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Uplift Along the Western Margin of the Deccan Basalt Province: Is There Any Geomorphometric Evidence?

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Uplift Along the Western Margin of the Deccan Basalt Province: Is There Any Geomorphometric Evidence? Uplift along the western margin of the Deccan Basalt Province: Is there any geomorphometric evidence? Vishwas S Kale∗ and Nikhil Shejwalkar Department of Geography, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, India. ∗e-mail: [email protected] In line with the passive margin landscape evolutionary model in vogue, sustained erosion and long-distance retreat of the Western Ghat escarpment are widely considered to be the results of erosionally-driven isostatic uplift since Tertiary by many workers. Others have postulated or adduced evidence for strong neotectonic activity in the Ghat region. An obvious question in this regard is whether there is any geomorphometric evidence in support of this widespread view? In order to test the hypothesis of ongoing post-rift fexural uplift or neotectonic activity in the western Deccan Basalt Province (DBP), geomorphometric analysis was carried out and commonly used geomorphic indices of active tectonics (GAT) were derived for 30 selected river basins on both sides of the Western Ghat. SRTM-DEM data and ArcGIS were used to derive the indices. Tectonic geomorphic analysis based on five proxy indicators suggests that the differences in GAT indices, both along strike and across the Western Ghat, are statistically insignificant. The index values are nowhere close to the GAT values typically associated with drainage basins affected by active tectonics and deformation. Mapping of the indices reveals lack of discernable trends. The adduced results indicate that the western DBP belongs to the class of relatively low tectonic activity. 1. Introduction escarpments. In line with this landscape evolu- tionary model, sustained erosion and long-distance The western continental margin of India provides a retreat of the Western Ghat escarpment are classic example of an elevated passive margin with assumed to be the results of erosionally-driven a well-defined escarpment, the Western Ghat. This isostatic uplift since Tertiary by many workers ca. 1-km high and more than 1500-km long mega- (Widdowson 1997; Gunnell 2001). Considering the geomorphological feature is considered as the rift greatheightoftheWesternGhatscarp,Valdiya shoulder. It is now believed that this great escarp- (2001) argued that the mega-feature cannot be ment of India was initiated as a continental edge at just ascribed to isostatic uplift, but to neotectonic the time of the separation of the Seychelles micro- resurgence. continent following the eruption of the Deccan During the last four decades different researchers Trap lavas in late Cretaceous (Widdowson 1997; have postulated or deduced sustained uplift along Subrahmanya 1998; Gunnell and Fleitout 2000; the western continental margin of India (Athavale Chand and Subrahmanyam 2003). and Anjaneyulu 1972; Kailasam 1975; Powar 1981; As long and continuous erosional escarpments Ollier and Powar 1985; Powar 1993; Radhakrishna are common along many passive continental 1993; Widdowson and Cox 1996; Widdowson 1997; margins around the world, denudational unloa- Subrahmanya 1998; Widdowson and Mitchell 1999; ding and marginal isostatic uplift are commonly Gunnell 2001; Valdiya 2001; Gokarn et al 2003; assumed to be the fundamental processes respon- Mishra et al 2004; Veeraswamy and Raval 2005; sible for the typical pattern of denudation of Tiwari et al 2006; Catherine et al 2007; Sheth 2007; Keywords. Geomorphometric analysis; active tectonic indices; uplift; Western Ghat; Konkan rivers; Upland rivers. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 117, No. 6, December 2008, pp. 959–971 © Printed in India. 959 960 Vishwas S Kale and Nikhil Shejwalkar Campanile et al 2008; Mukhopadhyay et al 2008). 2. Methodology Based on Bouguer gravity anomalies, Kailasam (1975) identified areas of uplift in Nasik and Geomorphometric characterization of the tectonic Sangola; and Power (1981) attributed the typical properties of a landscape is an extremely com- lineament pattern in DBP to regional uplift. In a plex task. It is well recognized, however, that the recent paper, Leroy et al (2008) have inferred that commonly-used geomorphic indices of active tec- volcanic margins, such as the western Indian mar- tonics (GAT) are powerful reconnaissance tools gin, are characterized by 2–3 times higher uplift to evaluate the relationship between tectonics since the breakup and rifting than the non-volcanic and basin morphology on the regional or basin margins. Furthermore, adjustments in response to scale and to identify geologically recent deforma- denudational isostacy and the resulting activa- tion (Bull and McFadden 1977; Keller and Pinter tion of faults and fractures has been suggested as 1996; Burbank and Anderson 2001). These relief, the major contributory cause of sporadic seismic areal, shape and gradient parameters particularly activity in the DBP over the past few decades provide useful information about the ongoing tec- (Mahadevan and Subbarao 1999; Widdowson and tonics in regions underlined by the same rock-type Mitchell 1999). (Keller and Pinter 1996). Hence, the Deccan Basalt The occurrence of early Tertiary high-level late- Province is highly suitable for this type of geo- rites at the present elevation (> 1000 m ASL) in morphometric analysis and for making meaningful the Deccan Basalt Province (DBP) is considered comparisons between basins and fluvial systems. as a strong evidence of post-Deccan Trap uplift Calculations of a number of geomorphometric (Widdowson 1997; Sheth 2007). It has been sug- indices for a large region such as the western DBP gested that the present high-level laterite plateaux was made feasible by the analysis of Digital Eleva- (the Mahabaleshwar and the Kas laterite plateaux tion Model of ca. 90-m resolution SRTM data. The for instance) are the remains of an extensive late- 90-m SRTM-DEM data have been found to be ritic surface that was formed at lower altitude adequate for regional scale or basin scale morpho- during the early Tertiary. It is hypothesized that metric analysis (Harbor and Gunnell 2007; Kale this surface was then uplifted to its present-day and Shejwalkar 2007). The digital elevation data altitude of up to ca. 1.4 km above sea level by late were used to extract information about drainage Tertiary (Widdowson 1997; Sheth 2007). On the basins, network and river profiles. This was basis of the reconstruction of lateritised palaeosur- achieved by using standard procedures in ArcGIS faces, Widdowson and Cox (1996) have deduced (Kale and Shejwalkar 2007). We selected 30 rivers significant post-Deccan Trap uplift in the Nasik and their watersheds on both sides of the regional region. They also speculate that this uplift has drainage divide (Western Ghat) in the DBP. been responsible for reversal of the primary vol- The selected rivers include 16 east-flowing rivers canic dips of the basalt flows in this part of the (Upland or plateau rivers) and 14 west-flowing DBP. In addition, incised meanders and river sys- rivers (Konkan or coastal rivers). All the selected tems on the Konkan lowland, and knick points and rivers head in the Western Ghat and fall within the warped terraces along the Upland rivers have been boundary of the Deccan Volcanic Province. considered as geomorphic markers of recent uplift The present study is based on the calculation of in the DBP (Widdowson and Mitchell 1999). five commonly used geomorphic indices of active An obvious question in this regard is whether tectonics (GAT) such as the hypsometric integral there is any geomorphometric evidence to support (HI), the basin asymmetry factor (AF), the valley the widespread view that the western margin of the width-height ratio (Vf), the stream gradient-length DBP has experienced significant and protracted ratio (SL), and the basin elongation ratio (Re). The uplift from Tertiary to recent times? procedures used to calculate the GAT indices are Rivers are the most active and sensitive ele- outlined in table 1. Like all morphometric indices, ments of the fluvial landscape. If uplift (tectonic/ single values of GAT indices for the entire DBP isostatic) has occurred in the Neogene and Qua- have very little interpretative value. Therefore, to ternary times, it should be amply reflected in the identify possible tectonic signatures in the west- drainage basin, valley and network properties of ern Deccan Basalt Province, the five active tecto- the Deccan Trap rivers heading in the Western nic proxies were derived for all the thirty selected Ghat and draining towards the east as well as the rivers. The indices were then assessed and mapped west. The main objective of this study, therefore, in a GIS application and supported by field obser- is to objectively ascertain the tectonic character vations of the occurrence of knick points, incised of the western DBP by deriving and mapping the meanders, gorges, etc., as markers of active tecto- widely used tectonic activity indices for a number nics. In order to understand the spatial distribu- of selected drainage basins on both sides of the tion of the proxy indicators, index-wise maps have Western Ghat. been prepared and presented. In addition to this, Uplift of the Deccan Basalt Province 961 Table 1. Geomorphic indices of active tectonics (GAT) and their calculations. Sl. no. Index Formula Variables Reference 1 Hypsometric Integral HI = (Em − Emin)/ Em =meanelevation Bull and (HI) (Emax − Emin) Emax = maximum elevation McFadden Emin = minimum elevation (1977) 2 Valley width-height Vf = Vfw/(((Eld − Esc) Vfw = width of valley floor Bull and Ratio (Vf) +(Erd − Esc))/2) Eld = elevation of the left McFadden valley divide
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