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Ethics, Free Trade, and Culture Ethics, Free Trade, and Culture: The Case of Canada-U.S. Free Trade in Periodicals Sarah Blythe Owen Vandersluis Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the PhD London School of Economics and Political Science April 2000 UMI Number: U615590 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615590 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 h 7775 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 4 List of Abbreviations 5 1 Introduction . 6 2 Market-based Approaches to Trade and Culture 24 3 Community-based Approaches to Trade and Culture 45 4 The Canadian Periodicals Industry 68 5 Canada-U.S. Disputes Over Periodicals: The Approaches Illustrated 83 6 The Moral Bases of Welfare Economics 109 7 The Moral Status of Community-Based Approaches 142 8 Towards an Ethics for Cultural Policy: Charles T aylor Considered 161 9 Social Justice in a Multicultural Context 184 10 Conclusions: International Trade, Ethics, and Cultural Policy 207 Bibliography 222 2 Abstract This thesis focuses on recent disputes between Canada and the United States about appropriate policies for free trade in cultural goods. It argues that the Canadian and American positions on free trade and culture can best be understood as normative positions, stemming from different perceptions of the nature of culture, the role of culture in social relations, the appropriate criteria for ‘good’ public policy, and the ideal relationship between culture and free trade. In this context, the relative validity of the different approaches to trade and culture is presented as a choice between competing values, the analysis of which is most appropriately located within the broad tradition of political theories of justice. On this basis, the thesis critically engages with the two positions (free trade and cultural protectionism), drawing out their ethics and showing the ways in which they can only partially comprehend the moral relevance of culture. The thesis takes the position that a normatively justifiable approach to culture and trade is one that begins from the ontological primacy of culture in the constitution of identity. This starting point is developed by drawing on the work of Charles Taylor. He rejects an atomist social ontology and develops instead a theory of identity as inseparable from qualitative judgements of worth. In turn, such judgements make no sense outside of a ‘background language’ that itself can only be developed in dialogue. As the thesis notes, Taylor’s work presents numerous problems. However, his ontology can nonetheless be taken as a starting point for an analysis of culture and trade. Building on Taylor’s theory, the thesis draws on Iris Marion Young’s work on social justice to develop an ethics which is founded in respect for other cultural forms. This ethics stresses social equality, but broadens it beyond distributive concerns to include primarily the ‘full participation and inclusion of everyone in society’s major institutions, and the socially supported substantive opportunity for all to develop and exercise their capacities and realize their choices’ (1990, p. 173). On this basis, the thesis makes specific suggestions for the revision of Canadian magazines policy. 3 Acknowledgements I wish to gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Overseas Research Students Award Scheme, the Canadian Women’s Club and the Scholarships Office of the London School of Economics. This thesis began with my editorship of Millennium: Journal of International Studies. Looking back, it is clear to me that my prolonged involvement with the Millennium community and the continued friendship of successive generations of Editors and Business Managers has been invaluable, both intellectually and socially. In particular, several friends and colleagues have willingly devoted much of their own time to reading and commenting on portions of this thesis. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Paris Yeros, Eivind Hovden, Amru Al-Baho, Hakan Seskinelgin, Nick Bisley, Per Hammarlund, and Julius Sen. Their assistance has been invaluable, as has their companionship. James Mayall has been encouraging me and challenging me intellectually since he first became my undergraduate tutor in 1991. Without his help, there is no question that I would not have achieved first-class results in 1994, nor would I have felt the motivation to pursue postgraduate studies. Throughout the writing of my PhD, he has always been available when I have needed him (even at long-distance) and his thoughts and comments have always forced me to think things through more carefully. That I have completed a PhD is, above all, a credit to my parents, Bob and Lesley Owen. My mother had the foresight to see how well an English university education would suit me and my father had the selflessness to work several jobs to continue to pay for my endeavours. Both have sacrificed a great deal to ensure that I could make the most of the opportunities presented to me in London. Without their intellectual, emotional and financial support, I would never have arrived at the LSE in the first place, nor could I ever have hoped to leave, 9 years later, having written a PhD thesis. Finally, I am grateful for the constant support of my husband, Bob Vandersluis. He has read and discussed many parts of this thesis and has often frustrated me greatly by challenging my assumptions and forcing me to better defend my ideas. He has also willingly allowed my PhD to take over a good portion of our house and our lives over the past five years. I could not have finished the PhD without his support and companionship and, in all respects, this thesis is a much better product because of his involvement. 4 List of Abbreviations CMPA Canadian Magazine Publishers Association CPPA Canadian Periodical Publishers Association EU European Union FIPP International Federation of Periodical Publishers FPAS Foreign Publishers Advertising Services Act (Canada) FTA Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IPE International Political Economy IR International Relations NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NDP New Democratic Party of Canada PAP Publications Assistance Programme SAGIT Sectoral Advisory Group on International Trade (Canada) UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USTR United States Trade Representative WTO World Trade Organisation Chapter 1 Introduction This study examines recent disputes between Canada and the United States about appropriate policies for free trade in magazines. Essentially, this work demonstrates that the Canadian and American positions on free trade and culture can be understood as normative positions, stemming from different perceptions of the role of culture in social relations, the appropriate criteria for ‘good’ public policy, and the ideal relationship between culture and free trade. In this context, the relative validity of the different approaches to trade and culture is presented as a choice between competing values. After examining the ethical premises and implications of the main approaches to trade and culture, the thesis takes the position that a normatively justifiable approach to culture is one that begins from the ontological primacy of culture in the constitution of identity. I develop this starting point by drawing on the work of Charles Taylor. He rejects an atomist social ontology and develops instead a theory of identity as inseparable from qualitative judgements of worth. In turn, such judgements make no sense outside of a ‘background language’ that itself can only be developed in dialogue. As the thesis notes, Taylor’s work presents numerous problems. However, his ontology can nonetheless be taken as a starting point for an analysis of culture and trade. Building on Taylor’s theory, the thesis draws on Iris Marion Young’s work on social justice to develop an ethics which is founded in respect for other cultural forms. This ethics stresses social equality, but broadens it beyond distributive concerns to include primarily the ‘full participation and inclusion of everyone in society’s major institutions, and the socially supported substantive opportunity for all to develop and exercise their capacities and realize their choices’.1 On this basis, the thesis makes specific suggestions for the revision of Canadian magazines policy. The thesis makes an original contribution in two respects. First, it provides analysis and insights into a policy area that has received little scholarly attention, namely, free trade in periodicals. Second, it makes a contribution to ongoing debates about the nature and importance of methodology in International Relations (IR) and International Political Economy (IPE). As this second contribution is likely to be the more controversial of the two, most of this introduction will be directed at locating this thesis within
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