Italy 6th 1 Fortification Mentioned in Agathias’ Agath. 1.14; 552 work, which says that the Capoferro Frankish king hid men in the Cencetti amphitheatre as part of an (1994) 323 ambush. Luca Lucca Italy First half of 6th 1 Fortification Blocked arches from the Basso (2003) Amphitheatre 552 ? early medieval period might 910 be connected to the siege of during Gothic War in 552. Valentia Circus Valencia Spain Second half of 2 Domestic Disorganised housing was Christie 6th installed in the stands. (2009) 222 Tarraco Tarragona Spain Second half of 2 Christian A 22.75 × 12 m martyrial Christie Amphitheatre 6th church was installed in (2009) 227; Post 555 arena, reusing some of Keay (1996) the substructures of the 38 amphitheatre.

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Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Circus Carthage North Africa Second half of 2 Domestic Houses were installed Lepelley 6th against the walls of the (2006) 23 circus. Circus Carthage North Africa Second half of 2 Funerary The south end of the circus Leone 6th was used for burials. (2007) 206 Theatre Carthage North Africa Second half of 2 Funerary This was reused for burials. Leone 6th (2007) 206 Theatre Syracuse Italy Second half of 2 Industrial Water mills were installed, Basso (2003) 6th which reused the 906 After 550 infrastructure of the water spectacle conversion. Arelate Circus Arles Gaul Second half of 3 Spoliation/ The building was stripped Sintès 6th Funerary of fabric. A few burials (1994) 192; were found inside, but at Loseby the same time the housing (1996) 54 units outside the circus were abandoned. Colosseum Rome Italy Second half of 2 Commercial Antonetti and Rea have Christie 6th–7th identified tethering rings on (2006) 223; the outside of the structure, Antonetti suggesting that the building and Rea was used for some depot (2002) or storage purposes. Some 283–305 metal robbing happened in this period. Toletum Toledo Spain Second half of 2 Domestic There was domestic Christie Circus 6th ? reoccupation, maybe in the (2011) 138 late 6th c. Theatre Carthage North Africa 6th–7th 2 Domestic This was reoccupied for Ghaddhab domestic purposes, some (2008) 120 of these houses were richly decorated with mosaic pavements. Sitifis Theatre Sétif North Africa 6th–7th 1 Fortification This was integrated into the Ghaddhab Byzantine fortress. (2008) 117 Lepcis Magna Khoms North Africa 6th–7th 4 Spoliation Elements of this building Ghaddhab Amphitheatre were reused in a number of (2008) 116 Byzantine era buildings and the city wall. Sicca Veneria El Kef North Africa 6th–7th 4 Spoliation Elements of this building Ghaddhab Theatre were used in the Byzantine (2008) 116 fortress. Sicca Veneria El Kef North Africa 6th–7th 4 Spoliation Elements of this building Ghaddhab Amphitheatre were used in the Byzantine (2008) 116 fortress. Theveste Tébessa North Africa 6th–7th 4 Spoliation Elements of the decoration, Ghaddhab Theatre including columns were (2008) 117 used in the walkway of the Byzantine fortress. Theatre Dougga North Africa 6th–7th 4 Spoliation This was spoliated to many Ghaddhab buildings, including the (2008) 117 Victoria Basilica. Circus Dougga North Africa 6th–7th 3 Spoliation Many of the stones of this Ghaddhab building end up in late (2008) 117 antique or (more likely) Byzantine wall.

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Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Sifitis Theatre Sétif North Africa 6th–7th 3 Fortification? Cavea of the theatre Ghaddhab was dismantled for the (2008) 117 extraction of stones, probably for use in the Byzantine fortress. Thignica Aïn-Tounga North Africa 6th–7th 3 Fortification This served as a quarry for Ghaddhab Amphitheatre the construction of one part (2008) 116 of the Byzantine fortress. Sufetula Sbeitla North Africa 6th–7th 3 Spoliation This was used as a quarry Ghaddhab Theatre for a variety for a variety (2008) 117 of works dated to the Byzantine period. Uthina Oudna North Africa 6th ? 1 Fortification The arcades of the facade Ghaddhab Amphitheatre were blocked, suggesting a (2008) 117; conversion into a fortress, Golvin and which Golvin dates to the Ben Hassen Byzantine period. (2004) 112 Bulla Regia Hammam- North Africa 6th ? 2 Fortification? Two staircases added Ghaddhab Theatre Darradji to the pulpitum and the (2008) arcades of the theatre were 117; Leone blocked, possibly during the (2007) 138 Byzantine period, suggesting reuse for a fortification. Theatre Carthage North Africa 6th ? 2 Christian/ Excavation in the early 20th Ben Abed After 439 Domestic found an oratory, Byzantine and Duval tombs, and evidence of (2000) 188 habitation in the area around the theatre. Madauros M’Daourouch North Africa 6th ? 2 Fortification The substructures were Ghaddhab Theatre reused in the Byzantine (2008) 117 fortress. Simitthus Chemtou North Africa 6th ? 1 Fortification/ A fortified wall surrounded Leone Theatre Domestic? the complex, and several (2007) 247 simple structures were built against the wall which may possibly suggest some domestic reuse. Theveste Tébessa North Africa 6th ? 1 Fortification/ This was fortified, likely Bomgardner Amphitheatre Domestic under Byzantine rule, and (2000) 222 houses built on the arena floor. Theatre Sabratha North Africa 6th ? 3 Spoliation This was likely used as a Leone quarry. Capital from scaenae (2007) 276 frons was used in the Christian basilica. Cillium Theatre Kasserine North Africa 6th ? 4 Spoliation Elements of the theatre were Lachaux reused in the Byzantine (1979) 61 fortress. Amphitheatre Ancona Italy 6th ? 1 Fortification A defensive wall and what Christie seems to be a tower built (2009) 228 from spolia were discovered at the south-western entrance. Theatre of Rome Italy 6th ? 4 Christian/ Columns from this and the Middleton Pompey Spoliation adjoining portico were taken (1892) 2.69 to the San Lorenzo church.

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Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Crypta Balbi Rome Italy 6th? 3 Spoliation This became a marble Manacorda After 5th quarry after the 5th c. This (2001) 45 may suggest a similar fate for the adjoining theatre. Bononia Bologna Italy LA 2 Domestic This was reoccupied by Christie Theatre After Second timber housing by the Early (2009) 225; half of the 3rd Middle Ages. Basso (2003) 906 Civitas Cividate Italy LA 4 Spoliation This was reused as a quarry. Mariotti Camunnorum Camuno After Second (2004) 77 Theatre half of 4th Civitas Cividate Italy LA 2 Funerary/ Tombs, housing and a lime Mariotti Camunnorum Camuno After Second Domestic/ kiln were installed in the (2004) Theatre half of 4th Industrial theatre. 77–78 Acrae Theatre Palazzolo Italy LA 2 Domestic/ By the late Roman period, Wilson Acreide Before 5th Industrial? buildings encroached on the (1990) 57 eastern side of the cavea and there were silos where the scene building had been. Emerita Mérida Spain LA 2/3 Spoliation/ The building was definitely Durán Augusta After 5th Domestic? reused as a quarry but Cabello Theatre there may be some traces (2004) 127 of domestic reoccupation as well. Amphitheatre Sabratha North Africa LA 2 Domestic? Irregular buildings of Leone After 5th ? unknown function were (2007) 138, installed here. Leone 276 suggests this indicates residential use. Circus Rome Italy LA 2 Christian An early medieval deaconry Christie Maximus After 6th ? was set up in the southeast (2009) 229 end. Neapolis Naples Italy LA 2 Domestic Dark earth deposits suggest Arthur Odeum that it was possibly turned (2002) 41 into private houses with orchards. Sufetula Sbeitla North Africa LA 1 Fortification Statue bases placed into the Ghaddhab Amphitheatre exterior openings converted (2008) 117 it into a fortress. Acelum Theatre Asolo Italy LA 2 Funerary Burials were found, but Basso in these have so far not been Rosato datable. (2000) 137 Circus of Rome Italy LA 2 Christian Church of S. Agnese in the Mulryan Domitian Before ca.800 Square, mentioned first in (2008) 205 Einsiedeln itinerary, was built on the vaulting. Amphitheatre Verona Italy LA 2 Domestic? A diploma of Berengarius I Greenhalgh (895), mentions 40 people (1989) 108 dying when part of the theatre collapsed, suggesting it was occupied. There is no indication of when this reuse began. Hippo Regius Annaba North Africa LA 2 Domestic? This was some late Ghaddhab Theatre antique reoccupation, but (2008) 116 later clearances make it impossible to determine anything further.

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Table C.36 Reused spectacle buildings in the Late Antique West (cont.)

Building Name City Region Century—Date Category Secondary Use Notes Reference

Theatre Carthage North Africa LA 2 Christian/ This was reoccupied by Ghaddhab Funerary a Christian building and (2008) 120 burials. Theatre Sabratha North Africa LA 2 Domestic There was some domestic Leone reoccupation found in the (2007) 276 theatre. Theveste Tébessa North Africa LA 3? Spoliation Excavations revealed a state Ghaddhab Amphitheatre of advanced spoliation. No (2008) 117 further details of chronology given. Spoletum Spoleto Italy LA 2 Military Barracks were installed in Greenhalgh Amphitheatre the vaulting. (1989) 107 Brixa Theatre Brescia Italy LA 2 Industrial Kilns were installed in the Christie ruinous theatre. (2009) 228 Teate Chieti Italy LA 2 Domestic/ Houses and burials were Christie Theatre or Funerary installed in late antique/ (2009) 225 Amphitheatre early medieval period. Larinum Larino Italy LA 2 Domestic/ Houses and burials were Christie Theatre or Funerary installed in late antique/ (2009) 225 Amphitheatre early medieval period. Circus of Rome Italy LA 2 Domestic? Houses around the Piazza Claridge Domitian Navona indicate a domestic (2010) 237 reuse, but the chronology is not established. Luca Lucca Italy LA 2 Domestic/ There are currently houses Ward- Amphitheatre Commercial over the vaults, and the Perkins Piazza dell’Anfiteatro, (1984) 211; which is a market space, Greenhalgh maintains the footprint of (1989) 108 the amphitheatre. This likely started in Late Antiquity. Spoletum Spoleto Italy LA 2 Christian A monastery was built over Greenhalgh Amphitheatre part of the scaenae frons. (1989) 107 Theatre Nola Italy LA 3 Spoliation Campanile of cathedral and Sear (2006) the Palazzo Orsini were built 128 with the remains. Arelate Arles Gaul LA 2 Domestic/ Two Christian structures Greenhalgh Amphitheatre Christian were built into the (1989) 108; amphitheatre in the Middle Bomgardner Ages (one in the arena and (2000) 222 one in the vaults), but there is also domestic reuse of the space. Nemausus Nîmes Gaul LA 2 Christian A Christian structure was Bomgardner Amphitheatre built in the structure in the (2000) 222 Middle Ages.

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