DOCSLIB.ORG

An Application of Small Area Estimation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Application of Small Area Estimation Public Disclosure Authorized POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ON THE Public Disclosure Authorized MAP IN THE GAMBIA An Application of Small Area Estimation Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ON THE MAP IN THE GAMBIA November 2018 1 | Page This publication is prepared with the support of the Country Management Unit West Africa Poverty Monitoring Code (WAPMC - P164474). Extracts may be published if source is duly acknowledged. Copyright © 2018 by The Gambia Bureau of Statistics The Statistician General P. O. Box 3504, Serekunda, The Gambia Tel. +220 4377847 Fax: +220 4377848 Authors Rose Mungai Minh Cong Nguyen Tejesh Pradhan Supervisor Andrew Dabalen Graphic presentation of the data Minh Cong Nguyen Editor Lauri Scherer Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 The Gambia country context ...................................................................................................... 8 2. Overview of the Methodology ............................................................................................... 9 3. The Data ................................................................................................................................. 12 3.1. Integrated Household Survey 2015/16 .................................................................................... 12 3.2. Population census .................................................................................................................... 13 4. Modeling for Monetary Poverty .......................................................................................... 14 5. Model Selection ..................................................................................................................... 18 5.1 Default stepwise ....................................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Stepwise AIC ............................................................................................................................ 19 5.3 Post-lasso .................................................................................................................................. 19 5.4 Random forest ........................................................................................................................... 20 6. Poverty Mapping Results ...................................................................................................... 30 7. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 49 References ......................................................................................................................................... 50 List of Appendixes Appendix A: The Gambia: Administrative Boundaries ..................................................................... 53 Appendix B: Region Alpha Model Estimates .................................................................................... 54 Table B1: Banjul (Alpha Model, LGA 1) ....................................................................................... 54 Table B2: Kanifing (Alpha Model, LGA 2) ................................................................................... 54 Table B3: Brikama (Alpha Model, LGA 3) ................................................................................... 54 Table B4: Mansakonko (Alpha Model, LGA 4) ............................................................................. 54 Table B5: Kerewan (Alpha Model, LGA 5) ................................................................................... 55 Table B6: Kuntaur (Alpha Model, LGA 6) .................................................................................... 55 Table B7: Janjangbureh (Alpha Model, LGA 7) ............................................................................ 55 Table B8: Basse (Alpha Model, LGA 8) ........................................................................................ 56 1 | Page Appendix C: Poverty Measures .......................................................................................................... 57 Appendix D: Census Poverty Measures by Administrative Units ..................................................... 59 Table D1: Poverty Measures by Local Government Area and District .......................................... 59 Table D2: Poverty Measures by Ward ........................................................................................... 61 Appendix E: Census Nonmonetary Indicators by Administrative Units ........................................... 66 Table E1: Population Characteristics by Local Government Area and District ............................. 66 Table E2: Household Nonmonetary Measures by Local Government Area and District .............. 66 Appendix F: Census Population Poverty Profiles by Administrative Units ...................................... 72 Table F1: Population Poverty Profiles by Local Government Area and District ........................... 72 Table F2: Household Poverty Profiles by Local Government Area and District ........................... 74 List of Boxes Box 1: Step-by-Step Summary of the Modeling Approach ............................................................... 11 List of Figures Figure 1: Households, Population, Household Size, and Total Fertility Rate by Census Year ......... 14 Figure 2: Distributions with Actual and Imputed Testing Sample ..................................................... 29 List of Tables Table 1: Geographical Distribution between the Census (2013) and Survey (2015/16).................... 16 Table 2: Comparison of Household Characteristics between Census (2013) and Survey (2015/16), Weighted Average ........................................................................................................................ 17 Table 3: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Banjul (Beta Model, LGA 1) ........................... 21 Table 4: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Kanifing (Beta Model, LGA 2)........................ 22 Table 5: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Brikama (Beta Model, LGA 3) ........................ 23 Table 6: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Mansakonko (Beta Model, LGA 4) ................. 24 Table 7: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Kerewan (Beta Model, LGA 5) ....................... 25 Table 8: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Kuntaur (Beta Model, LGA 6) ......................... 26 Table 9: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Janjangbureh (Beta Model, LGA 7) ................ 27 Table 10: Model Estimates Based on IHS 2015/16—Basse (Beta Model, LGA 8) .......................... 28 Table 11: Poverty Estimates from Survey (Observed) and the Census (Small Area Estimation) ..... 30 Table 12: Census Small Area Estimation of Poverty and Gini at the National and Local Government Area .............................................................................................................................................. 30 2 | Page Table 13: Census Small Area Estimation of Poverty and Gini at the District Level ......................... 34 Table 14: Census Small Area Estimation of Poverty and Gini at the Ward Level ............................ 39 List of Maps Map 1: Census Small Area Estimation of Poverty at the Local Government Area ........................... 31 Map 2: Census Small Area Estimation of Number of Poor at the Local Government Area.............. 32 Map 3: Census Small Area Estimation of Poverty at the District Level ............................................ 36 Map 4: Census Small Area Estimation of Number of Poor at the District Level .............................. 37 Map 5: Census Small Area Estimation of Gini at the District Level ................................................. 38 Map 6: Census Small Area Estimation of Poverty at the Ward Level ............................................... 43 Map 7: Census Small Area Estimation of Poverty at the Ward Level (Zoom in at Banjul and Kanifing) ................................................................................................................................ 44 Map 8: Census Small Area Estimation of Number of Poor at the Ward Level ................................. 45 Map 9: Census Small Area Estimation of Number of Poor at the Ward Level (Zoom in at Banjul and Kanifing) .......................................................................................................................... 46 Map 10: Census Small Area Estimation of Gini at the Ward Level .................................................. 47 Map 11: Census Small Area Estimation of Gini at the Ward Level (Zoom in at Banjul and Kanifing) ................................................................................................................................................ 48 3 | Page Acknowledgments This note was prepared by a core team of Rose Mungai (Senior Economist/Statistician,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gambia Parliamentary Elections, 6 April 2017
    EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION FINAL REPORT The GAMBIA National Assembly Elections 6 April 2017 European Union Election Observation Missions are independent from the European Union institutions.The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. EU Election Observation Mission to The Gambia 2017 Final Report National Assembly Elections – 6 April 2017 Page 1 of 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................. 3 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 4 II. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 9 III. POLITICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 9 IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM ................................................................................. 11 A. Universal and Regional Principles and Commitments ............................................................................. 11 B. Electoral Legislation ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the State of Implementation of Praia Orientations (On Land Tenure) in the Gambia
    1 THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA REVIEW OF THE STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PRAIA ORIENTATIONS (ON LAND TENURE) IN THE GAMBIA 2 REVIEW OF THE STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PRAIA ORIENTATIONS (ON LAND TENURE) IN THE GAMBIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1. Context and Justification ..................................................................................... 3 1.1.2. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3. METHODOLOGY........................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Terms of Reference for the Study ........................................................................ 5 1.2 Country Profile............................................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Physical Characteristics........................................................................................ 6 1.2.2 Political Characteristics........................................................................................ 6 1.2.3 Social Characteristics............................................................................................ 6 2 MAIN LAND USE SYSTEMS ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Community Forestry Conflict Management in Central River Division, the Gambia
    CASE STUDY 2 Who owns Kayai Island? Community forestry conflict management in Central River division, the Gambia By A. Dampha, K. Camara, A. Jarjusey, M. Badjan and K. Jammeh, Forestry Department, the Gambia and National Consultancy for Forestry Extension and Training Services (NACO) Edited by A.P. Castro SUMMARY Kayai and Saruja villages are located on opposite sides of the River Gambia. Between them is Kayai Island, whose 784 ha consists mainly of forest reserve containing economically valuable species and a large wildlife population.The people of Kayai village regard the island as falling within their traditional lands. In the 1950s, the colonial government, without consulting Kayai village, gave farm plots on the island to people in Saruja as compensation for land annexed by an agricultural project. Since then, several disputes have arisen between the two villages over ownership of the island. Attempts to resolve the conflict, including though court adjudication, proved unsuccessful. The latest clash was provoked by the government’s recent participatory forestry initiative, which empowers communities to manage forest lands. This decentralization of public forestry administration seeks to foster sustainable natural resource management, addressing shortcomings in the State forestry that has been in operation since colonial times. A proposal by Kayai village to set up a community forest on the island met with resistance from Saruja villagers, who refused to sign the agreement approving it. The people of Saruja feared losing their rice fields, gardens and orchards and their access to forest products. As in the past, public and forestry officials’ efforts to resolve the conflict were not successful.
    [Show full text]
  • Farafenni Dss, the Gambia
    Farafenni Demographic Surveillance System (Member of the INDEPTH Network) Profile of the FARAFENNI DSS, THE GAMBIA March, 2004 1. Physical geography and Population Characteristics of the Farafenni DSA The Gambia is the smallest continental country in Africa, with a land area of just 10 360 km2 (480 km from east to west and on average 48 km from north to south) and a total population of 1.4 million in July 2000 (Figure 1). It is surrounded by Senegal, with which it once shared a short-lived federation (‘Senegambia”), from 1982 to 1989. The town of Farafenni is on the north bank of the Gambia River, about 170 km inland from the capital, Banjul. The main road between Dakar and the Casamance crosses the Gambia River at Farafenni, which has a ferry suitable for heavy vehicles. The average annual rainfall, measured at the Farafenni field station in 1989-99, was 683 mm, but the relative variability is large (22.6%), with amounts in the 11-year period ranging from 515 mm in 1991 to 1000 mm in 1999. The Gambia has a single rainy season, extending from June to October, with peak rains in August. The vegetation is dry savannah, with scattered trees, but in the rainy season, grasses and bushes grow strongly. Rice is cultivated in the river bottoms and in the upland areas where millet, sorghum, and other cereals are the staple food crops. Figure 1: Location of the Farafenni DSS site, The Gambia. 2. Population characteristics of the Farafenni DSA The surveillance site is located in a rural area between latitudes 130 and 140N and longitudes 150 and 160W and comprises 40 small villages, extending 32 km to the east and 22 km to the west of the town of Farafenni (1993 population, 21,000).
    [Show full text]
  • Report of GARD Consultancy Study of Water-Controlled Rice Production
    Report of GARD Consultancy Study of Water-Controlled Rice Production in The Gambia Christine Elias July, 1987 STUDY OF WATER-CONTROLLED RICE PRODUCTION IN THE GAMBIA by Christine Elias In collaboration with Soil and Water Management Unit GTZ/DWR Rainfed Rice Improvement Project Freedom From Hunger Campaign Jahaly-Pacharr Project July 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements i Executive Summary ii 1. RATIONALE FOR STUDY 1 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS 2 2.1 Soil and Water Management Unit (SWMU) 2 2.2 GTZ/DWR Rainfed Rice Improvement 7 2.3 Freedom From Hunger Campaign (FFHC) 10 2.4 Jahaly-Pacharr Tidal Irrigation Component 15 3. STUDY METHODOLOGY 22 4. CASE STUDY VILLAGES 24 5. FACTORS AFFECTING PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND OUTCOME IN CASE-STUDY VILLAGES 27 5.1 SWI1U Case Study Villages 27 5.2 GTZ/DWR Case Study Villages 31 5.3 FFHC Case Study Village 35 5.4 Jahaly-Pacharr C:.se Study Village 36 6. ECONOMIC ANALYSES 37 6.1 Estimation of Project Costs 38 6.2 Estimation of Project Benefits and Incremental Costs of Rice Production 42 6.3 Project Returns and Sensitivity Analysis 44 6.4 Results of the Economic Analyses 45 7. COLLECTIVE PROJECT EXPERIENCES 50 7.1 Environmental Factors 51 7.2 Design Factors of Water-control Interventions 52 7.3 Issues of Land Use and Land Tenure 55 7.4 Village Participation 57 7.5 Compatibility of Intervention with Existing Farming System 58 7.6 Economic Factors 60 8. IMPLICATIONS FOR RICE DEVELOPMENT IN THE GAMBIA 60 9. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOLLOW-UP TO THIS STUDY 63 ANNEXES A.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Operation in April to Provide Emergency Food Assistance to 62,500 People in the Five Most-Affected Districts
    1 EMERGENCY FOOD ASSISTANCE FOR DROUGHT-AFFECTED POPULATIONS IN THE GAMBIA Number of beneficiaries 206,000 Duration of project 5 months (June – October 2012) WFP food tonnage 13,169 mt Cost (United States dollars) WFP food cost US$6,910,868 Total cost to WFP US$10,778,577 A severe drought has led to a substantial crop failure in most of the Gambia. A joint post-harvest assessment led by the Ministry of Agriculture and WFP indicates that 520,000 people living in rural districts are seriously affected and need emergency food assistance or livelihoods support. Drought-affected populations face both reduced food availability due to their own production being less and reduced food access due to the loss of income from failed groundnut crops and high food prices. The Government declared a national food and seed emergency in March 2012 and requested urgent humanitarian assistance. The United Nations Country Team has already mobilized US$4.8 million through the United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund, for priority interventions including food security and nutrition, water and health. As an initial response, WFP launched a two-month immediate-response emergency operation in April to provide emergency food assistance to 62,500 people in the five most-affected districts. This five-month emergency operation will enable WFP to provide food assistance to 206,000 people in the 19 most-affected districts during the lean season, with the aim to prevent increased food insecurity. To prevent any further deterioration of the nutrition situation, WFP also will also target 17,000 children in regions with a high prevalence of acute malnutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Population & Demography / Employment Status by District
    Population & Demography / Employment Status by District Table 39.1: Percentage Distribution of Population (15-64 years) by Employment Status and District - Total District Active Employed Unemployed Inactive Banjul 53.6 95.8 4.2 46.4 Kanifing 47.8 95.8 4.2 52.2 Kombo North 49.7 95.7 4.3 50.3 Kombo South 60.8 97.4 2.6 39.2 Kombo Central 52.7 94.7 5.3 47.3 Kombo East 55.2 97.0 3.0 44.8 Foni Brefet 80.6 99.8 0.2 19.4 Foni Bintang 81.7 99.7 0.3 18.3 Foni Kansalla 80.2 100.0 0.0 19.8 Foni Bundali 84.1 100.0 0.0 15.9 Foni Jarrol 76.0 99.3 0.7 24.0 Kiang West 73.7 99.6 0.4 26.3 Kiang Cental 80.3 99.2 0.8 19.7 Kiang East 83.5 100.0 0.0 16.5 Jarra West 76.3 99.7 0.3 23.7 Jarra Central 93.0 99.8 0.2 7.0 Jarra East 89.1 100.0 0.0 10.9 Lower Niumi 68.5 98.3 1.7 31.5 Upper Niumi 87.4 100.0 0.0 12.6 Jokadu 89.8 99.9 0.1 10.2 Lower Badibu 88.8 99.7 0.3 11.2 Central Badibu 89.1 99.9 0.1 10.9 Illiasa 72.4 98.3 1.7 27.6 Sabach Sanjal 93.6 99.9 0.1 6.4 Lower Saloum 88.8 99.7 0.3 11.2 Upper Saloum 97.6 100.0 0.0 2.4 Nianija 95.8 100.0 0.0 4.2 Niani 85.8 99.6 0.4 14.2 Sami 90.7 99.9 0.1 9.3 Niamina Dankunku 90.6 100.0 0.0 9.4 Niamina West 88.9 99.9 0.1 11.1 Niamina East 89.5 99.8 0.2 10.5 Lower Fuladu West 87.1 99.8 0.2 12.9 Upper Fuladu West 81.5 99.3 0.7 18.5 Janjanbureh 63.8 99.3 0.7 36.2 Jimara 85.1 99.9 0.1 14.9 Basse 73.1 100.0 0.0 26.9 Tumana 90.4 100.0 0.0 9.6 Kantora 93.5 99.9 0.1 6.5 Wuli West 96.6 99.9 0.1 3.4 Wuli East 97.2 100.0 0.0 2.8 Sandu 96.8 100.0 0.0 3.2 Source: IHS 2015/2016 Table 39.2: Percentage Distribution of Population (15-64 years)
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Assistance to the Gambia Oar/Banjul June
    U.S. ASSISTANCE TO THE GAMBIA OAR/BANJUL JUNE, IM2 U.S. ASSISTANCE TO THE GAMBIA United States assistance to The Gambia prior to its independence was fairly limited. in the period 1946 through 1961, some $300,000 was provided to the country through the Erit,14sh Foreign Office. From 1962 through 1975 bilateral assistance was extended through food aid (totalling $5.3 million), technical assistance (totalling $l.14million), and the Peace Corps ($2.0 million), for a grand total of $8.4 million. 5However, indirect economic assistance was provided contribution to various African regional and worldwide programs such as the West African Measles-Smallpox Campaigns. funded through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) in the mid-1960s. The Gambia began to receive more direct U.S. Government assistance starting in 1973-74 as the great Sahelian drought wreaked havoc across West Africa. Even though it is a riverine country, 'The Gambia is entirelu within the Sahelian climatic zone. During the drought, its cash crop and food crop production trailed off and environmental degradation set in. The U.S. Government attempted to help alleviate the situation by providing a significant increase in food aid. Food assistance has continued since then and is presently running at some $600 ,000 and $800,000 a year (excluding freight charges) which is in addition to periodic emergency food shipments in response to famine conditions, e.g., 1978 and again in 1980 and 1981. In 1974, AID received permr'ission from the Government of The Gamnbia (GOTO) to assign an Economic Development Oficer in The Gambia and establish an office in Banjul, which reported to the Regional Develop­ ment Office in Dakar.
    [Show full text]
  • Issues and Options for Improved Land Sector Governance in the Gambia
    Issues and Options for Improved Land Sector Governance in the Gambia Results of the Application of the Land Governance Assessment Framework Synthesis Report August 2013 AMIE BENSOUDA & CO LP OFF BERTIL HARDING HIGHWAY NO. SSHFC CRESCENT KANIFING INSTITUTIONAL AREA KANIFING MUNICIPALITY E-mail: [email protected] Telephone Nos. 4495381 / 4496453 ACRONYMS DLS - Department of Lands and Surveys DPPH - Department of Physical Planning and Housing KMA - Kanifing Municipal Area KMC - Kanifing Municipal Council LGAF - Land Governance Assessment Framework MOL - Minister of Lands MOA - Minister of Agriculture MOFE - Minister of Forestry and the Environment MoLRG - Ministry of Lands and Regional Government NGO - Non- Governmental Organizations TDA - Tourism Development Area 2 2 Page Table of Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. LGAF Methodology 5 3. Overview of Land Policy Issues in the Gambia 6 3.1 The Gambia: Background Information 6 3.1.1 Economy and geography 6 3.1.2 Governance system 7 3.2 Land Issues and Land Policy 7 3.2.1 Tenure Typology 7 3.2.2 History and current status of land policies 8 3.2.3 Land management institutions 9 4. Assessment of Land Governance in the Gambia 9 4.1 Legal and institutional framework 9 4.1.1 Continuum of rights 9 4.1.2 Enforcement of rights 11 4.1.3 Mechanisms for recognition of rights 12 4.1.4 Restrictions on rights 13 4.1.5 Clarity of institutional mandates 13 4.1.6 Equity and nondiscrimination 14 4.2 Land use planning, taxation, and management 14 4.2.1 Transparency of restrictions 14 4.2.2 Efficiency in the planning
    [Show full text]
  • The 2015/16 Gambia Integrated Household Survey Vol III
    THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GAMBIA INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 2015/16 Volume III Prevalence and Depth of Poverty Gambia Bureau of Statistics Banjul, The Gambia October 2017 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ANNEXES.............................................................................................................................. iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................... v FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 - BACKGROUND, SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION ................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Socio-economic Environment ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives of the Integrated
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Mobile Qos Report
    November 2016 MONTHLY MOBILE QOS REPORT Comparative Quality of Service Report for Mobile Networks Technical Report November 2017 1 November 2017 Contents 1. Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................................................. 4 2. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) ............................................................................................. 4 3. KPIs & Threshold Used in Report ................................................................................................. 6 4. Findings 1: 2G Networks................................................................................................................. 7 5. Findings 2: Graphs .......................................................................................................................... 10 6. Findings 3: CELL Outages ............................................................................................................. 12 7. Findings 4: Percentage Change in Traffic ................................................................................ 12 7.1. Voice Traffic ................................................................................................................................. 12 7.2. Data Traffic ................................................................................................................................... 13 8. Number of Cells Deployed ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Gambia 2013 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results
    REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA The Gambia 2013 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results Count! Everyone Everywhere in The Gambia Every House Everywhere in The Gambia 2013 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results Page i The Gambia 2013 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results The Gambia Bureau of Statistics Kanifing Institutional Layout P.O. Box 3504, Serrekunda Tel: +220 4377-847 Fax: +220 4377-848 email: [email protected] Website: www.gbos.gov.gm Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results Page i ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF THE GAMBIA Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results Page ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF THE GAMBIA ………………………………………………………………. ii LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv MAP…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv FOREWORD …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. v ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………………………………………………………… ……………………………….. vi LIST OF ACRONYMS …………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii 1. BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Legal and Administrative Backing of the Census ……………………………………………. 1 1.3 Census Preparatory Activities ………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.4 Decentralization of the Census Activities ………………………………………………………. 4 2. Preliminary Results …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 2.1 Population Size …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 2.2 Population Growth ………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 2.3 Percentage
    [Show full text]