The Gambia June 2016

Livelihood zone descriptions

LIVELIHOOD ZONE MAP FOR THE GAMBIA

The present document has been produced with the collaboration of the European Union. The contents of the document are the responsibility of its author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... 4 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 ZONE GA01: Western fruits and vegetables zone ...... 12 ZONE GA02: North western groundnuts and early millet zone ...... 15 ZONE GA03: Central early millet, groundnut and livestock zone ...... 18 ZONE GA04: Eastern late millet, maize, groundnut and livestock zone ...... 21 ZONE GA05: Central rice belt zone ...... 24 ZONE GA06: Ocean fishing, fish trade and tourism zone ...... 27 ZONE GA07: Western rain-fed rice and river fishing zone ...... 31 ZONE GA08: South western forest products and late millet zone ...... 34 ANNEX 1 – LIST OF PARTICIPANTS...... 37 ANNEX 2 – LIST OF DISTRICTS BY LIVELIHOOD ZONE AND ESTIMATED POPULATION ...... 39

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This exercise was conducted under the aegis of the Regional Centre for Training and Applications in Agro-meteorology and Operational Hydrology (AGRHYMET), a specialized institution of the CILSS (the Permanent Inter-State Committee for the Fight against Drought in the Sahel), and the Ministry of Agriculture of The Gambia. The exercise is part of the ECOWAS programme to strengthen information systems in the sub-region as part of the operationalization of the Regional Food Security Reserve with financial support from the European Union.

Mr. Bakary KS Sanyang, head of the Planning Service Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Chair of the ECOAGRIS Technical Committee (ETC), is to be thanked for his excellent cooperation, especially in the organization of the workshop and his identification and involvement of an appropriate number of high grade participants from the five administrative regions as well as from Greater Banjul Area, and for manifold logistical arrangements. A special thank you goes to the participants themselves, for taking a very active and enthusiastic role in the workshop held during the month of Ramadan and for engaging in meaningful discussions, providing quality information for a coherent outcome.

The zoning exercise was facilitated by Miss Nora Lecumberri of The Food Economy Group (FEG Consulting), consultant specialising in HEA, with the support of Mr. Youssouf Kane, HEA expert from the AGRHYMET Regional Centre (CRA).

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AGRHYMET Centre Régional de Formation et d’Applications en Agrométéorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelles (Regional Centre for Training and Applications in Agro- meteorology and Operational Hydrology) CEDEAO Communauté Economique Des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (ECOWAS - Economic Community Of West African States) CILSS Comité permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel (Permanent Inter-State Committee for the Fight against Drought in the Sahel) ECOAGRIS ECOWAS Agricultural Regional Information System (Système Régional Intégré d’Information Agricole de la CEDEAO) EDF European Development Fund ETC ECOAGRIS Technical Committee FEG The Food Economy Group GGC Gambia Groundnut Corporation ha Hectare HEA Household Economy Analysis mm Millimetre

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 4 INTRODUCTION Since 2014, the Regional Centre for Training and Applications in Agro-meteorology and Operational Hydrology (AGRHYMET), a specialized agency of the Permanent Interstate Committee for the Fight against Drought in the Sahel (CILSS) implements the extension phase (2014-2019) of the ECOWAS Integrated Regional Agricultural Information System named "ECOAGRIS". This program, which is an initiative of ECOWAS and its partner institutions, is financed by the European Union within the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF) regional program for the operationalization of the Regional Food Security Reserve.

The ECOAGRIS project's overall objective is to "strengthen information systems at local, national and regional level to meet the information requirements for monitoring food and nutrition and for vulnerability analyses in order to support decision making and to anticipate food crises and better target intervention areas”.

Considering the above, the project has two specific objectives that are:

. To strengthen national and regional information systems on food and nutrition security; . To improve the quality of information to help decision making for a better response to food and nutrition crises in CILSS and ECOWAS member countries.

The ECOAGRIS component has a strategic focus on the implementation and strengthening of national information systems on food and nutrition security of the countries covered by the component, through the implementation of the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) tool. In doing so, ECOAGRIS wishes to continue to strengthen the progress made by the regional HEA project led by Save the Children International since 2008.

It is within this context that a national workshop for the mapping of livelihood zones in The Gambia was held from the 13th to the 17th June 2016 in Banjul, under the aegis of the Planning Services Unit, Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture. The activity aimed to improve the understanding of rural livelihoods and to identify vulnerabilities to shocks according to geographical locations, thereby constituting a sampling frame for future analyses based on livelihoods. The present report presents the findings of the zoning workshop, including both the national zoning map accompanied by detailed descriptions of each zone and an account of the mapping process followed during the workshop.

THE METHODOLOGY

The Household Economy Approach defines a “livelihood zone” as a geographical area where households rely on the same means - production systems and access to markets - to meet their life and livelihood needs, particularly their food and cash income. The mapping of livelihood zones is the first step of the HEA analytical framework. This step includes a division of homogeneous "access areas" (access to food and income-generating activities) and the description of said zones. The descriptions offer preliminary information on the geographical characteristics of each zone and the main sources of food and income, with some distinction between poorer and wealthier households. Seasonal calendars present the timing of production and market activities by zone, and separate food and income access calendars focus on the livelihoods of the poorer households. A list of the most common

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 5 food risks affecting each zone and the common coping strategies used by local households are also included in the descriptions.

In the following steps of the analytical framework HEA, these “access areas” form the sampling frame for subsequent baseline field studies that include (a) a socio-economic breakdown of the population within the zone and (b) a quantification of the typical sources of food and income, as well as the main expenses for each wealth group. These baselines then constitute reference databases which food security seasonal assessments (at national and regional levels) can refer to. Analysts can have access to the tools needed to make predicative analyses of food security for the year to come (the HEA "Outcome Analysis" tool)1.

Livelihood zoning offers a particular view of economic geography associated with Household Economy Analysis (HEA), a widely used methodology for the assessment of food security with reference to whole livelihoods in their various geographical contexts. The boundaries of different rural economies do not generally coincide with administrative boundaries, but government and agency activities generally do. Therefore the livelihood zones map is always seen with administrative units superimposed, so that populations can be identified both by livelihood zone and by their administrative location.

The livelihood maps and descriptions thus form part of the knowledge base for food security assessment on a national level. In themselves they do not provide a complete system for food security monitoring or analysis, but they establish a geographical, livelihoods framework for assessing periodic shocks, so that monitoring data on production, prices and other indicators can be considered in a logical and informed manner to allow some estimates of effects and to plan responses. When associated with full HEA baseline information and scenario modelling they are part of a more complete system of analysis. But in the meantime, rapid assessment teams and others may consider the advantages of using livelihood zones as the sampling base for their surveys.

The reason for undertaking the zoning - the activities the outputs will be used for - must support the exercise. In any country it would be possible to find a plethora of livelihood zones based on localized economic differences. For NGOs working in specific territories or smaller geographical units, a more localized resolution can be beneficial to refine their understanding of lifestyles at the local level, providing a localized geographical framework for nutritional analysis or other type of investigations. However, national information systems (including early warning systems) must analyse the whole country and, therefore, require a lower level of resolution that represents the basic geography of livelihoods in the country and offers a manageable number of zones that can be studied and monitored regularly with limited human and financial resources.

It must be noted that available statistical data on a country’s resources usually offer a limited repertoire of variables and they are almost never at a level of disaggregation, reliability and comparability to allow a statistical calculation of livelihood zones. A major problem with national data is that they are based on administrative units rather than according to economic geography; thus, analyses based on this information often merge two (or more) ecological or agro-economic zones greatly diluting the disaggregated view of livelihoods. The essential resources necessary for livelihood zoning are people with substantial knowledge of geographic conditions and local livelihoods who can

1For a detailed description of the HEA methodology please visit the resource pages at www.foodeconomy.com/resources and the livelihoods based information on available on FEWS NET’s website (especially the Guidance Application of Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles).

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 6 offer and compare their own knowledge and reason together to map out national livelihoods. The workshop participants were mainly government actors, with the participation of United Nations agencies and national NGOs (see Annex 1).

The process for developing the livelihood map and the descriptions included the following steps:

1. Before the mapping exercise took place, a literature review was undertaken to gather available secondary information which would support the development of the livelihood zones map. The CRA and the national partners all added to the data gathering process. The information sought included agricultural and ecological maps and data on population, rainfall, production, etc., as well as thematic reports and briefs from partners. In addition, a series of base maps were prepared and printed in large format, showing the administrative units down the district level, the main roads, villages and towns. These were distributed during the workshop to help participants identify the livelihood zones. 2. The zoning workshop in Banjul began with an introductory presentation on the HEA methodology and its uses, followed by a brief training session on the livelihood zoning process. 3. The participants were then invited to start sketching the livelihood zones in a plenary session with comments from other participants and colleagues, making additions and progressive changes to the map (Figure 1).

Image 1. First sketch of thelivelihood zone map

Source: AGRHYMET Regional Centre ThreThree criteria are taken into account for the livelihood zoning exercise. These are: • Geography: climate and physical factors (precipitation, temperature, seasonal calendar, soil types, vegetation, infrastructure, etc.). These factors determine what households can produce and the markets they can access. • Production system: it determines what households can produce (agricultural production system, pastoral, agro-pastoral, fishing, etc.). • Market access: physical access to markets and marketing networks available to households to sell their production and their labour and to access goods and services.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 7 4. An analysis of available secondary data followed. Participants identified additional quantitative and qualitative information for use during the completion of the Image 2. Working groups description sheets. Particular attention was drawn to agricultural production data disaggregated by district, used to verify the weight of different crops by livelihood zone according to production volumes. 5. Once the initial sketch was completed in plenary, participants were divided into working groups to examine the different regions in more depth and to revise the exact location and boundaries of the livelihood zones (see Figure 2). 6. The preliminary map and the general Source: AGRHYMET Regional Centre characteristics of the livelihoods were validated in plenary. Then participants were asked to fill in a description form for each of the livelihood zones with the following information: a) Characteristics of the geography of the zone; b) Preliminary information on the main sources of food and income (including the distinction between "poor" households and "better-off" households); c) Information on the major markets and the trade flows of the most important goods; d) Most common hazards that affect the zone and the common coping strategies used by poor households; e) Timing of productive activities; f) Food and income access calendars for poor households; g) Preliminary list of districts included in the livelihood zone. 7. The final summary descriptions were presented by each working group for validation. Finally, the names of the zones were reviewed and agreed upon in plenary. 8. FEG digitised the livelihood zone map on the basis of photographs and the list of administrative units per zone prepared during the workshop. The description formats were used to draft the present report. An initial draft was circulated among the various national partner organizations and the workshop participants. The final version includes all the comments and amendments received.

The mapping exercise did not include verification on the ground. The verification will take place during the fieldwork to develop full HEA baselines for each of the livelihood zones. With this in mind, it is possible than minor corrections to the livelihood zone map and/or descriptions may follow, once primary data is collected during the next steps of the analysis framework.

LIMITATIONS TO THE EXERCISE

Some doubts remain over the ranking of different crops in certain livelihood zones in terms of their importance to the household budget and to the household’s food security. One set of agricultural data was used to inform the description of the zones, but additional cross checking with disaggregated data and especially with local agricultural technicians operating in each zone is necessary.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 8 LIVELIHOODS IN THE GAMBIA

The Gambia is surrounded by Senegal in the north, east and south and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The river Gambia runs through the length of the country and divides it into two. The river sources from northern Guinea and meanders a twisting path through the Gambia to the sea.

During the dry season, tidal salt water intrudes upstream, as far as the Central River Region. Mangrove swamps and saline marshes line both sides of the river for the first stretch from the sea; the mangroves then give way to more open and flat country, occasionally interrupted by red ironstone cliffs. The land on either side of the river is generally savannah grassland, with gallery forests and wooded areas along the drainage channels. The Gambia’s topography is flat; elevation reaches a maximum of 100 m. Climate change, rising sea levels and the drop in fresh water levels in the river are resulting in an increase in the volume of the salt water pushing inland, affecting the availability of freshwater fish and the capacity to grow rice along the river banks. Six national parks and natural reserves (including forests and wetlands) aim to curtail deforestation, which has increased the level of rainfall run-off and reduced percolation, also affecting agricultural production.

The Gambia has a semi-arid climate with two seasons, a short rainy season (June to October) and a long dry season (November to May). In December, temperatures fall as low as 13oC, peaking between the months of April and May when temperatures can exceed 40oC in some districts (especially in the Upper River Region). The country is equidistant from the tropical forests further south and the arid desert areas further north. As a result, three transitional climatic zones exist: Sahelian, Sudanian- Sahelian and Sudanian-Guinean, ranging between 800 mm a year in land to 2200 mm along the coastal areas. Rainfall is nevertheless becoming increasingly unpredictable.

On the whole, the Gambia’s rural economy relies on extensive rain-fed agriculture supported by small scale livestock rearing. The main crops are groundnuts, rice, millet, maize and sorghum, as well as more intensive cultivation of vegetables, tropical fruits, cashews and pockets of sesame. The production of cotton was encouraged in the east of the country through government programmes from the mid 1970s, but production has not taken off; indeed there is no cotton based livelihood zone in the Gambia. Groundnuts are, by far, the dominant cash crop throughout the Gambia and present in all eight livelihood zones in varying degrees of importance. Groundnut trade is centrally managed by the Gambia Groundnut Corporation (GGC). Informal cross-border trade (attracted by higher prices) is discouraged in order to increase the volume of national exports, to increase their quality and to promote groundnut transformation in Banjul’s oil production factory. Currently very little transformation takes place in the country and most groundnuts are sold as low-value products. Prices are fixed by the government and the GGC have regional outposts to collect and screen the produce before transporting it to Banjul.

Interest in horticulture has grown since the 1970s and 80s, when the price of groundnuts took a downturn on the world markets. Additionally, recurrent long dry spells are causing production to fall. Horticulture has provided a way to diversify Gambian agriculture and to develop a new higher value crop for export, but also to support rural livelihoods. Three major commercial gardens exist within the greater Banjul area (Bakau, Old Jeshwang and Sukuta gardens) and livelihood zone GA01 is the major vegetable production area in the country. However, most villages have communal vegetable gardens as well as individual vegetable plots arranged close to rain-fed rice/paddy fields, both of which are traditionally tendered by women.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 9 Livestock rearing (cattle, small ruminants and pigs) is common throughout the country, as sufficient pastures and crop residues exist (rice and groundnut hay provide fodder after the harvest). The availability of pasture attracts herdsmen from Senegal during the dry season. In fact, a large proportion of livestock purchased locally comes from outside of the Gambia, especially during the major Muslim festivals when demand surges. While pastoralism as such does not exist, large herds are maintained in many parts of the country and are managed based on seasonal transhumance (within the country and towards the Casamance region in Senegal). Livestock plays an important part role in agriculture and many households own draught animals.

The population living closer to the river (livelihood zone GA07) includes fishing as a major source of year-round income, but few communities rely on fresh water fishing as their main source of livelihood. The volume of fishing along the Atlantic coast is much higher, yet households continue to hold on to some agricultural land on which they grow rain fed cereals, vegetables and groundnuts (livelihood zone GA06). Many foreign fishermen from as far as Mali have been attracted by the fishing potential of the Atlantic coast and the estuary. Senegalese fishermen make up a non-negligible part of the fishing community along the coast.

Compared to other West African countries population density is high. More than half of the country’s population is urban. The strongest concentration of people is in the Greater Banjul Area (Banjul and Kanifing municipalities) where urbanisation, industry and an important tourism sector act as pull factors. Cross-border trade with Senegal and the export business surrounding Banjul seaport also attract workers to this area. However, coastal erosion continues to threaten the coastal strip and some holiday camps have already been affected and closed down or relocated.

The main ethnic groups are the Mandinka (almost half of the population), the Wolof and the Fula, smaller ethnic groups include the Serer and the Jola. Rice is by far the main staple food for all ethnic groups, despite the reliance on rice imports. National dishes include domodah (rice with groundnut sauce) and benachin (rice with vegetable sauce and fish). Traditionally, upland rice production is a female activity, while men cultivate other rain-fed cereals and groundnuts, as well as irrigated rice.

Remittances are an important source of seasonal income for households across the country, especially among the better-off households who can afford to support a household member’s exodus. According to the 2010 Integrated Household Survey, on average households received about GMD 11000 in a period of 12 months, most of which was in the form of cash (not in kind). There is a concentration of migrants in livelihood zones GA02 and GA04, traditionally more inclined to travel out of the country in search of better economic opportunities.

Cross-border trade is also commonplace across the country as international borders lay less than 50kms away from any point in the country. Most cross-border trade happens in the far east of the country (livelihood zone GA04); trading with Senegal and Guinea Bissau, and across the West Coast Region (zones GA01 and GA06) and the North Bank region (zone GA02) thanks to the presence of the tarmac coastal road.

Overall, market access is good. The river is navigable throughout its length and ocean boats can sail up to Janjangbureh town. There are two major roads that run the entire length of the country. . The Banjul to Basse highway, commonly referred to as the Trans-Gambia south bank road, is tarmac up to the market town of Basse and is close to 400 km in length; the following stretch between Basse and Koina is not tarmac. In the North Bank, a second major road links Barra to Laminkoto; its extension up to Passamass, Fatoto and Basse has been programmed. A third Trans-Gambia road dissects the

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 10 country from north to south between the towns of Farafenni and Soma. Construction has begun on a bridge linking Bamba Tenda and Yelli Tenda to avoid the current ferry crossing. Roads linking the main transport arteries to the villages are mostly dirt tracks. Banjul has a major port and an international airport.

HAZARD TIME LINE

Long-term hazards affecting Gambia include first and foremost the environmental threats of changes in weather patterns, deforestation, traditional agricultural practices (especially slash and burn during land preparation), rising sea levels and coastal erosion. The effects of these hazards are already visible across the country and in changing livelihood patterns; for example increased rural to urban migration and an emphasis on irrigated crops where possible. Foreign exchange and world market price volatility and the global economic crisis affecting migrants and remittances are additional hazards affecting rural livelihoods.

The table below shows the major events that have had an impact on rural livelihoods and food security in The Gambia during the last five years, outside of the chronic hazards listed above.

Year Main events 2016 International border closure (entire border) for 3 months, only movement of people allowed 2015 Localised flash floods (GA04) Ebola scare reduces volume of tourists and impacts international business 2014 Quela-quela bird infestation affects rice production (Lower River Region/Central River Region) 2013 Quela-quela bird infestation affects rice production (Lower River Region/Central River Region) 2012 Contagious Bovine Pleurophneumonia (CBPP) disease – animal health emergency declared nationally 2011 Poor rains (drought) lead to poor agricultural outcomes nationwide (end 2011/early 2012) 2010 Localised flash floods (mainly zone GA04)

Recent administrative boundary changes

Finally, a note on the national map and recent administrative boundary changes. The base map used for this exercise includes the latest administrative division (of 2015) which has seen some districts subdivided into smaller divisions (for example, Upper Badibu district in North Bank Region has now been divided into Illiasa and Sabach Sanjal districts). Annex 2 provides a list of districts per livelihood zone.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 11 ZONE GA01: Western fruits and vegetables zone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA01 “Western fruits and vegetables Poor households Better-off households zone” is located in the western half of the West Coast Agricultural land (0.5 Agricultural land (>1 Region, covering sections of the districts of Kombo North, ha) and a small ha) including orchards Kombo South and virtually the whole of Kombo Central and number of fruit trees Paid labour Kombo East – except the fishing zone along the river banks (mango, cashew) Livestock (10-20 small (GA07). This zone is one of the most densely populated Small livestock (3-4 ruminants, 2-3 cattle) livelihood zones, greatly influenced by the proximity to small ruminants and Animal drawn greater Banjul area; an outlet for the agricultural produce 4-5 chickens) equipment (carts, Donkeys seeders, weeders, of the zone and a ready labour market when additional ploughs). (Few own sources of income are in need. The topography of the powered tillers) region is flat and rainfall levels range between 800 and 850 Horses, oxen mm/year. Own vehicles or access to transport The basis of the local economy is horticulture: vegetables Access to staple foods – poor households (primarily tomatoes, aubergine, chillies, okra and onions) Rice: own production (3-4 months) & purchases and fruits (particularly mangoes, oranges and cashews). Millet: own production (4-5 months) & While horticultural production has a long history in The purchases Gambia - women have traditionally planted gardens Main sources of income alongside rain fed crops – the location of the zone has Poor households Better-off households allowed the intensification of vegetable and fruit Local agricultural Crop sales (fruit & production. The West Coast region is in close proximity to labour veg) the large markets of Brikama, Serrekunda and Banjul, as Crop sales Livestock sales well as the tourist strip along the coast (hotels and Petty trade Trade (agricultural restaurants) and the international airport. Non-agricultural inputs, labour (Greater manufactured Banjul) goods) The expansion of horticulture in Gambia and especially in this livelihood zone was partly motivated by the potential Main markets for the zone for exporting vegetables to Europe, but also due to falling Serrekunda, Brikama, Banjul, Tallinding, Bakoteh, Gunjur prices on the world market for groundnuts (in the 1970s/80s) and recurring long dry spells. Vegetables and Hazards and seasonality fruits have the potential to become high value cash crops Dry spells June-July &October in addition to groundnuts and provide additional income to Bush fires February-April rural households, especially during the dry season. Flooding August-September Coping strategies – poor households Large communal gardens (sometimes including hundreds  Intensification of paid labour of users, most of them women) exist in most villages.  Increased livestock sales Vegetables are planted twice in the year, first during the  Temporary migration to urban areas for rainy season and then during the dry season. The irrigation work systems are made up of a series of concrete wells and  Increase reliance on remittances reservoirs from which producers draw water from wells (by  Rely on less expensive foods hand or by pump) and fill the raised reservoirs to allow water to flow through the furrows dug

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 12 throughout the garden. Fruit production is carried out both on a small-scale (a small number of mango and cashew trees growing in the back yard) and in large-scale fruit orchards (mangos, oranges and a smaller number of cashew orchards), which are held by the better-off households in each village.

Large commercial fruit and vegetable growers have also been established in the zone, funded by local businessmen or as joint ventures between expatriates and local investors. While some of these commercial enterprises have their own gardens (providing employment opportunities in the zone), others rely on communal gardens to top up their own production. It is these commercial growers who tap into the European export markets (one example is chilli production).

As well as fruit and vegetables, households cultivate rain fed crops: groundnuts (both for household consumption and sale), late millet, rice and cassava (mainly for family consumption). Livestock sales (of poultry, sheep, goats, and very occasionally, cattle) supplement agricultural income.

Poorer households rely on farming and unskilled farm labour. Theiraccess is restricted to smaller markets within the communities they live in, usuallyreceiving lower prices for their goods. Better-off households have the means of transport (motorcycles or vehicles) with which they can reach more important markets in the region. Many better-off households also have significant income from property rental.

Zone GA01: Seasonal calendar

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l Main economic act ivities Mango h h h h h h h h Sale of mango (local and export) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Oranges (harvest and sale) h h h h h h h h Vegetables (main season) p p s s w w h h h h Vegetables (secondary season) w w w h h h h h p p s s Cashews h h h h h h Peak cashew sales 1 1 1 1 Secondary act ivities Cassava p p p p s s s s w w w w w w Peak cassava harvest and sales h h h h h h h h h Late millet p p p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h Late millet sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rice (rain fed) p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h Groundnuts p p p p s s s s s s w w w w h h h h Peak groundnut sales (local /export) 1 1 1 1 1 Cattle m m m m m m m m m m Small ruminants according to the islamic festivities calendar Hazards Flooding from heavy rainfal 1 1 1 1 Dry spells 1 1 1 1 Bush fires 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 13 The agricultural calendar for zone GA01 starts with the land preparation for rain fed cereals (late millet, rice and groundnuts) in March/April. These crops will be sown as the rains start in June and July. Next, vegetable nurseries are set up for transplanting in August. Cereals are harvested as from October, quickly followed by the first season of vegetables. Cassava is harvested after 9 months from planting. Households draw more heavily upon cassava during the lean period (May-September) while rain fed crops mature.

Vegetables are grown over two seasons; the largest is the off-season cycle (May to October) and a second short season follows after the rainy season (November to April) once the rice has been harvested. The concentration of harvests leads to aglut of vegetables in October/November and in February-April; prices are pushed down and the level of spoilage is high. More staggered planting would allow the spacing out of the supply.

In terms of fruit production, oranges are harvested during the dry season (February to May), cashew nuts follow soon after in April to June and mangoes are harvested during the rainy season.

Zone GA01: Food and income access calendar for poor households

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St aple foods Rice pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Millet op op pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Sources of income Vegetables sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fruit sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricultural labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Non-agricultural labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenses Food 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 1 1 1 1 Health 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchases ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

Poor households have sufficient food stocks to cover 4 to 5 months of their staple cereal needs. The reliance on the market increases from February and rises steadily until the availability of the new dry harvests. Income from the sale of vegetables is relatively consistent between October and April, although the rainfed season sees larger volumes of production. The start of the rain-fed agricultural season provides income from labour sales and mango gluts bring additional income during the cereal- growing season. Non-agricultural labour opportunities can be found year-round outside the livelihood zone, especially in the construction and tourism sectors and transporting goods inside the port facilities in Banjul. Local petty trade supplements incomes year-round.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 14 ZONE GA02: North western groundnuts and early millet zone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA02 “North western groundnuts and Poor households Better-off households early millet zone” covers the majority of North Bank Agricultural land (0.5 Agricultural land (3-4 Region, from Lower and Upper Niumi districts to the border ha) ha) with Sabaj Sanjal district – except the coastal and riverine Small livestock (goats: Paid labour areas, where fishing is an important economic activity at least 1 male and 1 Livestock (20-40 (zones GA06 and GA07). female) & poultry cattle, goats, sheep & poultry) Local livelihoods are based on the production of Draught animals groundnuts (the main cash crop) and smaller quantities of &agricultural equipment cashews, and early millet (the main food crop). Women cultivate rain fed rice and vegetables to supplement Access to staple foods – poor households household income, as men traditionally focus on Rice: own production (3 months) & purchases groundnut and millet production. Livestock holdings also Millet: own production (5-6 months) provide an additional source of income and represent a Main sources of income major criterion of differentiation between poor and better- Poor households Better-off households off households (livestock act as a storage of wealth in rural areas). Better-off households own relatively large cattle Local agricultural Crop sales labour (groundnuts & heard sizes including draught animals used to intensify Crop sales cashews) agricultural production. Firewood sales Livestock sales Wild food sales Commerce Groundnuts are mostly sold at the local markets, at farm Transport services gate to intermediaries or directly to government depots Remittances operated by the Gambia Groundnut Corporation. Some Main markets for the zone transformation takes place nationally before export. Fass Njaga Choi, Ndugu Kebbeh, Kerr Pateh, Groundnuts are sold for oil, birdfeed and groundnut cakes Farafenni and Barra (livestock feed) – relatively low value products, compared Hazards and seasonality to higher quality edible nuts. Rainfall delays June-July Cashews are a relatively new cash crop in the Gambia, as Bush fires February-May such plantations are young and production potential is Crop pests & livestock During prolonged dry expected to rise in the near future 2 . Production is diseases spells (June-July) concentrated in zones GA01 and GA02. Generally, cashew Coping strategies – poor households nuts are sold locally in small quantities (commonly roasted)  Intensify local agricultural labour or purchased raw at the farm gate by intermediaries for  Temporary migration to urban areas for work (greater Banjul area) export from Banjul. Many Chinese wholesalers are involved  Increased poultry & goat sales in cashew nut exports to Guinea Bissau and Asia.

Market access within the zone is good owing to the number of weekly markets (lumos) and the links towards the urban markets of greater Banjul and north into Senegal. The zone is connected to Banjul via a ferry service and a second ferry service connects Bambatenda and Yellitenda further up steam (on the Trans-Gambia highway). Cross border trade with Senegal is particularly important in this zone. Local groundnut production as well as excess food imports (especially rice and sugar) are sold across the border due to more advantageous prices.

2There has been a 400% increase in cashew production between 2007 and 2010 according to the Gambia Investment and Export Promotion Agency (GIEPA).

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 15 The zone contains small pockets of salt production close to the mouth of the river; areas where the local population exploit different livelihoods options to those found in zone GA02. There is also an area of intensive watermelon and pumpkin production, two crops which have become as important as groundnuts in terms of their economic value. This area is located in the north of Central Baddibu and Illiasa districts. Here households have similar livelihoods to those inGA02 with the addition of the two new cash crops.

Zone GA02: Seasonal calendar

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l l Main economic act ivities Groundnut p p p p p s s s w w w w h h h Peak groundnut sales 1 1 1 1 1 Early millet p p p p s s s w w w h h h h Cashews h h h h h h h Secondary act ivities Rice (rain fed) p p p p p s s s w w w w w h h h h Sheep/goats (peak sales) 1 1 1 1 1 Cattle b b b b b b Cow milk availability m m m m m m m m Non-agricultural labour (peak) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Delays in rainfall 1 1 1 1 Pest and deseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bush fires 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

Groundnuts are grown over 7 months of the year, from land preparation in May to harvest in November. Although groundnut sales take place year-round, while household stocks last, the official trading season starts from the last week of December to the end of February. Early millet is harvested in September - up to two months earlier than the late millet varieties produced in other livelihood zones. Because of the earlier maturity time that other cereals grown nearby, millet fields attract birds and needs constant watching. Cashews are harvested once a year, from late March to June (3 months).

Livestock sales, and particularly small ruminants, are greatly influenced by the Islamic calendar, peaking at the end of Ramadan, during Hajj and the Tabaski festivals. Sales also increase during the rainy season, which coincides with the lean season (in terms of agricultural production) but is also the peak period in terms of livestock body condition (and sale price) due to the availability of new pastures. Cattle are rarely sold; most of the livestock purchases in this zone are brought outside the country.

Outside the main agricultural season (December to April) household members migrate to greater Banjul area, where casual employment opportunities are available in construction, transportation and the service industry.

Zone GA02: Food and income access calendar for poor households

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 16 Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St aple foods & sources Rice mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Millet op op op op op op op op op op op op Sources of income Groundnut sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vegetable sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Poultry sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricultural labour (peak) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Food 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 1 1 1 1 Health 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ceremonies 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fertilizer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

Poor households cultivate small plots of land and a good proportion of the land is reserved for groundnut production. They do however manage to generate sufficient rice reserves to cover household needs for about 3 months of the year. Millet reserves are drawn upon more slowly and hence tend to last longer. Early millet is the first available crop for harvest, which marks the end of the lean season in this livelihood zone.

Groundnut sales, vegetable sales and agricultural labour follow in sequence providing the bulk of the households’ annual income. While poor households do not own many animals to sell, poultry is sold throughout the year, peaking during the New Year celebrations.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 17

ZONE GA03: Central early millet, groundnut andlivestock zone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA03 “Central early millet, groundnut and Poor households Better-off households livestock zone” is located in the Central River Region, away Agricultural land (0.5- Agricultural land (1.5- from the riverbanks where rice production takes centre 1 ha) 4 ha) stage (areas included under zone GA05), and in the Lower Small livestock Paid labour River Region. The fact that these communities are far from (donkeys, small Livestock (cattle, the river means agricultural production is heavily ruminants and pigs) & goats, sheep) & dependent on rainfall, which is increasingly unpredictable poultry poultry and sometimes insufficient. Draught animals & equipment Local livelihoods are based on the production of rain fed Access to staple foods – poor households cereals and groundnuts. The zone shares many Rice: own production (3 months) & purchases characteristics with zone GA02, although the weight of Millet: own production (6-7 months) & each crop varies slightly, with the addition of maize as an purchases Maize: own production (4 months) & purchases important food crop. Groundnuts are cultivated as the main cash crop (some of it for export) while surpluses of Main sources of income maize and millet are sold to local consumers and across the Poor households Better-off households border to Senegal, due to the favourable price difference. Local agricultural Crop sales Rice fields are found on along the gentle slowing valleys labour (groundnuts & Crop sales surplus cereals) perpendicular to the river. In the Lower River Region rice (vegetables) Livestock sales fields can also be found on the fringes of mangroves as well Poultry sales Petty as upland. Cowpeas and findo (also called “hungry rice”) Petty trade trade/commerce are cultivated in this zone during the rainy season, as well Main markets for the zone as small amounts of vegetables during the dry season. Brikama Ba, Sare Bojo, Jareng, Kudang, Wassu, Nyanga Bantang, Panchang, Kaur, Sami Better-off households distinguish themselves not Karantaba, , Baiaingharr Bentenki, Fulla necessarily by the mixture of crops grown, but by their Bantang, Mamud Fanna, Bansang ability to hire labour at key moments of the agricultural Hazards and seasonality calendar, the access to sufficient capital to purchase Rainfall delays June productive inputs (fertiliser, improved seeds, etc.) and their Uneven distribution of ownership of draught animals (and occasionally even hired June-October rains tractors). Bush fires March-May Livestock diseases Year-round Livestock is the second pillar of the local economy. Flooding August Livestock rearing is mainly extensive and sedentary. Food price hikes August-September Animals range free on harvested croplands during the dry Crop pests August-September season and on pastures during the wet season. Small Coping strategies – poor households ruminants are kept in the households’ compounds at night and can be hand fed when pasture availability is low. Ram  Intensification of local agricultural paid labour fattening has become popular among households with  Temporary migration to urban areas for sufficient capital to invest in the initial acquisition of the work animal. This activity is mainly directed at the Hajj and  Increased livestock sales Tabaski seasonal market.

Zone GA03: Seasonal calendar

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 18 Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l Main economic act ivities Early millet p p p p s s w w w w h h h h h Groundnuts p p p p s s w w w w w w w h h h h Maize p p p p s s w w w w h h h h h Sheep/goats b b b b b b Cattle b b b b m m m m m Secondary act ivities Vegetables w w w w h h h h p p s s s Rice p p p p s s w w w w w h h h h Honey harvesting h h h 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cross-border trade (peak sales) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Rainfall delays 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 1 1 Crop pests and diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Uneven distribution & frequency of rain 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

Rain fed cereals are cultivated between May and October, although early millet is ready for harvest as from mid-September and fresh maize can be harvested at the same time, marking the end of the lean season. Rice harvests follow in October and November and groundnuts are ready in November, although peak sales are concentrated between late December and February. Vegetables are cultivated during the dry season.

While livestock reproductive cycles are not managed, small ruminant births peak before and after the rainy season and during the rainy season for cattle, depending on the outcome of the previous rainy season and therefore the availability of pasture. Cows are generally only milked during the peak of the rainy season (2-3 months on average).

Zone GA03: Food and income access calendar for poor households

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 19 Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St aple foods & sources Rice pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Millet op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm op op op op op op op Maize op op pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm op op op op op op op Sources of income Crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock sales 1 1 1 1 Vegetable sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Casual labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Food 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 Clothing 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

Rice is the staple food in this livelihood zone, although it is supplemented by millet and maize from own household stocks. Poor households are relatively self sufficient from October to February. Millet is a more expensive crop than imported rice and hence it is not usually bought during the lean season.

Crop sales are the main source of income for poor households as from October, followed by vegetable sales shortly after the dry season harvests. Local agricultural labour provides a steady source of income from the start of the season in March, while non-agricultural labour provides a stop-gap during the off-farm season.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 20

ZONE GA04: Eastern late millet, maize, groundnut and livestock zone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA04 “Eastern late millet, maize, Poor households Better-off households groundnut and livestock zone”covers the vast majority of Agricultural land Agricultural land (1-5 the Upper River Region. On the whole, this livelihood zone (0.25-0.5 ha) ha) is a remote and arid area; it is located the furthest away Small livestock (small Paid labour from the capital and records the highest temperatures ruminants, pigs) & Livestock (cattle, (between 35oC and45oC from March to June). poultry goats, sheep, pigs) & poultry Local livelihoods are based on rain fed crops: Groundnuts, Transport rice, maize, late millet, sorghum, cowpeas and some early Access to staple foods – poor households millet. In recent years some farmers have started Rice: own production (3 months) & purchases producing irrigated rice close to the river with the Millet: own production (4 months) & purchases assistance of government and donor funded irrigation Sorghum: own production (5 months) & projects. Access to fresh water requires bore holes and purchases pumps and is therefore costly, which limits greatly the Maize: own production (4 months) & purchases production of irrigated rice in this zone (compared to zone Main sources of income GA05). The zone is not known for its agricultural surplus Poor households Better-off households except for maize, which is sold locally and traded across the Local agricultural Crop sales border. labour Livestock sales Crop sales (cereals & Cross-border trade The zone has suffered from deforestation and erosion, vegetables) (including foreign which limits percolation of rainwater and increases the run- Petty trade currency) off towards the river. Compounded with the increase of Firewood sales Livestock sales water levels upriver (the river Gambia sources in the Jallon highlands in northern Guinea), it can cause seasonal Main markets for the zone Basse, Wellingara and Jawbeh (both in Senegal) flooding. Local lumos: Sare Njai, Sare Bojo, Dingiri, Sabi, Fatoto, Sare Mansong, Gambisara, Sami Tenda Livestock provide a source of emergency income when Hazards and seasonality there is a particular household need (school fees, ill health, Flooding August to February social ceremonies etc.) and therefore animals serve more of social protection, particularly for poor households who Bush fires February-May are unable to expand the size of their herds. Better-off Dry spells/drought June-July households are involved in livestock trade and livestock Food price hikes July-Sept & Jan-May fattening as full-fledged economic activities. Better-off Coping strategies – poor households households with large herds often employ herdsmen  Intensification of paid labour during the dry season to travel with their animals to the  Increased livestock sales Central River Region, where more abundant pastures can be found closer to the river

Although general market access inside the zone is low due to the poor state of the roads, there is good market access between Banjul (and its port) and the main market town of Basse. A particularity of this otherwise remote zone is the existence of this large market, which links traders to Senegal (Jabeh market in particular), Guinea Conakry and Guinea Bissau and other sub-regional countries.

In addition to agriculture and livestock, the population is engaged in brick making, pottery and weaving. Wild food collection and sale is also typical: for example baobab tree fruits (Adansoniadigitata), “locust

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 21 beans” (Parkiabiglobosa), kabaa fruits, etc. During and just after the rainy season fishing is possible in the lowland areas especially when the riverbanks burst into floods.

The region has lost many of its young men who have migrated in search of employment elsewhere, often outside of the country, leaving behind many female-headed households.

Zone GA04: Seasonal calendar

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l Main economic act ivities Late millet p p p p s s s s w w w w w w h h h Maize p p p p s s s s w w h h h h h h h Sorghum p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h h Rice p p p p s s s s w w w w h h h h h Groundnuts p p p p s s s s w w w w w w h h h Vegetables w w w w h h h h p p s s w w w w h h h h p p s s Secondary act ivities Cross border trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sheep/goats (peak sales) 1 1 1 1 Cattle b b b b b Cow milk availability m m m m m m m Cattle migration to CRR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Groundnut hay sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pottery 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Weaving 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Rainfall delays 1 1 Flash floods 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

The agricultural calendar follows the same patterns as in central and western Gambia. Maize is the first cereal to be harvested in September. Sorghum and rice follow in October, while groundnuts and late millet are harvested last as from November. Some vegetables are cultivated alongside rice fields during the rainy season and in small, irrigated plots during the off-season. It is women who typically tender vegetable gardens and paddy rice fields.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 22 Zone GA04: Food and income access calendar for poor households

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St aple foods & sources Rice mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Sorghum op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Maize mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op Millet op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op Sources of income Groundnut sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vegetable sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Maize sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Food 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Health care 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ceremonies 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

Poor households in zone GA04 grow a wider variety of rain fed than their counterparts in other livelihood zones, despite their small agricultural plots. The availability of fresh maize from September marks the end of the lean season and the start of a 3 to 4 month period of relative food self-sufficiency, although poor households sell an important portion of their food crop harvest in order to cover debts and other costs (for example school materials due for renewal in September/October). Groundnut and vegetable sales provide small but steady additional income during the dry season until the demand for local agricultural labour increases again with the start of land preparation activities.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 23

ZONE GA05: Central rice belt zone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA05 “Central rice belt“ is located in the Poor households Better-off households Central River Region and covers an area of approximately Agricultural land Agricultural land (>1 10 km on either side of the riverbanks, starting in Kiang East (0.25-0.5ha) ha) district, marking the zones western boundary, and ending Small livestock (sheep, Paid labour at the border with Upper River Region. goats) & poultry Livestock (cattle, goats, sheep) & The zone’s topography is low, typical of river floodplains poultry and the soil type is clay with alluvial deposits. The river Animal traction & Gambia’s floodplain is divided according to the type of some tractor hire alluvial deposits. Alluvial soils in western Gambia are Access to staple foods – poor households subject to inundation by saline water and are usually Rice: own production (8-9 months) & purchases covered by mangroves, while alluvial soils in this livelihood Millet & maize: own production (3-4 months) & zone are not and allow rice cultivation. purchases Main sources of income Rice is cultivated in freshwater tidal swamps and also in Poor households Better-off households broad inland marshes (black swamps) between the river Local agricultural Crop sales and the low plateau, which are seasonally flooded by rain labour Livestock sales and run off, but are outside of tidal influence. Riverside Crop sales & Petty plots are laid out in units of 0.25 ha for tidal wave flooding vegetable sales trade/commerce rice production. The availability of these types of plots is Petty trade Livestock sales limited and, therefore, cultivated intensively without the Livestock sales possibility for rotation. As a result yields are low. Overall, Main markets for the zone the volume of rain fed rice production outweighs irrigated Brikama Ba, Sare Bojo, Jareng, Kudang, Wassu, rice production. Very low amounts of local rice are sold Nyanga Bantang, Panchang, Kaur, Sami Karantaba, Baiaingharr Bentenki, Fulla Bantag, outside the zone, despite being a priced product especially Mamud Fannag, Bansang for its delicate taste. National demand for rice outstrips the Hazards and seasonality volume of national production and imported rice is Dry spells July-October considerably cheaper. Delayed rainfall June-July Besides rice, other rain fed crops grown include: early Bush fires March-May millet, maize, groundnuts and also findo3 a type of rice that Crop pests and Year-round follows the same growing season as traditional rice but is livestock diseases harvested much earlier in September, hence its common Especially during their Hippopotamus attacks appellation “hungry rice”. reproductive season Coping strategies – poor households The Central River Region is well known for pottery and  Intensification of local agricultural paid bamboo beds, two activities present in this zone. Despite labour the presence of the river, fishing is not a major economic

 Intensification of petty trade activity. However, the proximity to the river does increase  Temporary migration to urban areas for the incidence of hippopotamus entering the fields and work  Increased livestock sales spoiling the crops.

3Findo requires less labour intensive growing but more cumbersome processing, as the grains are smaller than that of common rice. It is considered higher quality and reaches a higher sale price.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 24

Zone GA05: Seasonal calendar

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l Main economic act ivities Rice p p p p p p s s s s w w h h h h Early millet p p p s s w w w w h h h h h Groundnut p p p s s w w w w w w w h h h h Maize p p p s s w w w w h h h h h Secondary act ivities Vegetables w w h h h h p p s s s Irrigated rice p p s s s s w w h h Pumpkin & watermelon p p p p s s h h h h Sheep/goat (peak births) b b b b b b Cattle (peak births) b b b b Cow milk availability m m m m m Hazards Rainfall delays 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 1 1 Crop pests and diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Uneven distribution & frequency of rain 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flooding 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

The seasonal calendar in zone GA05 is dominated by the rain-fed agricultural season, as irrigated rice and vegetables are grown in smaller volumes. Groundnuts, maize and early millet are sown first, while rice is sprouted in nurseries for approximately 4 weeks before transplanting. Early millet and fresh maize are the first crops to be harvested, as from mid-September. Groundnuts and rice are harvested from November, although the trading season continues up to February. The second rice season starts at the beginning of the calendar year and is harvested before the rains. Vegetables are grown at the same time, benefiting from the same sources of water.

Zone GA05: Food and income access calendar for poor households

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St aple foods & sources Rice op op op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Millet pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Maize pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op Sources of income Crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vegetable sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Food 1 1 1 1 1 Clothing 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 25 Three types of food crops are grown by poor households in this livelihood zone (rice, millet and maize), which results in relatively high food self-sufficiency during the first quarter of the consumption year, from the time of the harvests until January. The second rice harvest delays the dependence on imported rice purchases until June and provides additional household income during the dry season. Agricultural labour opportunities are available nearly year-round due to the two agricultural seasons, while livestock are sold only when specific needs arise.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 26 ZONE GA06: Ocean fishing, fish trade and tourism zone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA06 “Ocean fishing, fish trade and Poor households Better-off households tourism zone“is located along the Atlantic coast in both the Fishing equipment Modern fishing West Coast Region and the North Bank region. The zone Agricultural land (0.5- equipment includes those villages located along the coast (the majority 1 ha) Dugout canoes of which are located inland from the coastal road) whose Small livestock (small Agricultural land (0.5- population depend on fishing and related activities ruminants and pigs)& 1 ha) (transformation and sale) as one of their main income poultry Paid labour generating activities. Livestock (cattle, small ruminants, pigs) The Gambia’s Atlantic coastline (80 km in length) is made Transport up of sandy beaches and provides numerous landing sites Access to staple foods – poor households for fishing boats. Its waters can be fished year round and Rice: purchases are relatively well populated by a wide variety of fish and Millet: own production (8 months – consumed crustaceans. Artisanal fishing is widely dispersed along the sparingly, once a week/fortnight) coast4. Main sources of income Poor households Better-off households The livelihood zone’s inhabitants include fishermen and Petty trade Trade women (both national and foreigners5) operating in small Fishing Fishing units of a few fishermen or on individual basis and Vegetable sales employing little equipment and technology. Fishing is Local labour carried out in dugout canoes (with or without outboard Main markets for the zone engines), Senegalese style planked dugout canoes, or Barra, Serre kunda, Brikama, Banjul, Bakau, directly from the beach. Fibreglass fishing canoes have only Latrikunda, Tippa Garage, Gunjur, Fass Njaga recently been introduced in the zone but very few Choi households have access to these. Fishing inputs (boat hire Hazards and seasonality for those fishermen who do not own their own vessels, fuel Floods July-October and occasionally ice to preserve fish) eat away at daily Coastal erosion Permanent profits. Rough seas August-September Fish poaching The daily catch is sold to fish sellers (women are usually in charge of small-scale trading) who sell fresh fish on a daily Coping strategies – poor households basis to local consumers and local hotels and restaurants,  Intensification of local paid labour or to intermediaries (large-scale fresh fish traders are  Temporary migration to urban areas for work usually male, locally referred to as “banabana”) who  Increased livestock sales transport and market the fish in major towns and villages  Borrowing in the region. Local communities are involved in processing the fish (drying, salting and smoking). Dried and smoked

4 The most prominent fishing communities include the coastal villages of Gunjur, Tanji, Bakau, Brufut, Barra, Banjul and Kartong (http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/GMB/body.htm - accessed 28/06/2016).

5 Especially of Senegalese origin - yet long-time residents in The Gambia. According to Government’s 2006 Fishery Frame Survey report “foreign fishermen (mainly Senegalese) form the majority along the Atlantic coast, which is the most productive area. Of the 416 head fishermen operating in the coastal area, 249 (60 percent) are foreign nationals, compared to 167 (40 percent) Gambians”.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 27 saltwater fish is also sold up-country, reaching as far as the Upper River Region and exported to neighbouring countries. Dry fins are exported to Ghana from “Ghana town” and high value fish (ex. shrimps, lobster, swordfish, soles seam breams or octopus) are purchased by industrial fishing companies for processing and export to European, North American and Asian markets. There are a number of cold storage sites by the main landing sites inside the zone (in Tanji, Bakau, Gunjur and Banjul)6. The zone also includes women oyster and cockle harvesters who generally operate within the estuary, along the mangroves.

Fishing households also engage in agriculture, however, plots do not vary greatly in size between poor and better-off households (as is the case in most agricultural livelihoods zones) as here it is a secondary activity. Households cultivate vegetables, for which there is ready market, as well as some rain fed crops, mainly late millet and cassava. Family livestock rearing is present in most homesteads: a small number of goats, sheep and pigs, as well as poultry, and cattle for better-off households.

This short stretch of coastline, the so-called “smiling coast”, forms the hub of Gambia’s tourism sector, including beach hotels and restaurants and eco-tourism sites along the coast and further inland. The tourism industry provides direct job opportunities (as drivers, waiters, cleaning staff or night watchers) but also increases demand for artisanal products and local produce (fish, animal products and vegetables).

Market integration is very good within the zone as it includes the major trading centres in the Gambia (Banjul, Serrekunda and Brikama), an excellent road network, good market information and high consumer demand from the large urban population base.

6The Japanese government is supporting the building of a new fish market in Brikama, which will have modern refrigeration and storage facilities, a fish-handling yard and an ice-making machine designed to help increase fish export trade.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 28 Zone GA06: Seasonal calendar

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l l l Main economic act ivities Fishing (main season) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fishing (secondary season) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fish trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tourism related labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Secondary act ivities Vegetables s s w w w w h h h h h h p p s s Pig sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Poultry & sheep sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cattle sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Coastal erosion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flooding 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

Ocean fishing is possible year-round however the fishing calendar is divided into two season: a more profitable season between November and May, coinciding with the dry season, and a season of lower volumes of fishing from June to October. There are no closed areas or restricted seasons for artisanal fishery, but some restrictions on gear, mesh size and minimum fish size do apply. The harvesting season for oysters lasts from March through to June and from July to November for cockles. The major tourist season and tourism related employment opportunities falls between October and April, which are the colder months in Europe.

In terms of agriculture, vegetables are planted during the dry season using irrigation (drawing from underground water supplies) while late millet is rain-fed (harvested as from October) and cassava is harvested year-round. There is no rice production and therefore households rely entirely on the market for their main staple cereal.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 29 Zone GA06: Food and income access calendar for poor households

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Aliments de base Rice mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Wheat flour/bread mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Late millet op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op Maize mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Sources de revenu Fishing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Local labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vegetable sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Food 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Clothing 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

Poor households are engaged in fishing year-round. Despite their lack of boat ownership, they operate in small fishing groups together with the owner of the boat or by hiring one (paid for in cash or in kind). Fishermen from poor households are often employed as fishing-hands and are also involved in fish transformation (drying or smoking) and local fish trade. Vegetable sales provide an additional source of income during the dry season.

In terms of food security, households are largely dependent on the market to purchase the staple foods. However local markets are well integrated and food availability is rarely a problem. Households cultivate small quantities of millet, which provide reserves for a good part of the year.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 30 ZONE GA07: Western rain fed rice and river fishingzone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA07 “Western rain-fed rice and river Poor households Better-off households fishing zone“ is locatedalong the river Gambia estuary and Agricultural land Agricultural land (1- the river’s lower riverbanks; more specifically from the (0.25-0.5 ha) 1.5 ha) western boundary of Kombo East district to Kiang East Fishing tools: nets (to Paid labour district on the south bank and to Sabach Sanjal district on fish from river bank), Livestock (10 cattle, the north bank7. The zone also includes the river Gambia’s hooks & lines goats, sheep and major tributary, the Bintang Bolong, which delineates the Small livestock (goats) poultry) eastern administrative border of the Lower River Region. & poultry Dug-out canoe

Nets, hooks & lines Along the riverbanks the zone’s vegetation consists of Fishing user rights mangrove swamps. Mangroves are the source of organic Transport richness of the estuarine waters providing plentiful food Access to staple foods – poor households and habitat for shallow water fish. The level of salinity is Rice: own production (3 months) & purchases too high close to the river; therefore all the agricultural Millet: own production (6 months) production takes place upland. Local livelihoods are based on a mixture of river fishing and rain fed agricultural Main sources of income production, with rice being the most important crop. Poor households Better-off households Generally there is no surplus production of rice; production Local agricultural Fish sales is reserved for household consumption and for local sales. labour Crop sales In fact, in terms of agricultural production, this livelihood Crop sales Livestock sales (vegetables) zone achieves the smallest volumes. The total area put into Fish sales production is small and yields are generally low. Millet and Wild food sales groundnuts are also grown in the upland areas. It is Firewood sales vegetables that represent the principal cash crop. The Main markets for the zone majority of villages have community gardens which Farafenni, Kerr Pateh, Ndugu Kebbeh, Fass complement own household vegetable production located Njaga Choi, Soma, Barra, Kwinella and Bureng, alongside the paddy fields. Banjul, Serekunda, Brikama, Bwiam Hazards and seasonality Artisanal fishing is carried out in dugout canoes, using hand Dry spells July-October lining and a variety of nets (gill nets, cast nets, stow nets Bush fires March-May and, more occasionally, sine nets). Users rights are held by Rainfall delays May-July fishermen along the river, marked by anchors placed at Especially during their given fishing spots. User rights can be sold, leased and Hippopotamus attacks reproductive season inherited and can mark the difference in the success of the Crop pests & livestock Prolonged dry spells fishermen’s activities. diseases (May-July) Coping strategies – poor households Fish is mostly sold locally within the zone or to the  Intensification of local paid labour neighbouring zones where fishing is not available. The  Temporary migration to urban areas for volumes of fish are not sufficient to supply the inland work regions, which are supplied saltwater fish from the coastal  Increased poultry sales regions. Nevertheless, some transformation of fish is necessary to preserve the surplus daily catch that has

7The most prominent fishing communities along the riverbank include the villages of Albreda, Bintang, Kemoto ,Tendaba, Yellitenda, Jappineh, Kanikunda and Jarring (http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/GMB/body.htm - accessed 28/06/2016).

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 31 not been sold fresh; drying, salting and smoking is carried out mainly by women from all wealth groups alike.

The estuary also supports a buoyant artisanal and industrial shrimp fishing sector. During the rainy season (the most abundant for shrimps) shrimp fishermen from Senegal, Mali and Guinea migrate to The Gambia to exploit the shrimps in the estuary.

Zone GA07: Seasonal calendar

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Main economic act ivities Rainfed rice p p p p s s w w w w w w h h h h h h Fishing (main season) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fishing (secondary season) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Secondary act ivities Vegetables s w w w h h h h p p p p s s Millet p p p p s s w w w w w w h h h h Groundnuts p p p p s s w w w w w w h h h h Livestock (peak births) b b b b b b Cow milk availability m m m m m m m m Poultry sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pig sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Rainfall delays 1 1 1 1 Pest and diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bush fires 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

The seasonal calendar for zone GA07 is dictated by the growing season for rain-fed rice (April to November) and the fishing season. During the peak fishing season households concentrate on fishing (mainly carried out by men) and fish preparation and sale (mainly carried out by women). As the rains approach households turn their attention to preparing their upland fields for cultivation. Rice is the dominant crop but millet and groundnuts are also grown. Fishing continues during the agricultural season, activities are shared inside the household and women usually take care of the paddy fields. Vegetables are commonly grown in the paddy fields after the rice harvest, when vegetable seedlings are transplanted from the nurseries. Vegetable sales provide a complimentary source of income to fish during the dry season.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 32 Zone GA07: Food and income access calendar for poor households

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St aple foods & sources Rice pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Millet op op op op op op op op op op op op Sources of income Vegetable sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fish sales (peak) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Poultry sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricultural labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Food 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Health 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ceremonies 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

Poor households cultivate sufficient rice to secure household reserves for between 3 and 4 months after the harvests, once sales of rice are excluded. Households also cultivate millet; these stocks are drawn on at a slower rate and are typically available until end March.

In terms of sources of income, income from the sale of fish is most apparent during the dry season, after the main harvests of rain fed crops. The demand for local agricultural labour increases just before and during the rainy season, providing a source of income for poor households whose own upland plots require fewer labour inputs.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 33 ZONE GA08: South western forest products and late milletzone

Main productive assets Livelihood zone GA08 “South western forest products and Poor households Better-off households millet zone“ is nested between the Biltang Bolong river and Agricultural land (0.5- Agricultural land (1-2 the southern international border with the Casamance 1 ha) ha) region (Senegal). The zone includes the 5 Foni districts: Foni Small livestock (small Paid labour Bintag Karanai, Foni Bondali, Foni Brefet, Foni Jarroal and ruminants & pigs) & Livestock (cattle, small Foni Kansala – with the exception of the riverbank areas poultry ruminants & pigs) & which are part of livelihood zone GA07. The zone shares poultry some characteristic with zone GA04located in the Upper Transport River Region, but its forest cover and its proximity to Access to staple foods – poor households greater Banjul area stand it apart. Rice: own production (3-4 months) & purchases Millet: own production (6 months) & purchases Local livelihoods are based on the production of rain fed cereals (late millet, groundnuts and rice) and the small- Main sources of income scale exploitation of forest resources (mainly firewood and Poor households Better-off households charcoal and some timber) or the trade of these same Local agricultural Crop sales products from the Casamance region into The Gambia. The labour Charcoal trade Government of Gambia has made successive attempts to Crop sales Livestock sales curtail these environmentally damaging activities in an Firewood/charcoal Petty sales trade/commerce effort to preserve its natural resources. Wild foods are also Wild food sales Wood trade gathered and traded; baobab fruit, jujube Non-agricultural (Ziziphusmauritania) and kabaa (SabaSenegalenses) are labour (Greater the most common. Banjul) Main markets for the zone Although few lumos (weekly markets) exists within the Brikama, Serrekunda, Bwiam zone and Bwiam is the only daily market, overall market Hazards and seasonality access is good due to good road networks linking the zone Rainfall delays May-June to the main trading centres further west. The relatively short distance to greater Banjul area also encourages Dry spells July-October seasonal migration in search of employment opportunities. Bush fires February-May This outflow of workers is most visible between January Windstorms August-September and May – the off-farm season. Food price hikes August-September Casamance refugee This livelihood zone has been affected by the influx of influx refugees from the Casamance region, fleeing from the Coping strategies – poor households separatist violence. There are no permanent refugee  Intensification of paid labour camps in the zone and most refugees are living with the  Increase vegetable production & sales host community, which has led to the over stretching of  Temporary migration to urban areas for social services and some animosity over access to land. work  Increased livestock sales The zone contains small areas of lime extraction and trade (for construction) and some pockets of salt production where livelihoods differ considerably to the livelihoods found in this zone.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 34 Zone GA08: Seasonal calendar

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l Main economic act ivities Late millet p p p p p s s w w w w w w w h h h Groundnuts p p p p p s s w w w w w h h h h Vegetables w w h h h h h h p s s s s s Rice p p p p p s s s w w w h h h h h Secondary act ivities Cross-border trade (timber/charcoal) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sheep/goats (peak sales) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cow milk availablity m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m Hazards Rainfall delays 1 1 Early end of rains 1 1 1 Windstorms Bushfires 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food price hikes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s Sowing/planting w w Weeding h h Harvest

The seasonal calendar for zone GA08 is largely determined by the agricultural season, as the trade of forest products is relatively constant during the year. April and May are the busiest time of the year for agricultural production and the months when local demand for agricultural labour is highest. The harvest season starts with the harvest of rice in late September, followed by groundnuts and late millet. Once rice has been harvested, vegetables are transplanted to the paddy fields. These will be ready within 3 months, providing some additional income during the dry season.

Zone GA08: Food and income access calendar for poor households

Ja n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec St aple foods & sources Rice pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Millet op op op op op op pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Sources of income Groundnut sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vegetable sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Forest product sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Labour 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak expenditure Food 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Health 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ceremonies 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Purchase ik ik In kind payments c c Wild foods

Poor households are self-sufficient in staple foods for 3 to 4 months of the year, but depend on imported rice purchases until the next year’s harvest. The majority of the household groundnut production is sold, while rice and millet are reserved for the family’s consumption. Vegetable sales

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 35 provide a source of income during the dry season, supplementing the income derived from firewood, charcoal and wild food sales and agricultural and non-agricultural labour.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 36 ANNEX 1 – LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Name and surname Organisation and position Email address Mr. Alasan C.M.B Bah DOA-OIC RAD NBR [email protected] Mrs Isatou Drammeh MOA- PAS [email protected] Mr. Ali Mbye DWR- MET. ASSISTANT 1 [email protected] Mr. Yaya H. Jallow PSU [email protected] Mr. Momodou Darboe DLSRLD-NBR [email protected] Mr. Malang Jatta Dept. of Forestry- Snr Forest [email protected] Mr. Francis Mendy PSUOfficer- Agric Officer [email protected] Mr. Seedy Demba PSU- Senior Planner [email protected] Mr. Arfang Musa Samateh PSU- Agric Officer [email protected] Mr. Sanjally Conteh DLS – OIC Regional Livestock [email protected] Mr. Jero Manneh PlanningDirectorate services PSU- Principal [email protected] Agricultural Office Mr. Buba Darbo GRCS- Disaster mgt and food [email protected] security coordinator Miss Isatou Manneh Action-Aid=Intern Finance [email protected] Mr. Alieu Kujabi NaNA Principal program Officer [email protected] Mrs. Fatou Darboe GBos [email protected] Ms. Bintou Sonko Planning Services-Market [email protected] information system coordinator Mr. Bala Kuyateh Ministry of trade-Trade [email protected] Mr. Sana Jaina Regionalstatistician Agric. Directorate [email protected] Mr. Bakary K.S Sanyang OOIC & Head - PSUIC &OIC & [email protected] Mr. Nerry Corr DLS/Head Regional- PSU Head Livestock-PSU Director [email protected] CCR/S Mr. Famara Trawally DOA/ Regional Director CCR/N [email protected] Mr. Bakary O. Camara NARI/ Senior Research Officer [email protected] Mr. Ansumana Njie DOA/ Regional Director LRR [email protected] Mr. Baboucarr Bojang CRS/Program Officer [email protected] Mrs. Mbassi Sanneh NDMA/Administrative Assistant [email protected] Mr. Momodou Sedibeh Fisheries Department/ Principal [email protected] Fisheries Officer Mr. Alhagie Nyangado FAO/ Project Coordinator [email protected] Mrs. Khaddy Bojang Saidy RAD-WCR [email protected] Mr. Sheriff T.J. Sanyang RAD-Urban Agric [email protected] Mr. Ebrima Cham SOA-PSU [email protected] Mrs. Agi AWA Kaira Program Officer-NEA [email protected]

Mrs. Yamoundow Jaiteh Planner-MOLRG [email protected]

Mr. Sidi M. Kijera Economist-GPA [email protected]

Mr. SalifJallow DLS [email protected]

Ms. Mam Yassin Ceesay Senior Program -WFP [email protected]

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 37 Mr. Alieu Sowe National Coordinator, NACOFAG [email protected]/naco [email protected]

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 38 ANNEX 2 – LIST OF DISTRICTS BY LIVELIHOOD ZONE AND ESTIMATED POPULATION8

Local Government Area District Population Livelihood zones Zone GA01 BRIKAMA KOMBO NORTH 344,756 1/6 KOMBO SOUTH 108,773 1/6 KOMBO CENTRAL 142,831 1/6 KOMBO EAST 42,955 1/6 Zone GA02 KEREWAN LOWER NIUMI 57,358 2/6 UPPER NIUMI 31,480 2/7 JOKADU 22,132 2/7 CENTRAL BADIBU 20,104 2/7 ILLIASA 41,603 2/7 LOWER BADIBU 18,030 2/7 SABACH SANJAL 30,347 2/3/7 Zone GA03 MANSAKONKO KIANG CENTRAL 8,366 3/7 KIANG EAST 6,849 3/5/7 KIANG WEST 14,953 3/7 JARRA CENTRAL 8,437 3/7 JARRA EAST 16,551 3/5/7 JARRA WEST 27,205 3/7 KEREWAN SABACH SANJAL 30,347 2/3/7 KUNTAUR LOWER SALOUM 15,881 3/5 NIANI 29,478 3/5 SAMI 24,429 3/4/5 JANJANGBUREH FULLADU WEST 84,961 3/5 NIAMINA EAST 24,571 3/5 BASSE JIMARA 43,460 3/4 Zone GA04 KUNTAUR SAMI 24,429 3/4/5 BASSE KANTORA 38,784 4 TUMANA 37,561 4 BASSE FULADU EAST 49,990 4 JIMARA 43,460 3/4 WULI WEST 22,546 4 WULI EAST 23,691 4 SANDU 23,884 4/5 Zone GA05 MANSAKONKO KIANG EAST 6,849 3/5/7 JARRA EAST 16,551 3/5/7 KUNTAUR LOWER SALOUM 15,881 3/5 NIANIJA 10,175 5

8 Based on The Gambia 2013 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results (Gambia Bureau of Statistics and UNFPA). An estimated split of the population in each district containing more than one livelihood zone is necessary in order to calculate the total population by livelihood zone.

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 39 NIANI 29,478 3/5 SAMI 24,429 3/4/5 JANJANGBUREH JANJANGBUREH 3,988 5 FULLADU WEST 84,961 3/5 NIAMINA EAST 24,571 3/5 NIAMINA WEST 7,293 5 NIAMINA DANKUNKU 6,097 5 BASSE SANDU 23,884 4/5 Zone GA06 BRIKAMA KOMBO NORTH 344,756 1/6 KOMBO SOUTH 108,773 1/6 KOMBO CENTRAL 142,831 1/6 KOMBO EAST 42,955 1/6 KEREWAN LOWER NIUMI 57,358 2/6 Zone GA07 BRIKAMA FONI BREFET 14,414 7/8 FONI KANSALA 14,238 7/8 FONI BINTANG 16,986 7/8 KARANAI MANSAKONKO KIANG CENTRAL 8,366 3/7 KIANG EAST 6,849 3/5/7 KIANG WEST 14,953 3/7 JARRA CENTRAL 8,437 3/7 JARRA EAST 16,551 3/5/7 JARRA WEST 27,205 3/7 KEREWAN UPPER NIUMI 31,480 2/7 JOKADU 22,132 2/7 CENTRAL BADIBU 20,104 2/7 ILLIASA 41,603 2/7 LOWER BADIBU 18,030 2/7 SABACH SANJAL 30,347 2/3/7 Zone GA08 BRIKAMA FONI BONDALI 7,741 8 FONI BREFET 14,414 7/8 FONI KANSALA 14,238 7/8 FONI BINTANG 16,986 7/8 KARANAI FONI JARROL 7,010 8

The Gambia livelihood zone profiling 40