SS395 Syllabus

SS395: Advanced International Relations Theory (International Security Studies) USMA Department of Social Sciences

Course Overview: In Introduction to International Relations (SS307/357), you explored the drivers of group behavior (or why people, organizations, and states “do what they do”) and the causes of conflict and cooperation in the international system. As a survey of the field, the introductory course exposed you to concepts, traditions, and theories from across the study of international relations or world politics.1 In SS395, we will closely examine one critical force that drives world politics—international security. The purpose of this course is to provide you a solid foundation in the field of international security studies, including a grasp of key concepts and case studies relevant to the field today and throughout history.

In Block 1 (Foundational Concepts in International Security), we will explore how the field of international relations connects to the sub-field of international security studies. We will examine central concepts in the field of international security studies. We will focus on two key questions that we will address throughout the course: how do we define security and conflict? How do actors in the international system use force as a tool to achieve goals and influence others?

In Block 2 (Theories of Conflict), we will explore one central question that will be central for your research paper: What causes conflict, and what prevents it? We will use Greg Cashman’s literature review on theories of conflict, entitled What Causes War? in order to apply theory to this central empirical question and cases. We will also discuss proper use of analogical reasoning as a tool of understanding historic and contemporary conflict cases.

In Block 3 (Traditional Case Studies in International Security), we will review major forms of interstate conflict and the theoretical underpinnings of those cases. With each form of conflict, we will examine one case study and us theory to provide explanatory power for the selected historical cases. Block IV (Post-Cold War Case Studies in Security) will be similar to Block III, but with a focus on internal conflict and more contemporary case studies in international security.

Finally, Block V (Emerging Topics in Security Studies), we will review emerging topics in the field of international security studies. We will also discuss the legal and normative implications of contemporary tools of force and forms of conflict. We will use Block V to apply concepts from throughout the semester to current and future challenges in international security.

1 We will discuss the use of the terms international relations (politics), inter-state relations (politics), world politics, and global politics to describe the phenomena studied by “IR” scholars. World politics may be the least problematic choice, but international relations is the most commonly used, so I tend to use them interchangeably.

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Course Learning Objectives: • Differentiate, analyze, and apply the core concepts of international relations theory introduced in SS307/SS357 to the field of international security studies. • Think critically – students can assess and compare the traditional and contemporary views on security, methods for the use of force, and case studies in international security studies through the lens of the theories of conflict studied in the course. • Read critically – students become fluent in reading and understanding political science writing in the field of international security studies, both through assigned class readings from different sources and through their own independent research. • Refine writing skills – students simultaneously develop their skills to write concise, guided analytical essays as well as thoughtful and informed research papers using an iterative writing process and incorporating feedback from their instructor. • Verbally articulate an academic point or intellectual curiosity – students are able to digest the assigned course material and articulate key points and relevant questions in presentations and during in-class discussion their peers and instructor. • Explore normative questions about the use of force and the causes of conflict and apply those lessons to your role as a leader of character in the Army profession.

Course Requirements, Assessment, and Learning Philosophy:

Graded Events Class Participation (10%) 100 points Short Writing Assignments (30%) # 1 – Block Essays (30 pts each x 3) 90 points # 2 – In-class essay quizzes (10 pts each) 130 points # 3 – Theories of Conflict Summaries 20 points # 4 – Lecture Response Essay 30 points # 5 – Additional Instructor Assignment TBD 30 points

Course Project and Paper (35%) Research Question Proposal 50 points Research Question Outline 50 points Research Proposal Paper 200 points Research Paper Revision and Resubmission 50 points

TEE (25%) 250 points TOTAL 1000 points

• Assignment Submission. Unless I explicitly tell you otherwise, all take-home assignments will be due at 1600 on the assigned due date via Blackboard only - e-mail and/or hard copy submission not required. • Class Participation. Student preparation and discussion is absolutely vital to the quality of this class. As a result, I place a very high value on quality class participation and contributions from each student. I will keep track of your individual participation after each lesson. If you have clearly prepared and contribute thoughtfully to the discussion, you will earn full credit for participation. If you do not participate, fall asleep in class, or leave your text books or other class materials in your room, you will earn zero points. • Writing Assignments. This course is the Writing-in-Major (WIM) course for International Affairs major. With that, I will assess each writing assignment not only based on content, but also correctness and appropriate writing style.

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o Block Essays. At the end of each Block, you will be required to write a short essay responding to one of the discussion questions I provide you to focus your reading during that block. You will get the Block Essay prompts one week before they are due. The essays must be no more than 800 words (not including citations and a Works Cited page). Including Chicago-style footnote citations and a Works Cited page is required for each essay. You will submit these Block Essays electronically via Blackboard. Each Block Essay will be worth 30 points. Block Essays are due via Blackboard NLT 1600 on the assigned date. The due dates for Block Essays are the following: . Block 1 – 14 September 2018 . Block 2 – No Block Essay . Block 3 – 24 October 2018 . Block 4 – 20 November 2018 . Block 5 – Lecture Response Essay, due NLT 5 December 2018 o In-Class Essay Quizzes. These will be no-notice short answer questions I provide you at the beginning of 13 different class sessions. For these short essays, I will ask a question that pertains to one or all of the readings for that class session. You WILL be allowed to reference hard copies of hand-written reading notes for these essays. You WILL NOT be allowed to use another student’s reading notes, your course readings or books, nor will you be permitted to use computers or tablets as references during this assignment. Each essay will be worth 10 points. o Lecture Response Essay. You will receive separate guidance about the Lecture Response Essay assignment, which you can submit at any point during the semester before 5 December 2018. • Research Paper. In this writing-intensive course, you will also refine your methodological approach to asking questions in political science. You will work towards submitting a research proposal that seeks to explore the causes of a particular inter-state conflict in international security. I will provide you with an additional memorandum detailing the course project on Lesson 5. • Term End Exam (TEE). The TEE for this course will assess your understanding of key concepts we study throughout the semester. The TEE will consist of short answer and essay questions. This exam is intended to reinforce your understanding of central concepts and themes in security studies so you can continue applying them to your future studies in political science. You will be allowed to reference your own hand-written reading and in-class notes during the TEE.

Evaluation Level of Achievement Letter Grade Percentage Subjective Interpretation Mastery A+ 97-100 Above standards of writing. A 93-96.9 Mastery of concepts. A- 90-92.9 Can apply concepts to new situations. Excellence B+ 87-89.9 Meets standards of writing. B 83-86.9 Solid understanding of concepts. B- 80-82.9 Strong foundation for future work. Proficiency C+ 77-79.9 Approaching standards of writing. C 73-76.9 Acceptable understanding. Questionable foundation for future work. Marginal Proficiency C- 70-72.9 Below standards of writing. D 67-69.9 Doubtful understanding. Weak foundation for future work. Failure F <67 Unacceptable standards of writing. Definitely failed to demonstrate understanding of concepts.

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Political science is not a passive experience. No one possesses definitive answers to the questions we ask, so do not expect neatly packaged lectures tailored for a final exam. Learning is a joint responsibility that I share with you. I expect you to read the assigned material with a critical mind, and to engage in class with the arguments offered by the authors and your peers.

This seminar is writing intensive. Writing is an essential tool in your future as a military officer and responsible member of any group, a critical part of studying political science, and an excellent mechanism for active learning. In this course, you will complete several short writing assignments, a running course project that results in a fully developed research proposal, and a term end exam focused on communicating ideas through concise writing. As part of the course project, you will also give two presentations to the class and engage in a peer review of a classmate’s work.

This course is also reading intensive. The assigned readings will often be longer and more complex than those in SS307/357. The objective of an introductory course is to become familiar with the material. The objective of an advanced course is to understand and analyze the ideas. To do so, you must engage with the full argument offered in a journal article or book chapter. Learning to efficiently read and analyze complex pieces will better prepare you for future academic and professional activities, and we will develop this ability throughout the semester.

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Course Readings: You are required to have access to the texts listed below. Many of the readings for the course are in one of these three texts. All other readings will be posted to the appropriate lesson folder on Blackboard. Required texts:

• Art, Robert and Kelly Greenhill. The Use of Force, Military Power and International Politics, 8th Edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2015. • Drezner, Daniel W. Theories of International Politics and Zombies: Revived Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. • Cashman, Greg. What Causes War: An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict. Second Edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2014.

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Lesson Schedule: ^Annotates a lesson during which Day 2 is the first Day in that lesson sequence *Annotates an assignment that is due on or around that lesson

Lesson Lesson Topic Readings Number/Date

Block 1 (Lessons 1-8) : Foundational Concepts in International Security Block Discussion Questions: • How does the field of international security fit within the broader field of international relations? • How do the three major theoretical traditions: realism, liberalism, and constructivism, view threats to international security and the state’s role in the international security environment? • How do the traditional and contemporary (or “21st century”) views of international security compare in their perspectives on the definition of security, the nature of threats, key actors in international security, and responses to threats in the international system? • How does the use of force differ in a traditional vs. contemporary approaches to international security?

Lesson 1 Introduction to • Read: E.H. Carr, “The Beginnings of a Science,” in The International Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939 (London: St. Martin’s Security Studies Press, 1939), p. 1-10 • Read: Greg Cashman, “Empirical Theory and the Causes of Day 1: 20 Aug War,” Chapter 1 in What Causes War? Second Edition – An Day 2: 21 Aug Introduction to Theories of International Conflict (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), p. 1-12. 2 Review: Neo- • Read: Daniel W. Drezner, Theories of International Politics Realism and Zombies, p. 1-50 • Day 1: 22 Aug Review from SS357: Notes and Readings on Neo-Realism, Day 2: 23 Aug Balance of Power, Balance of Threat 3 Review: • Read: Drezner, Zombies, p. 51-64, p. 96-119 Liberalism • Review from SS357: Notes and Readings on Liberalism, Day 1: 24 Aug Economic Interdependence, Neo-liberal Institutionalism, Day 2: 27 Aug Democratic Peace Theory 4 Review: • Read: Drezner, Zombies, p. 65-88 Constructivism • Day 1: 30 Aug Skim: MAJ Charlie Lewis, SCUSA 66 Epilogue: “The Day 2: 31 Aug Worst Worst Case? The Zombie Apocalypse and National Security Strategy” • Review from SS357: Notes and Readings on Constructivism

5 Defining Security: • Read: E.H. Carr, “Power in International Politics,” in The Traditional Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939 (London: St. Martin’s Day 1: 4 Sept Approaches Press, 1939), p. 102-113 Day 2: 6 Sept • Read: Benjamin Miller, “The Concept of Security: Should it be Redefined?” in The Journal of Strategic Studies 24:2 (2001): p. 13-27 • Research Paper Prompt distributed during this Lesson

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6 The Use of Force • Read: Robert Jervis, “Offense, Defense and Cooperation – Traditional Under the Security Dilemma,” Chapter 4 in Robert Art and Methods Kelly Greenhill, The Use of Force, Military Power and International Politics, 8th Edition (Lanham, MD: Rowman Day 1: 10 Sept and Littlefield Publishers, 2015), p. 46-62 Day 2: 11 Sept • Read: Thomas G. Schelling, “Deterrence and Compellence,” Chapter 2 in The Use of Force, p. 20-27

7 Defining Security • Read: “Globalization and Human Security,” Chapter 25 in – 21st Century American National Security (Johns Hopkins University Security Press, 6th Edition, 2008), p. 537-551 Day 1: 12 Sept Environment • Read: Benjamin Miller, “The Concept of Security: Should it Day 2: 13 Sept *Block 1 Essay be Redefined?” in The Journal of Strategic Studies 24:2 Due* (2001): p. 27-37 (Beginning with “Defining the Security Domain…”) • Read: Mark R. Amstutz, “The Idea of Human Rights” in International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2013), p. 93-97 • Due: Block 1 Essay, NLT 1600 on Friday, September 14th 8 The Use of Force • Read: Kelly M. Greenhill, “Forced Migration as a Coercive – Contemporary Instrument,” Chapter 11 in The Use of Force, p. 121-136 Methods • Read: Gregory Koblentz, “Pathogens as Weapons,” Chapter 26 in The Use of Force, p. 333-341 ^Day 1: 18 Sept • Read: Erin Cunningham, “Islamic State jihadists are using ^Day 2: 17 Sept water as a weapon in Iraq,” The Washington Post, October 7th, 2014.

Block 2 (Lessons 9-13) : Theories of Conflict Block Discussion Questions: • How do theories of conflict help us understand the causes of interstate conflict? • How does Greg Cashman expand on Kenneth Waltz’s levels of analysis as an organizing principle for his literature review of the theories of conflict? Do these levels of analysis support a better understanding of the causes of conflict? • What are appropriate methods for analogical reasoning (or comparing a contemporary case to a historical case) in studying interstate conflict?

9 What Causes • Read: Geoffrey Blainey, “The Peace that Passeth War? 1 of 3 Understanding,” Chapter 1 in The Causes of War (New York: The Free Press, 1988), p. 1-17 Day 1: 20 Sept • Read: Cashman What Causes War? Chapter 3, 4, 5: To Be Day 2: 21 Sept Assigned Excerpts • Due: Theory of Conflict Summary 1 of 2 10 What Causes • Cashman What Causes War? Chapters 6, 8, 10, 11: To Be War? 2 of 3 Assigned Excerpts Day 1: 24 Sept • Due: Theory of Conflict Summary 2 of 2 Day 2: 25 Sept

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11 Class Drop • Due: Paper Proposal, NLT 1600 on Thursday, *Paper Proposal September 27th Day 1: 26 Sept Due* Day 2: 27 Sept 12 What Causes • Read: Barbara Tuchman, “A Funeral,” Chapter 1 in The War? 3 of 3: WWI Guns of August, (New York, NY: Random House, 1962), p. Case Study 1-14 Day 1: 28 Sept • Day 2: 1 Oct Read: Scott D. Sagan, “1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability,” in Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 109-133 • Review from SS357: Causes of World War 1 Readings and Notes 13 History and • Read: Richard Neustadt and Ernest May, “Unreasoning Analogical from Analogies,” in Thinking in Time: The Uses of History Reasoning in for Decisionmakers (New York, NY: The Free Press, 1988), Day 1: 2 Oct International p. 34-48 Day 2: 5 Oct Relations • Read: Jeffrey Record, “The Use and Abuse of History: Munich, Vietnam, and Iraq” in Survival 49:1 (2007), p. 163- 177 • Listen: Robert Siegel, Francis Fukuyama, Joseph Nye, Max Boot, and Ronald Steel, “Scanning History for Analogies to Iraq War,” on All Things Considered, National Public Radio, August 22nd, 2007

Block 3 (Lessons 14-18) : Traditional Cases in International Security Block Discussion Questions: • How do different examples of traditional interstate conflict differ in terms of the threats present, the key actors, the tactics and strategies used by those key actors, and the goals those key actors hope to achieve? • What are key theoretical and empirical lessons from World War Two, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War that help you better understand the differences between Great Power Conflict, Superpower Conflict, and Proxy War? • What traditional and contemporary uses of force and perspectives on security are evident in each conflict case? • In addition to a focus on positive theory and questions, what are some normative questions about the use of force that emerge in each conflict case?

14 Great Power • Review from SS357: John Mearsheimer, “The Causes of Conflict: Theory Great Power War.” Day 1: 9 Oct and WWII Case • Read: John Mearsheimer, “Great Powers in Action,” Day 2: 10 Oct Chapter 9 in The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, 2014), p. 168-181 (until “Germany”) • Read: Sir George Sansom, “Japan’s Fatal Blunder,” Chapter 14 in Use of Force, p. 167-176 • Skim: Stanley Hoffmann, Robert Keohane, and John Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future, Part II: International Relations Theory and Post-Cold War Europe,” in

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International Security Volume 15, Number 2 (Fall 1990): p. 191-199

15 Superpower Era: • Read: Mark S. Bell and Nicholas L, Miller, “Nuclear Theory and Cuban Weapons and Conflict,” Chapter 25 in Use of Force, p. 318- Missile Crisis 328 Case • Read: David Welch, James Blight, and Bruce Allyn, “The Day 1: 11 Oct Cuban Missile Crisis,” Chapter 16 in Use of Force, p. 190- Day 2: 12 Oct 206 16 Superpower Era: • Read: John Lewis Gaddis, “Flexible Response and the Proxy War Vietnam War,” Chapter 17 in Use of Force, p. 210-229 Day 1: 15 Oct • Watch: Episode 1 of The Vietnam War, a Documentary Day 2: 16 Oct Film Series by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick: watch from time stamp 24:30 – 1:22:36 • Read: Geraint Alun Hughes: “Syria and the Perils of Proxy Warfare,” in Small Wars and Insurgencies 25:3 (2014), read p. 522-524, skim p. 525-532 17 Class Drop • Due: Paper Outline, NLT 1600 on Wednesday, October *Paper Outline 17th Day 1: 17 Oct Due* Day 2: 18 Oct

18 Individual Writing • Set up a session with your instructor for individual feedback Meetings with on your research paper progress Instructor • Due: Block 3 Essay, NLT 1600 on Wednesday, October *Block 3 Essay 24th ^Day 1: 23 Oct Due* ^Day 2: 22 Oct

Block 4 (Lessons 19-23) : Post-Cold War Cases in International Security Block Discussion Questions: • How do different examples of post-Cold War interstate and internal conflict differ in terms of the threats present, the key actors, the tactics and strategies used by those key actors, and the goals those key actors hope to achieve? • How do different examples of post-Cold War conflict interact with one another in any of the selected cases? • What traditional and contemporary uses of force and perspectives on security are evident in each conflict case? • In addition to a focus on positive theory and questions, what are some normative questions about the use of force that emerge in each conflict case?

19 Internal Conflict: • Read: Paul Collier, “Causes of Civil War,” in International Civil War Relations, Traditional and Contemporary Challenges, Day 1: 25 Oct edited by Scott P. Handler (Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, Day 2: 26 Oct 2012), p. 322-326 • Read: Fearon, James and David D. Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1, p. 75-90

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• Watch: Jennifer Williams, “The Conflict in South Sudan, Explained,” Vox, January 9th, 2017 • Review: “Civil War in South Sudan” on the Global Conflict Tracker, Council on Foreign Relations Interactives, updated August 16th, 2018 20 Internal Conflict: • Read: Jon Western and Joshua Goldstein, “Humanitarian Day 1: 29 Oct Humanitarian Intervention Comes of Age,” Chapter 29 in Use of Force, p. Day 2: 30 Oct Intervention 364-370 • Read: Martha Finnemore, “Changing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention,” in The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), p. 52-57, 73-83 • Read: “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: Report of the Secretary General,” Report of the United Nations General Assembly, 12 January 2009, p. 1-8 only 21 Internal Conflict – • David Kilcullen, “Counterinsurgency Redux,” Chapter 30 in Insurgency and Robert Art and Kenneth Waltz, The Use of Force: Military Day 1: 1 Nov Counter- Power and International Politics: 7th Edition, (Lanham, Day 2: 2 Nov Insurgency MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2009), p. 486-498 • Karl Eikenberry, “The Limits of Counterinsurgency Doctrine in Afghanistan,” in Use of Force, p. 274-283 • Listen: David Kilcullen, “Bloodline Author on the Failures of US Counter-Insurgency Strategy,” on Weekend Edition, National Public Radio, October 23rd, 2016. 22 International • Read: Boaz Ganor, “Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorism Terrorist Another Man’ Freedom Fighter?” in Police Day 1: 5 Nov Practice and Research: An International Journal 3:4 Day 2: 6 Nov (2002), p. 287-304 • Read: Louise Richardson, “What Terrorists Want,” Chapter 10 in Use of Force, p. 112-120 • Read: Mark Amstutz, “The Ethics of Irregular War” in International Ethics, p. 157-164 23 Class Drop • Due: Research paper, NLT 1600 on Friday, November *Research Paper 9th Day 1: 7 Nov Due* Day 2: 8 Nov

Block 5 (Lessons 24-30) : Emerging Topics in International Security Block Discussion Questions: • How do emerging topics in international security differ in terms of the threats present, the key actors, the tactics and strategies used by those key actors, and the goals those key actors hope to achieve? • How do the selected emerging topics in international security differ from the traditional and post- war cases of conflict discussed in Blocks 3 and 4? • Is the international security environment fundamentally changing with these emerging topics and cases? • Is the nature of conflict fundamentally changing? Why or Why not? • What are some of the ethical and legal challenges with these emerging topics? How do those challenges impact the use of force in the international system?

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• Do these emerging topics in international security have an impact on the Army profession? On your role as an Army Officer?

24 Climate Change • Read: Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for and International Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Report of the ^Day 1: 15 Nov Security Defense Science Board Task Force on Trends and ^Day 2: 13 Nov Implications of Climate Change for National and International Security (Washington, DC, 2011). Read: Executive Summary, p. vii-xxii • Read: Robbie Gramer, “Here’s What Russia’s Military Build-Up in the Arctic Looks Like,” Foreign Policy, January 25th, 2017 • Listen: David Titley, “How the Military Fights Climate Change,” TED2017 25 Non-Violence • Read: Maria Stephan and Erica Chenoweth, “Why Civil Civil Resistance Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent ^Day 1: 19 Nov (NVCR) Conflict,” International Security, vol. 33, no. 1 (Summer ^Day 2: 16 Nov *Block 4 Essay 2006), p. 7-44 Due* • Read: Maria Stephan, “Civil Resistance in the Middle East and its Aftermath Middle East Institute,” February 29, 2012, http://www.mei.edu/content/civil-resistance-middle-east- and-its-aftermath • Due: Block 4 Essay NLT 1600 on Tuesday, November 20th 26 Cyber operations • Read: Erik Gartzke, “The Myth of Cyberwar,” Chapter 27 in The Use of Force, p. 344-353 • Read: Antonia Chayes, “Cyber Attacks and Cyber Warfare,” Chapter 10 in Borderless Wars: Civil Military Disorder and Day 1: 26 Nov Legal Uncertainty (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Day 2: 27 Nov Press, 2015, p. 130-143 27 “Drone” Warfare • Read: Daniel Byman, “Why Drones Work,” Chapter 24 in Use of Force, p. 311-317 • Read: James Igoe Walsh, “The Effectiveness of Drone Day 1: 28 Nov Strikes in Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Day 2: 29 Nov Campaigns,” US Army Strategic Studies Institute, September 2013, to-be-assigned excerpts 28 The Ethics of • Mark Amstutz, “Three Moralities of Force” in International Contemporary Ethics, p. 136-146 Warfare • Avery Plaw, Matthew S. Fricker, Carlos R. Colon, “The ^Day 1: 4 Dec Ethical Debate: Are Drones Consistent with the Ideals of ^Day 2: 3 Dec Just War?” in The Drone Debate: A Primer on the US Use of Unmanned Aircraft Outside Conventional Battlefields (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2016), p. 167-187

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29 Instructor Choice: • Readings to-be-assigned Contemporary • Due: Lecture Response Essay NLT Wednesday, Case in December 5th at 1600 Day 1: 6 Dec International Day 2: 7 Dec Security *Lecture Response Essay Due*

30 Contemporary • Readings to-be-assigned Threats to • Due: Research Paper Revision and Resubmission NLT Day 1: 10 Dec International 1600 on Thursday, December 13th Day 2: 11 Dec Security/ Course AAR *Paper R&R Due*

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