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Rural Gambian Households - ILCUF June 2012

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Rural Gambian Households - ILCUF June 2012 Baseline Study of Rural Gambian Households - ILCUF June 2012 Rural Gambian Households A Baseline Study of Credit Union Members in Four Regions of the Gambia Irish League of Credit Unions Foundation & National Association of Cooperative Credit Unions of the Gambia June 2012 For: Irish Aid 1 Baseline Study of Rural Gambian Households - ILCUF June 2012 Page Executive Summary 4 1. Background 5 2. Methodology 7 3. Analysis of CU use by rural members and by rural women 9 4. Household survey 17 5. Gender Issues in Rural Gambia and in the CU Movement 22 6. The Role of the Kafo in Rural Gambia 27 7. Member Perception of the CU in Rural Gambia 29 8. Wealth Ranking Exercise 31 Conclusion 35 i. List of Tables Table 1: Breakdown of membership of 4 rural CUs Table 2: Average Savings in the CUs Table 3: Savings & Withdrawal Patterns in the CUs Table 4: Jambanjelly (Kombo South) - Breakdown of savings into size categories Table 5: Foni Kansala CU- Breakdown of savings into size categories Table 6: Sabunima CU - Breakdown of savings into size categories Table 7: Jokadu CU - Breakdown of savings into size categories Table 8: Places in which households save Table 9: CU Lending Patterns Table 10: Jambanjelly (Kombo South) - Breakdown of loans into size categories Table 11: Foni Kansala CU- Breakdown of loans into size categories Table 12: Sabunima CU - Breakdown of loans into size categories Table 13: Jokadu CU - Breakdown of loans into size categories Table 14: CU Borrowers disaggregated by sex Table 15: Reasons for Borrowing among Households Table 16: Where households borrow Table 17: Poverty Scores among Household in 4 Regions Table 18: Breakdown of sources of income over the year. Average of all regions Table 19: Average monthly household income declared by respondent Table 20: Households whose economic situation has disapproved in past 2 years Table 21: Breakdown of main household expenditure Table 22: Reasons that Children miss days at school Table 23: Spending roles within the household - who pays the various bills? Table 24: Who inherits the household assets if the male head dies? Appendix A Poverty Scoring Tool 2 Baseline Study of Rural Gambian Households - ILCUF June 2012 ii. Acronyms & Abbreviations CDDP Community Driven Development Programme D Dalasi CU Credit Union GII Gender Inequality Index GPS Global Positioning System IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILCUF Irish League of Credit Unions Foundation NACCUG National Association of Co-operative Credit Unions of the Gambia UNDP United Nations Development Programme iii. Acknowledgements This study has been completed by ILCUF & NACCUG for Irish Aid under the ‘Gambian Credit Union Development Project 2012 to 2014’, supported by the Civil Society Fund. Team Leader: Michael Gannon Gambia Team Leader: Baboucarr Jeng Field Research: Clare Hayden, Yaya Colleye Study Design & Technical Assistance: Isabelle Kidney Technical Assistance on Questionnaire Design: Henk Van Oosterhaut Data Processing & Analysis: Finbarr McCarthy & Kleid Gjini Special thanks to all the members and volunteers of the Credit Unions throughout rural Gambia who contributed to the surveys and focus group meetings that made this study possible. 3 Baseline Study of Rural Gambian Households - ILCUF June 2012 Executive Summary This baseline data set provides in-depth information relating to poverty, financial behaviour and gender issues in four representative rural Credit Unions (CU) for the Irish Aid funded programme ‘The Gambian Credit Union Project 2012 – 2014’. This is being implemented by the Irish League of Credit Unions Foundation (ILCUF) in collaboration with the National Association of Cooperatives and Credit Unions in the Gambia (NACCUG). The household survey revealed that that the average household (or compound) size is 18; that just over a third are polygamous households; and that the average monthly income estimate is approximately €162 per household. The geographical distribution of poverty is consistent with other national studies, however, the variability in monthly income is surprising at an average of just €50 per month per household in Jokadu (the poorest CU) compared with €313 in Fuladu West. Education is the major expenditure item after food, however, over 60% of reported incidences of children missing days of school due to financial pressures. Despite the hardship, rural Gambia has embraced the mobile phone revolution and 96% of households own at least one mobile phone. The wealth ranking exercise conducted gave an indication as to the characteristics of the various groups including the very poor. This group is characterised by a lack of productive assets, labour constraints, lacking in means of transport, have very low livestock holdings, are often female headed, have traditional housing with thatched roofs and are living frequently off one meal per day. Members’ perceptions of CUs were positive. Features that were particularly appreciated included security of savings, confidentiality, support to income growth and access to emergency lending for meeting health and education costs. The proportion of women members is equal to or greater than men and further surpasses male membership when group membership is taken into account. However, this does not translate into significant levels of women’s involvement in the directorial or national network levels of the movement. The frequency of savings lodgements was higher with poorer members, although the number of lodgements made per year by members from both poorer and better off areas was very low. The study found that CU members also continue to use traditional informal savings clubs. Average savings levels fall are ‘medium’ (€40 or more) or ‘high’ for the two CUs in the better off regions (Foni Kansala and Jambanjelly) whereas the average savings in Sabunima and Jokadu CU was ‘low’ or ‘very low’ (under €25 and under €12.50). The average loan sizes in the CUs similarly reflect the different economic capacities of the 4 regions in the study. Kombo South has a much higher average loan balance, more than 3 times that of any other region and 12 times higher than the poorest region Jokadu. Roughly half of all loans were used for business purposes, and the rest were used for education, food, emergencies and household purposes. The impact of recent droughts (2010 and 2011) was evident in financial behaviour (crisis loans and withdrawing savings) and had disproportionately difficult consequences for women in terms of increased time spent collecting water, difficulties in farming their land (the men tend to get the required inputs first), increased levels of gender based violence (anecdotal) as well as increased financial pressure on women who generally pay for school fees and other domestic costs. The Gambian context is set out at the start of the report. A variety of methodological approaches were used including reviewing membership records to discern patterns of financial behaviour, a household poverty scoring exercise, and this was cross-referenced by a wealth ranking exercise which also aided in gauging the depth of outreach. Focus group discussions were held to examine kafos (indigenous support structures); to explore gender issues and local insights and opinions on various matters. The methodologies, survey and other formats are detailed in appendices. 4 Baseline Study of Rural Gambian Households - ILCUF June 2012 1. Background Gambia is one of the poorest countries in sub Saharan Africa. Its population has increased from 600,000 in 1980 to 1.7 million today. This reflects decreased child mortality (from 21% in 1980 to 10% today) and lengthened life expectancy (from 47 years in 1980 to 58 today) but this growth adds to the already great challenge of providing healthcare, education and income for a larger population. Gambia's Human Development Index score is 0.420, which gives the country a rank of 168 out of 187 countries with comparable data. The HDI of Sub-Saharan Africa as a region increased from 0.365 in 1980 to 0.463 today, placing Gambia below the regional average. 1 Gambia’s ranking has decreased from 155 of 177 in 2004 to 168 of 187 in 2011. This poverty in The Gambia has been described by IFAD as “widespread, pervasive and predominantly rural” (IFAD, 2012a). The situation for rural households in The Gambia is increasingly bleak. A very bad rainy season in 2011 has led to food shortages in 2012. There have been declines of over 50% in the main food crops: rice groundnut and early millet. This problem is compounded by the fact that the global economic crisis has seen the price of a bag of rice (a staple food) increase by at least $5 per 50kg bag (a 10 to 20% increase) 2. Women’s role in society is still inequitable. Rural women in particular experience low literacy, low access to employment, hard agricultural labour on their farms, poor access to health facilities and heavy child rearing duties. Gambia scores 0.613 on the 2011 UNDP Gender Inequality Index. The GII measures inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. Gambia scores marginally better than the Low Human Development category score of 0.631. It is encouraging however that Gambia’s score on this index has improved steadily since 1995. Gambians have very limited access to financial services and to credit. In 2010, there were an estimated 24.5 branches of financial institutions per 100,000 in the Gambia. Of these 5.76 per 100,000 (23.5%) are CU branches. The estimate of accounts per adult is relatively healthy. - 28% have bank accounts - 3.7% have CU accounts - 17% have accounts in Micro Finance Institutions 3 However, the distribution of financial inclusion is skewed towards Banjul, the capital, and the availability of financial services is correlated with proximity to Banjul. CUs help people to manage and develop on the available funds they have by offering savings services, and by lending to those who have the means to repay.
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