FIFTY KEY THINKERS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Here in one handy volume is a unique and comprehensive overview of the key thinkers in international relations in the twentieth century. From influential statesmen such as Lenin and Kissinger, to emerging thinkers of hitherto marginalised areas of concern, including feminism, historical sociology and the study of nationalism, the book describes the main elements of each thinker’s contribution to the study of international relations. Information, where appropriate, is supplied on the individual thinker’s life and career, and signposts to further reading and critical analysis are also provided. Martin Griffiths is a senior lecturer in the School of Political and International Studies at the Flinders University of South Australia. Previous works include Realism, Idealism and International Politics (Routledge, 1992). FIFTY KEY THINKERS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Martin Griffiths London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. © 1999 Martin Griffiths The right of Martin Griffiths to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data has been applied for ISBN 0-415-16227-0 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-16228-9 (pbk) ISBN 0-203-00547-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-17491-7 (Glassbook Format) To the memory of my parents Richard Tudor (1924–1993) Lilian Doreen (1926–1996) CONTENTS PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi REALISM 1 Raymond Aron 3 Edward Hallett Carr 7 Robert Gilpin 11 John Herz 16 George Kennan 21 Henry Kissinger 25 Stephen Krasner 31 Hans Morgenthau 36 Susan Strange 41 Kenneth Waltz 46 LIBERALISM 51 Norman Angell 53 Charles Beitz 58 Michael Doyle 63 Francis Fukuyama 68 David Held 75 John Hobson 80 Stanley Hoffmann 85 Richard Rosecrance 89 Woodrow Wilson 95 Alfred Zimmern 100 RADICAL/CRITICAL THEORY 107 John Burton 109 Robert Cox 113 Richard A. Falk 119 André Gunder Frank 124 Johan Galtung 129 Vladimir I. Lenin 134 Andrew Linklater 138 vii CONTENTS THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY 145 Hedley Bull 147 Terry Nardin 151 John Vincent 156 Michael Walzer 162 Martin Wight 168 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION 175 Karl W. Deutsch 177 Ernst Haas 181 Robert Keohane 185 David Mitrany 191 John Ruggie 194 Alexander Wendt 199 POSTMODERNISM 205 Richard Ashley 207 Robert B. J. Walker 211 GENDER AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 217 Jean Bethke Elshtain 219 Cynthia Enloe 223 J. Ann Tickner 227 HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY/THEORIES OF THE STATE 233 Anthony Giddens 235 Michael Mann 240 Charles Tilly 246 Immanuel Wallerstein 252 THEORIES OF THE NATION 259 Benedict Anderson 261 Ernest Gellner 266 Anthony D. Smith 270 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 277 viii PREFACE This book follows in the footsteps of Diané Collinson’s Fifty Major Philosophers (1987) and John Lechte’s Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers (1994). It has been a daunting challenge to maintain the high standards set by these authors. Like them, I provide the reader with a summary of each thinker’s work, some biographical information where appropriate and a bibliographical guide to further reading. I have tried to be as objective as possible with each thinker, although I have not shied away at times from inserting my own judgements. To assist the reader in navigating the field as a whole as well as the particular schools of thought within it, I include a general guide to further reading at the end of the book. This book confines its coverage to key thinkers of the twentieth century. There are a number of other, excellent texts on classical thinkers in the discipline (listed in the general guide), and I wanted as little overlap with them as possible. For this reason I also excluded key thinkers in nuclear strategy, and refer the reader to John Baylis and John Garnett (eds), Makers of Modern Strategy, London, Pinter, 1991. Some duplication is inevitable, however. The last two decades have been characterised by a series of seemingly endless arguments over the comparative merits of competing ‘paradigms’ in the field. In the absence of consensus over the appropriate criteria for their identification and evaluation, it is fitting to consider key thinkers in their own right, and this is increasingly the case in the field. Thus a number of the thinkers included in this book are also discussed elsewhere. See, in particular, Iver B. Neumann and Ole Waever (eds), The Future of International Relations: Masters in the Making, London, Routledge, 1997; Joseph Kruzel and James N. Rosenau (eds), Journeys Through World Politics: Autobiographical Reflections of Thirty-Four Academic Travellers, Lexington, Massachusetts, Lexington Books, 1989; and Michael Smith, Realist Thought From Weber to Kissinger, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1986. However, I have tried to minimise such duplication, some of which is inevitable when one is writing about key thinkers in any academic field. Despite the growing emphasis on the need to discuss individual thinkers rather than disembodied ‘schools of thought’, I follow the example of John Lechte’s volume and so divide the thinkers into particular categories rather than simply list all fifty thinkers in alphabetical order. The categories themselves represent the dominant schools of thought in the contemporary study of international relations, even though there is a substantial range of views and ideas among the thinkers within them. Indeed, it could be argued that the mark of any great thinker is his or her ability to transcend conventional frameworks for analysis. For example, J.A. Hobson’s theory of imperialism is highly critical of many liberal arguments concerning the merits of ‘free trade’, and was inspired by some of the ideas of Karl Marx. Similarly, Robert Keohane is indebted to the insights of many realists, even as he has sought to go beyond their alleged limitations. The use of categories, in my view, is not meant to place these thinkers within some kind of intellectual or ideological cage, but to show how key thinkers, whilst they ix PREFACE can be usefully slotted into long-standing traditions of thought, are rarely bound by them. A brief introductory note precedes each group of thinkers within a particular category. This book covers writers who have made a substantial contribution to the way we think about international relations at the end of the twentieth century, and I have tried to ensure that the book as a whole fairly represents the scope of the field. Thus, in addition to the traditional trilogy of realists, liberals and radicals, I have included thinkers in emerging sub-fields, such as gender and postmodernism. Within the three main categories, I have included one statesman who represents the political embodiment of the category in question. Thus Henry Kissinger as the arch-realist, Woodrow Wilson as the liberal, and V.I. Lenin as the radical. These historical figures also contributed a substantial literature on international relations. The section on theories of the nation may be problematic for some. I believe that in an era when nationalism is resurgent in global politics, it makes sense to include some of the best writers on the phenomenon, even though they may not be considered as ‘international relations theorists’ in a narrow sense. Within the three dominant categories, I have tried to ensure some balance between political philosophers, students of diplomacy and the use of force among states, as well as international political economists. Finally, it should be pointed out that most of the thinkers in this book are still thinking and writing, so the reader should not substitute my thumbnail sketches for a more direct encounter with their work. What follows is intended to supplement courses on international relations, and to provide some inspiration for students entering one of most exciting and rapidly changing academic disciplines. Martin Griffiths x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Kieron Corless first contacted me in 1995 with the initial proposal for this book. He was most helpful in getting it off the ground, and I thank him for all the work he did in the initial stages. I could not have written this book without the research assistance of a number of people along the way. Special thanks to Terry O’Callaghan for his help in researching key bibliographical items. I am also grateful to David Mathieson and Lachlan Pontifex for their aid in collecting material. Several colleagues read and provided useful critical feedback on particular entries. They include George Crowder, Leonard Seabrooke, Tom Martin and David Moore. I am especially indebted to Rick DeAngelis. He read the entire book from beginning to end and his editorial skills were invaluable in improving the final draft. To all those who encouraged me to believe that I could complete this project on time, many thanks. Finally, my partner Kylie had to endure many late nights listening to the sound of a keyboard in the next room. I thank her for her tolerance and love, and I promise not to work so obsessively on a project like this ever again! xi REALISM Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical.