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EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

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Volume: 4 Issue:9 September 2018

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Volume: 4 | Issue: 9 | September 2018 SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)

A STUDY ON GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF STATE

Prof. S.A. Kerutagi Associate professor, Geography Dept. C.M.Managuli Arts, Science and Commerce college, Sindagi, Karnataka,

INTRODUCTION 180451 North and longitudinally from 740121 to 780 The state of Karnataka is a tourist paradise and 1 (map2.1) geographers‟ workshop with its special geographical 40 of East . The maximum latitudinal extent is location and features. It has rivers, hills and 70 141 from Aurad taluk of in the North to mountains, valleys, plains and Plateau, varieties of Moyar River in the South (Chamarajanagar) for a Plants and animals, forests and mineral resources. It is distance of 750 Km. The maximum longitudinal not only rich in Sandalwood, and Spices but also the extent is 40 281 from of Uttar world‟s richest bio-diversity center. Karnataka has a rich district in the west to Mulbagilu taluk of Kolar heritage and history; it inspires people to create a bright district in the extreme east for a distance of 400 future in many ways. kms (Dr.Ranganatha 2012). It is the eighth largest states Location and extent of the study area: of the Indian union with a total Geographical area of 1, The Southern state of Karnataka is a Pioneer in 91,791 sq. Kms, It is accounting for 5.83percent of the many fields among the Indian states. According to one total area of the country (Karnataka gazetteer 1981, ancient text, the poetics entitled “Kaviraja magra” N.B.K. Reddy and G.S.Murty 1967). belongs to th ORIGIN OF THE NAME 9 century that land of Karnataka stretched from There are no scholarly consents on the exact Cauvery to Godavari (Karnataka gazetteer 1981, 2005). evidence for the term Karnataka. According to a group, it Now it is located in the western part of Decca plateau. It is derived from Kar+nadu literally black land or the land has both water and land boundaries. It has common of the black soil. No doubt major parts of the Karnataka border with Maharastra in the North, Andrapradesh in covered by black soil. Others have held that it is derived the East, Tamilnadu in the South and Southeast, from Karu+Nadu which mean elevated land or country. in the Southwest and Goa in the North West. Compared to the eastern parts, western part is more Western part is flanked by the Arabian Sea. The State elevated (Karnataka gazetteer1981). shape resembles like cashew nut. It extends Latitudinally from 110311 to

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EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924

Map: Location Map of Karnataka

REORGANIZATION OF THE STATE remained as Karnataka on 1st November 1973. It took There is nothing in a United Karnataka, United seventeen years for renaming the state as Karnataka. study and before 1st November PHYSIOGRAPHY OF KARNATAKA 1956. Because, The Kannada speaking are as were Physiographically Karnataka State forms two spread in various 19 administrative provinces. In the later well-designed macro regions of Indian union, they are: part of the nineteenth century, the people of Karnataka The and the coastal plains or lowlands were involved in two large scale political movements. and Islands (Karnataka gazetteer 1981). On the basis of They are (1) Karnataka Ekikarana or Unification geographical structure and relief features the state can be Movement and (2) Congress movement. The demand of divided into three major physiographic regions: the Karnataka Unification was to reconstitute the 1. The Coastal Region Kanndigas in to a single province based on the principle 2. The Malnad Region of one language and one province. Because, at the time 3. The Maidan Region. of independence, Kannada speaking people were These broad natural divisions naturally unfolded scattered in almost 19 different provinces and after the themselves, although several studies further divided independence all these were brought under 5 (Learmonth A.T.A. et.al.1962, N.B.K. Reddy and administrative units. Under the state reorganization act of G.S.Murty1967, Karnataka state gazetteer 1982, 1956, the new state was formed on1st November Handbook of Karnataka 2005) on the basis climate and 1956, declared as its capital. Later it has natural conditions. The chart above 2.1 shows the Physiographic divisions of Karnataka.

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EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924

Physiographic Divisions of Karnataka

THE COASTAL REGION Devirammanagudda(1817m) Rudragiri (1715m), Meruti (1641m) Ballalarayanadurga (1500m) Varahaparvata It is a narrow strip of land about 400 Km length situated (1434m) Kodachadri (1323m), Puspagiri or Subramanya between the WesternGhats and Arabian Sea (Learmonth (1731m) , Mertigudda (1677m) etc. 0 1 0 1 A.T.A. et.al.1962). It lies between 11 4 to 14 21 North Charmudighat, Agumbeghat and Kollurghat in the latitudes. It stretches from Karwar town in the North to a provide communication between the little beyond city in the South varies between coastal plain and the Malnad region. The Malnad with 25 and 65 Kilometers. Its unity lies in its openness to its high elevations, steep slopes, rugged relief and maritime influence. It is a plain of low relief built up of heavy rainfall is a potential source of hydro-electric sands alluvium and lateritic materials. It is transitional power. The world famous is and well in character, because it lies between the submerging known Shivanasamudram falls situated here. It is a Bombay coast (Konkana coast) in the North and source of many useful rivers. Its dark forest covers a Emergent Kerala (Malbar) coast in the South continuous source of fuel timber and other. The slope of consequently. It has number of sandy bays like Karwar the Western Ghats contains coffee and tea plantations. Its bay, the Belekere bay and the Bay (.B.K. Reddy delightful natural beauty spots provide excellent centers and G.S.Murty1967). There are no large deltas along the for tourists. It has deep gorges and valleys lofty ranges coast probably due to most active South West . and evergreen forest. As a result of these N.B.K.Reddy Learmonth A.T.A (1962) broadly divided the coastal belt and G.S. Murthy says (1967) are the into three longitudinal and parallels belts. They are “National Mountain of India” and the “Sahyadris are the  Coastal Plain :- It is a low plain of river Mountains of Karnataka State” deposition Semi-malnad: - It is a long Narrow zone situated  Coastal low plateau:-. It is the between Malnad and Maidan and running north to south product of marine denudation and so can for the whole length of the State. be described as “Marine Platform”.  Coastal Malnad: - The rest of the The Maidan Region: - The Maidan which is a dissected hill with more forested and less flat and rolling open area situated in the east of the cleared for field of Agriculture area, semimalnad. Its monotonous landscape and unvaried Learmonth termed as coastal Malnad. relief represents a senile topography. The Maidan gently Malnad Region: - According to Learmonth, it is the slop is towards the east and its height increases from mainly forested hilly area lying east of the Ghats edge North to South like Bidar to Chamarajanagara. The and west of Maidan boundary. It is also known studies (Learmonth A.T.A 1962, N.B.K.Reddy and as„Sahyadris‟. It extends continuous belt through the G.S.Murthy 1967, Karnataka state gezeteer1982) divide state, from Northwest to South east, almost close to the the Maidan in to two regions. They are: Northern Arabian Sea, finally culminating or joining in the mighty Maidan Region and Southern Maidan region. Nilgiris. There are many peaks in the Western Ghats. The Northern Maidan Region: -It is also termed These were formed by the erosional action of rivers on as “lower erosion surface” and the height varies from the flat topped residual plateau. The most important 1200 to 1500 m. It is the land North of the peaks are Mullayyanagiri (1913m) in Bababudangiri hills Tungabadra river and to the east of the Western Ghats. It which is the highest peak of the state. Kalhatgiri is a Monotonous, seemingly endless plateau, covered (1893m), Kuduremukh (1872m) www.eprajournals.com Volume: 4 | Issue: 9 | September 2018 56

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924

with rich block cotton soils and large open treeless fields. Karnataka region itself is more elevated and Major part of this region is occupied by the rugged than the northern Karnataka region. Basin. This is highly eroded and dissected by the  Geological Features: Geological structure Bhima, Don, Krishna, Tungabhadra rivers. A low of the region represents the relief features, extension of Mahadevo range ending at Bijapur, forms distribution of minerals, rocks and soils. These the watershed between the Bhima and the Krishna rivers. effects on the economic activities of the human In some of the Limestone areas faulting has resulted in beings. CKR is formed by the Deccan Traps and giving rugged appearance to the landform of the east of Recent laterite or Tertiary/Alluvial Deposits. Sauvdatti and . The most important water falls of Major portion of the SKR is formed by Deccan the region falls in Belgaum. Chayabhagavati and Traps, although some parts of north districts of soyala water falls. It is known for severe drought in this region involves in Archean complex of the state. Districts like Bidar, Bijapur, Gulbarga, geological features. Major portion of the NKR Yadgiri, Raichur, Koppal and Gadag are known for comes under the Precambrian or Proterozoic, frequent severe droughts, larger portion of the region is south and westward district of this region is still under rain fed conditions (N.B.K.Reddy and formed by the Archean complex. G.S.Murthy1967, Karnataka state gezeteer1982).  Climate: - Karnataka is situated in the The Southern Maidan Region: - Which is also Tropical zone, but it experiences the Tropical called as “higher erosion surface”, is relatively higher Monsoon climate due to the influence of in elevation and more rugged in relief than the Northern monsoon. As per Koppen‟s classification the Maidan. It is also termed as the “, It state witness three types of climate. They are: extends from the in the North to The Tropical Manson (AMW): It covers the Mayor Trench in the South of Chamarajanagara. It entire CKR and the adjoining areas, winters are slopes towards the east, the average height varies dry in this type. Hot seasonally Dry tropical from 1600 to 1200 Meters. Its hard crystalline rocks savanna climate (AW): The SKR and State have greatly resisted erosion. It is drained by the outside the CRK experience this type of Cauvery, Pennar and Ponnaiyer river systems. It has climate. Hot Semi-arid tropical Steepe‟s type many enselbargs and flat topped hills like Chitradurga [BShw]: It includes the entire NRK of the state. hill, Madhugiri hill and Nandhidurga hill.  Seasons: - The Annual Weather condition of Shrirangapattana and are the two important the state is conveniently divided into four well riverine islands of this region formed by the Cauvery marked seasons. They are: Summer or Hot River. It is a rain shadow region, rainfall is not only Weather Season [March to May], The South scanty but also the amount of rainfall decreases and the West Monsoon Season [June to September], The variability increases from west to east. Red and red Retreating Monsoon Season [October to sandy soils are predominated which are not highly fertile. November] and The Winter Season [December Agriculture is practiced with the help of irrigation and to February]. According to Karnataka state rain fed dry crops is also extensively cultivated Gazetteer, the State can be caused the “Land of (N.B.K.Reddy and G.S.Murthy1967, Karnataka state two ” because the South West and gezeteer 1982). North East Monsoon give the Major portions of The present study divides the Karnataka into rainfall to the state. The state receives 80 percent three physiographic divisions. They are: Northern of the annual rainfall in the southwest monsoon Karnataka region (NKR): it represents the Northern period, 12 percent in the post monsoon period, 7 Maidan and some parts of the Malnadu, Southern percent in the summer and only 1 percent in Karnataka region (SKR): it presents the Southern winter season. Maidan with some parts of the Malnadu and Coastal  Temperature: - Temperature is lowest in the Karnataka region (CKR): comprises of the coastal region beginning of January and increases thereafter and some parts of the Malnad region. gradually at first and rapidly after the middle of REGIONAL VARIATIONS February. In the SKR the highest temperature The regions like Northern Karnataka region occurs in April. While in the NKR and the CKR (NKR), Southern Karnataka region (SKR) and Coastal it occurs in May. The highest maximum Karnataka region (CKR) have high degree of regional temperature in May reaches 430C in Gulbarga variations in physical and cultural landscapes; it and Raichur districts of NKR. It is 35 to 360C in makes the geography of the Karnataka a wonderful CKR and 36 to 380C in SKR. State. In this section the study discusses the variations in  Rain fall and Drought: The CKR receives the physical and human environment aspects of the heavy rainfall. The western, Southern parts of regions. SKR and the North Eastern parts of NKR are Physical Phenomenon receiving a moderate rainfall and the remaining  Topography: - The term topography portion receives scanty rainfall. Two major represents various types of Hills, Plains Plateaus rainfalls depict areas in the state with annual and high Mountains. The CKR is an aggradation rainfall of 500-60mm (50-60cm). Both are plain with rugged, mountainous and floristic covering the major portion of NKR and small land region of high elevation. The Southern north western portion of SKR. They are Bijapur, east Belgaum, North-east Dharwad and the west Raichur districts, east of Bellary and Chitradurga www.eprajournals.com Volume: 4 | Issue: 9 | September 2018 57

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924

districts of SKR. So that compared to the SKR of Kodagu, the western parts of Hassan, severe drought occurs in NKR, but CKR is free Chikamagalur, Shimoga and eastern parts of from the Drought. , Udupi, .  Drainage System: - The drainage pattern Deciduous mixed deciduous forest is adjusting and direction is mainly determined by the to the seasonal rhythm of rainfall. Major portion geological structure and relief features of the of these types of forest is found in SKR districts state. Karnataka has five major river drainage of Mysore, Chamarajanagar, Dharwad, Hassan, systems such as Krishna, Godavari, Tumkur, Chikkaballapura, Bangalore Urban and Nandhidurga, West and east flowing. All these Rural and Kolar districts. Scrub and thorny are separated from the three major water vegetation found in the semi-arid region of the dividers. They are: Western Ghats water Eastern and Northern parts of the Maidan , Divider, Southern Mysore plateau and North where the rainfall is very scanty or less than 100 Eastern water Divide. Region wise the rivers of cm. such as NKR districts of Bellary, Raichur, CKR are west flowing, the , the Koppal, Yadagiri, Gulbarga, Bidar and some Kalinadi, the Netravati, the Varahi, the Bedti parts of the SKR districts of Chitradurga and (Gangavalli) and the Aghanashini are the most Tumkur. important rivers of this region. The NKR  Agro Climatic Zones :The agricultural drained by the Krishna, Godavari and their department of the state identified the 10 major tributaries. The SKR has a rolling topography ago climatic regions on the basis of soil types, drained by the Nandhidurga river system, texture, depth and physio- chemical properties, Tungabhadra and Cauvery and its tributary. All elevation, topography, major crops and type of these rivers flow eastwards into the Bay of vegetation. The 10 zones have been in to four Bengal. distributed in NKR like, North Eastern  Soils and Crops: Soils are complex mineral Transition Zone, The North Eastern dry Zone, and organic substance. A particular type of soil Northern Dry Zone and Northern transition is suitable for a particular type of crop. The soils zone. Four in SKR such as Central Dry zone, of the state are broadly grouped into 4 Major Eastern dry zone, The Southern dry zone, types from the agricultural point of view. They Southern transition zone. Coastal zone in CKR are: Black Soils, Red Soils, Laterite Soils and and the last one hilly region spread in between Mixed coastal soils. Black Soils are predominant eastern parts of CKR and western parts of NKR in the NKR and some part of the SKR districts. and SKR districts like Belgaum, Dharwad, The main crops of this region are cotton, Jowar, Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Hassan and Kodagu. bajra, wheat, tobacco, groundnuts and CULTURAL PHENOMENON sugarcane. Red Soils are dominated in SKR,  Settlement: - The structure and built Ragi and groundnuts are dry crops, paddy and materials of the settlements represent the sugarcane are irrigated crops in this region. availability of the local materials and climate Laterite soils are longitudinally distributed condition of the region. The settlements are over the high rainfall hills track of the CKR and thinly distributed in the forest areas of the adjoining parts of the SKR and NKR. Important CKR and arid areas of the NKR and SKR, and crops of these areas are Tea and Coffee thickly or densely distributed in plain areas of plantations, Pepper, Paddy Banana, Coconut, CKR, irrigated and industrial areas of NKR and arecanut, Cardamom, Cashew nut, Orange and SKR. The roof of the settlement is slope in Sugarcane etc. Alluvial Soils are the product of CKR due to the heavy rain fall. It is gentle and riverine and marine deposition and found among narrow in NKR and SKR due to the low rainfall. the districts of CKR. Flourishing agriculture is Stone, mud and wood are the major materials to practiced in this region; paddy, sugarcane, construct houses in NKR, SKR and CKR Coconut, arecnut banana and spices are the chief respectively. agricultural crops of this region.  Language: - The name „Karnataka‟ is  Natural Vegetation: It is considered as the inhabited predominantly by Kannada- index of the physical environment of the region, speaking people. Kannada is the main language because it reflects and influences the total in Karnataka. Although see the influence of climate condition, nature of soil conditions, different languages in the different regions. altitude underground water supply, human NKR is influenced by the Marathi, and, interference and others of the region. The Telugu language. In SKR some people Natural Vegetation of the state is divided into practices Tamil, Coorgi, Tibetian and people of five types in the state gazetteer (1982) they are: CKR speaks Tulu and . Literal or Mangrove vegetation extends along  Religion: Majority of the people of the coast from south of Mangalore up to Karnataka practice the Hindu culture, Karwar in the north. Montane vegetation although different regions are influenced by found in the higher altitudes like Kuduremukh different religions. The influence of range, the BabaBuddan range and the upper Christianity is high in CKR, Muslim culture in reaches of the Biligirirangana range. Evergreen NKR and both of in Southern Karnataka forest covers the CKR and SKR districts Region. www.eprajournals.com Volume: 4 | Issue: 9 | September 2018 58

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924

 Food and Beverage: - The major staple only for economic activities and defiance food of people in SKR is Rice and Ragi, In requirement but also the cultural cohesion CKR is Rice and fish and in NKR Jowar and between the regions. Transport means bajra. Coffee is the main beverage in SKR and transporting the men and materials. CKR, but tea is in NKR. Communication is a transmission of  Occupation: - Karnataka is a state of the messages from one person to another. The agro culture, fishing and agriculture are the important mode of Transport and chief occupation in the CKR. Along with Commutations are the road, the railway, the industries, Agriculture and mining dominated in air and the waterways as well as post, NKR, Agriculture and industrial activities are telegraph, telephone and wireless etc. As per largely distributed in SKR 2012 data the state of Karnataka has 4490.71  Agriculture: Karnataka is basically Km National highways, 20774.37 Km state agrarian state. Agriculture is the back bone of highway, 49905.50 Km districts roads and the state. Agricultural production in the state is 663Km of Bridges. It is well connected with spread over three seasons namely Kharif (July the all the six neighboring states and other parts to October) Rabi (October to March) and Kar. of India. Railways: - Karnataka is the head Kharif crop has more significant in the CKR quarter of the South western zone is at Hubli. and western parts of SKR, bajra Jower minor Major parts of the state come under the millets, tur, sesamum and castor are purely southwestern zone and remaining parts of the Kharif crops, Rabi cropping is most important state is under Southern Railway zone. The in NRK wheat, Rabi Jowar and sunflower are CKR is covered by the Railway cultivated in rabi season. Kar or summer network. As per 2012 data the total length of cropping is spread between Rabi and Kharif the Railway line is 3244.12 Km with 3223.12 season. Cereals crops like paddy. Jowar, ragi, Km Broad gauge and 21.00Km Mete gauge. It maize, oil crops like ground nut and sunflower has 367 Railway stations in different parts of can be grown during the season. the state. Water ways: in Karnataka water ways are limited to the CKR due to presence of  Industries: The state has rich coastal line. It starts from Karwar in the North mineral wealth, the early hydro power and Mangalore in South. It has two major and development at Shimasha and Jog are the great 8 minor ports. Karwar, New Mangalore are vision and foresight of the rulers and all have the major, Tadri, Honnavar, Bhatkal, Kundapur contributed to the progress of industries. In 2012 Karnataka state has got 987 readymade Hangarakatta, Malpe, padubidri and old mangalore are the minor ports of Karnataka. garments, 323 textiles industries 575 chemical factories, 4081 engineering and 7923 other Air ways: - Karnataka has two international factories. Airports at Bangalore in SKR and Mangalore in CKR.  Industrial Regions: - On the basis of

location and distribution patterns of the  Communication: - The state has a strong industries N.B.K Reddy and G.S Murthy communication network and the second highest (1967) have mentioned the eight industrial numbers of internet subscribers are in the regions. Among these four found in SKR such country. As per 2012 data Karnataka has as South Eastern region, Tumkur, Chitradurga, 9,703 post offices, 2,884 Telephone Davanagere Region, Hassan, Chikkamagalur, exchanges, 19, 51,878 Telephones, 65, Bhadravathi, Shimoga region. The important 52,974 mobile phones, 5, 89,446 internet industries of SKR are engineering, cotton, silk, connections with 14,000 telephone towers. woolen textiles, sugar. Repair, servicing,  Human Development Index: - It Software, Oil seed pressing, Iran and steel, is the Major indicator to measure the cement, coffee curing, sandalwood, paper, Development of the region. As per 2001 match box and furniture Industries. Three HDI values CKR is more developed, SKR is industrial regions have found in NKR such as moderate and NKR is low developed region Dandeli, Dharwar, Hubli, Gadag Region, in the areas of Health, Education and Belgaum region and Hospet Bellary Raichur Income.Population:-The study of Region. Cotton textile, oil seed crushing, population is one of the important and cotton, engineering, printing, paper, cement, interesting branches of the human geography. ferromanganese, Textile, Sugar, tobacco The study of general population in Karnataka curing, Steel and Iron industries are major in comprises of the growth, distribution, density, this region. The remaining one industrial sex composition and literacy. As per 2011 region is Mangalore, Udupi is found in CKR. census, Karnataka has 6.1 core population with Fisheries, tile manufacture, printing, coffee and 3.1 crore males and 3.0 crore females, among cashew curing, fertilizer and rubber industries these 2.35 and 3.75 crore people live in are the major industries in this region urban and rural areas respectively. It has 5.31  Transport and Communication: percent of India total population and ranks Transport and communication are essential not ninth in the country. The has highest (9588910) whereas the www.eprajournals.com Volume: 4 | Issue: 9 | September 2018 59

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Kodagu has lowest (554762) population. increased 319 in 2011. It shows the decadal  Density of Population: - The number increases the trend of total population. In 2011 of persons or people per square Km or a mile Bangalore urban and registered is called arithmetic density. The population the highest and lowest density with 4378 and density of the state increased from one 135 persons per every Sq.Km. decade to another, it was 275 in 2001 and

District wise population, Growth, Density, Sex ratio and Literary of Karnataka in 2011 Name of the Area in Population in 2011 in Density Growth Sex Literacy Share Districts km2 Lakhs in per Rate Ratio Rate Males Females Persons Sq. Km in % 2011 2011 2011 Bagalkot 6,575 9.52 9.37 18.9 288 14.46 984 69.4 3.09 Bangalore 2,190 50.25 45.63 95.88 4,378 46.68 908 88.5 15.69 Bangalore Rural 2,259 5.07 4.79 9.87 441 16.02 945 78.3 1.16 Belgaum 13,415 24.27 23.51 47.78 356 13.38 969 73.9 7.82 Bellary 8,450 12.8 12.51 25.32 300 24.92 978 67.8 4.14 Bidar 5,448 8.7 8.29 17 312 13.16 952 71 2.78 Bijapur 10,494 11.12 1.06 21.75 207 20.38 954 67.2 3.56 Chamarajanagar 5,101 5.13 5.07 10.2 200 5.75 989 61.1 1.67 Chikkaballapura 4,524 6.37 6.16 12.54 298 9.17 968 70.1 2.05 Chikmagalur 7,201 5.67 5.7 11.37 158 -0.28 1005 79.2 1.86 Chitradurga 8,440 8.43 8.16 16.6 197 9.39 969 73.8 2.72 Dakshina Kannada 4,560 10.32 10.51 20.83 457 9.8 1,018 88.6 3.41 Davanagere 5,924 9.89 9.57 19.46 329 8.71 967 76.3 3.18 Dharwad 4,260 9.39 9.07 18.46 434 15.13 967 80.3 3.02 Gadag 4,656 5.38 5.26 10.65 229 9.61 978 75.2 1.74 Gulbarga 10,990 13.07 12.57 25.64 233 17.94 962 65.7 4.20 Hassan 6,814 8.85 8.9 17.76 261 3.17 1,005 75.9 2.91 Haveri 4,823 8.19 7.79 15.8 331 11.08 951 77.6 2.61 Kodagu 4,102 2.74 2.8 5.54 135 1.13 1,019 82.5 0.91 Kolar 3,969 7.79 7.6 15.4 384 11.04 976 74.3 2.52 Koppal 7,189 7.01 6.89 13.91 250 16.32 983 67.3 2.28 4,961 9.09 8.99 18.08 365 2.55 989 70.1 2.96 Mysore 6,854 15.11 14.83 29.94 437 13.39 982 72.6 4.90 Raichur 6,827 9.66 9.58 19.24 228 15.27 992 60.5 1.77 Ramanagara 3,556 5.48 5.34 10.82 303 5.06 976 69.2 3.15 Shimoga 8,477 8.79 8.75 17.55 207 6.88 995 80.5 2.87 Tumkur 10,597 13.54 13.26 26.81 253 3.74 979 74.3 4.39 Udupi 3,880 5.62 6.15 11.77 304 5.9 1,093 86.3 1.93 Uttara Kannada 10,291 7.27 7.09 14.36 140 6.15 975 84 2.35 Yadgir 5,273 5.91 5.81 11.72 224 22.67 984 52.4 1.92 Karnataka 1.91.791 310.57 300.72 611.29 319 15.67 968 75.6 100 Note: Growth Rate 2001-2011, Sex Ratio -females per 1000 males, Share in total population. Source: Area Barrow from 2011 census, Remaining Compiled by the researcher from 2011 census data.  Growth of Population: The population Karnataka Bangalore district has recorded growth of Karnataka corresponds with the highest growth rate with 46.68percent and trend of population growth of the country. Chikmagalur has recorded negative growth rate with – 0.28percent. The share of percent In the first three decades (1911-1940) the in total population was high in Bangalore and state population growth was very low and low in Kodagu with 15.69 and 0.91percent. it was negative in the period of1911-21  Sex Ration: - It expressed a ratio of due to the influence of epidemics like plague, women per thousand male populations. It cholera and influenza. In the first 30 years the indicated the status of women, role of women total net addition was only 16.3 lakhs. The in decision making. The state sex ratio of population growth was accelerated from 1951 population in 2011 is 968 Females for 1000 Onwards, and it was recorded in 1981 and failed males as compared to 2001 (964). It has 1981 onwards. (Table: 4.1 (chapter 4). The slightly increased during 2001 to 2011. But it is table 2.1 indicates the growth of Population much lower than all the southern states of from 2001to 2011 and share of the population the country like Kerala, Tamilnadu and growth at district level. Among the districts of Andrapradesh. Within the state district like www.eprajournals.com Volume: 4 | Issue: 9 | September 2018 60

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Chikamagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Webpage of Central Water Commission. Government of Hassan, Kodagu has more number of females India. Retrieved 2007-05-05. for every 1000 males, Udupi has recorded 9. Jump up Pushpa Narayan (2005-10-20). "October's rain highest and Bangalore Urban recorded lowest highest in 49 yrs". Online Webpage of the Times of India, Sex ratio with 1093 and 908 respectively in dated 2005-10-20. © 2007 Times Internet Limited. 2011. Retrieved 2007-05-04.  Literacy: - It reflects the social and Economic Development of the particular region, empowerments of literacy helps to the improvement of people knowledge and skills. According to 2011 census the literacy rates of women and men in Karnataka were 77.92 and 59.60percent. The trend has been maintained in both male and female in 2001. It was 76.29 and 57.45percent respectively. In 2011 with in the state Udupi has recorded highest and Yadagir recorded lowest literacy rate with 91.11 and 59.01percent respectively. CONCLUSION This chapter provides the information related to the geographical location, size and extends of the study area. Major and sub physiographic divisions of the Karnataka. It emphasis the regional variation of the physical phenomenon such as Topography, Geological features, Climate, Seasons, Temperature, Rain fall and Drought, Drainage System, Soils and crops, Natural Vegetation and Agro climatic Zones and cultural aspects like Settlement, Language, Religion, Food and beverage, Occupation, Agriculture, Industries, Industrial Regions, Transport and Communication, Human Development Index, Population, Growth of population, Sex Ration, Density of population and Literacy rate of Karnataka. These are also causes for the regional variation of process of population ageing and QOL of the elderly population in Karnataka. REFERENCES 1. Bala Chauhan. "The coffee-flavoured hills beckon". Online Webpage of the Deccan Herald, dated 2006-01-22. © 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Retrieved 2007- 05-04. 2. Jump up "Environment Database - Fish". Online Webpage of the Department of Ecology and Environment. . Retrieved 2007-05-04. 3. Jump up "Karnataka Temperatures". Karnataka.com Website. Retrieved July 20, 2005. 4. Jump up to:a b Detailed description of the geology of Karnataka is provided byRamachandra TV and Kamakshi G. "Bioresource Potential of Karnataka" (PDF). Technical Report No. 109, November 2005. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Retrieved 2007-05-05. 5. Jump up to:a b National Informatics Centre. "Traditional Soil Groups of Karnataka and their Geographic Distribution". Official Website of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka. Govt. of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 6. Jump up http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/river_systems.htm 7. Jump up "Karnataka Temperatures". Karnataka.com Website. Retrieved July 20, 2005. 8. Jump up to:a b c Average Rainfall of the zones in Karnataka are mentioned by "Rainfall in different sub-divisions of the country during 1-1-2003 to 31-12-2003" (PDF). Online

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