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Slavistična Revija ( Je Ponujena Pod Licenco Creative Commons, Priznanje Avtorstva 4.0 International Slavistična revija (https://srl.si) je ponujena pod licenco Creative Commons, priznanje avtorstva 4.0 international. URL https://srl.si/sql_pdf/SRL_2003_Kongresna_20.pdf | DOST. 25/09/21 4.45 Jasna Honzak Jahiæ, Pohlinov in Metelkov opis slovenskega knjinega jezika ... 331 UDK 811.163.618 Jasna Honzak Jahiæ Filozofska fakulteta v Pragi POHLINOV IN METELKOV OPIS SLOVENSKEGA KNJINEGA JEZIKA V LUÈI ÈASA NJUNEGA NASTANKA 0 V zgodovini slovenskega knjinega jezika je obdobje zadnje tretjine 18. stoletja e v znamenju sprememb jezikovnokulturne prakse na Slovenskem, pritegnitve novih posvetnih pisemstvenih kulturnih panog in regeneracije knjinega jezika (Kidriè 1930: 42). Prerod, to kulturo- in narodotvorno dogajanje v slovenskem kulturnem prostoru, je z idejnimi in gradivnimi prvinami Kraynske grammatike prvi odloèilno zaznamoval Marko Pohlin (Èop 1831, v: Slodnjak 1986, Kidiè 1930, Koruza 1975/76, Pogaènik 1995).1 1 Marko Pohlin (17351801) je nadaljevalec delovanja slovenskih ustvarjalcev, ki so mnoili namensko raznolika besedila, cerkvena (J. Svetokriki, Rogerij, Basar), olska in splonoizobraevalna (najveè M. Paglavec), prozna (M. Radeskini), strokovna, slovaropisna (M. Kastelec, G. Vorenc, Hipolit Novomeki, A. Apostel), slovnièarska s ponatisi Bohorièeve slovnice (Hipolit Novomeki, 1715, koroki jezuiti v nemkem prevodu, 1758). Hkrati pa so Pohlinovo delo podpirali dejavniki: (a) èas evropske razsvetljenske filozofske, fiziokratske in politiène misli, ki je bila na Slovenskem v skladu z drubenim razvojem in s poloajem slovenskega jezika modificirana in zato osredotoèena na narodno in jezikovno prebujo,2 (b) avtorjeva pripadnost k redu diskalceatov, ki so s svojo splonoizobraevalno in olsko knjino produkcijo odlièno uresnièevali terezijanske in joefinske reforme na podroèju olstva in napredka olske in splone izobrazbe (Pogaènik 1968: 169233, 1995:3133), (c) ideje o veljavnosti slovenskega jezika, ive e v slovenskem jezikoslovnem izroèilu (Bohoriè 1584, 1715, Popoviè 1750), (è) pobude iz drugega kulturnega okolja, tj. èekega, ki so posledica 1 Drugaèe I. Prijatelj (1935: 3235), ki pojmuje prerodno gibanje v prvi vrsti kot narodno- prebudno gibanje. Med kulturnimi dejanji sta zato idejni uvod v slovensko narodno renesanso (Prijatelj 1935: 1) pesem Valentina Vodnika Zadovoljni Krajnc, ker naglaa aktivno razmerje ljudi do lastne kulture, in nastop Kumerdejeve uèene drube; manifestira ratio vero v moè razuma in v vladarske razsvetljenske reforme (prim. govor A. Linharta, ki je idejni uvod delovanja (druge) akademije delovnih v slovenskem kulturnam prostoru). Pohlin je sicer pisec tevilnih namensko èlenjenih besedil, vendar zavzema v Prijateljevi oceni pesniki almanah Pisanice sredièno mesto ta pa uvrèa Pohlina med avtorje slovenske baroène literature. 2 Med posebne lastnosti slovenskega preroda J. Kos (1979: 3334) uvrèa predvsem naravnanost v pragmatièno kulturno delo (irjenje olske in splone izobrazbe, nastajanje olskih in poljudno- strokovnih besedil), ki je v svoji posledici narodotvorno, in zdruevalno, saj povee nazorsko razliène delavce (katolike, janzeniste, joefince in svobodoumnike), ter socioloki premik, ko idejni svet z obmoèja evropskega vijega in srednjega meèanstva sestopi na slovenski, v prvi vrsti ljudski, podeelski kmeèki in malomeèanski, ker je bilo vije, gmotno razvito in miselno povpreèje presegajoèe, ali celo radikalno meèanstvo, na Slovenskem preredko. Slavisticna.p65 331 23.6.03, 12:50 Slavistična revija (https://srl.si) je ponujena pod licenco Creative Commons, priznanje avtorstva 4.0 international. URL https://srl.si/sql_pdf/SRL_2003_Kongresna_20.pdf | DOST. 25/09/21 4.45 332 Slavistièna revija, letnik 51/2003, posebna tevilka Pohlinovih ivljenjskih okolièin.3 Primerjava javnega poloaja dveh slovanskih jezikov v avstrijsko-ogrski monarhiji, slovenskega in èekega, in besedilni zgledi Václava Jana Rose (1630/311689), pesnika, slovnièarja in slovarnika iz obdobja èekega baroka, so bili pobudni za Pohlinovo delovno usmeritev in njegov kulturni, jezikoslovni in literarni program. Naglaeni dejavniki so bili tudi temeljni razlog, da je Pohlin presegel svoje predhodnike. Presegel jih je kvantitativno, saj je napisal sam veè kot v dveh stoletjih pred njim (Prijatelj 1935: 34),4 in kvalitativno s polifunkcijskim besedilnim programom, v katerem je upoteval receptivno, socialno, kulturno in jezikovno razliène naslovnike. Pohlinova besedila so preproste, neizobraene naslovnike v skladu z razsvetljensko vero v moè razuma in izobrazbe uèila olskih in strokovnih znanj in tudi kultivirane zabave ter jih vzgajala v koristne dravljane (Abecedika, 1765, Bukuvce za rajtengo, 1781, Bukve za brati / / slovenskim ovnirjem, 1799; Kmetam za potrebo inu pomoè, 1789; Kratkoèasne uganke, 1788). Izobraenim, znalcem tujih jezikov, pa je namenil besedila, ki naj bi jih vodila v slovenski krog in pomnoila kulturno elito. Zato je imel izbrani metajezik teh besedil tudi tako izpostavljeno vlogo. Slovenska so bila iroko funkcijskozvrstno namembna, umetnostna (pesniki almanah Pisanice od lepeh umetnost, 17791781), strokovna (slovarja, Tu malu besedie treh jezikov , 1781, Glossarium slavicum, 1792), publicistièna (rokopisni prevod pentatevha), praktiènosporazumevalna (rokopisni prevod Gellerjevih pisem), s èimer so bile prikazane strukturne lastnosti (sposobnosti) slovenèine in njena kultiviranost. Tudi tuji jeziki kot meta jeziki Pohlinovih besedil so imeli svojo doloèeno vlogo. Tako je bila bibliografija slovenske (kranjske) slovstvene zgodovine Bibliotheka Carnioliae, 1799, izid 1803, pisana v latinèini, ker je izobraenim naslovnikom posredovala kulturne doseke slovenskega prostora. V slovnici Kraynska grammatika / / oder die Kunst die crainerische Sprache regelrichtig zu reden und zu schreiben, 1768, 1783, je razlagalni jezik nemèina5 zaradi namena, da mlade izobraence, veèe nemèine, nauèi knjine slovenèine. 1.1 Idejne prvine Kraynske grammatike.6 V njih je izpostavljeno Pohlinovo razmerje do jezika, pojasnjena avtorjeva namera napisati novo slovnico slovenskega jezika in izbrani jezik slovniènega opisa ivi soèasni jezik meèanov sredièa Kranjske. 1.1.1 Razmerje do jezika Osnovno je avtorjevo verovanje v veljavnost lastnega jezika, zato je potrebna 3 V èasu bivanja v samostanih v Maria Brunnu in na Dunaju (17551763) med èekimi sobrati, diskalceati, je Pohlin spoznal, kaken je javni poloaj èeèine (prva stolica za èeèino na vojaki akademiji v Dunajskem Novem mestu, 1752, druga na vojaki inenirski oli na Dunaju, 1754); v tamkajnjih knjinicah je dobil tudi v roke uèbenika, Èechoøeènost V. J. Rose (1672) in Grammatiko èesko oder Die bõhmische Sprachkunst J. V. Pohla (1756), ki so ju uporabljali pri visokoolskem pouku èeèine. Prim. F. Kidriè (1938: 151152). 4 tevilèni podatki, ki zadevajo Pohlinovo besedilno produkcijo, niso èisto enaki. Stareji podatek (Kidriè 19331955: 434454) navaja okrog 60 objavljenih in rokopisnih Pohlinovih besedil, noveji vir (Mere 1995: 38) pa okrog 50, od katerih jih je 20 ostalo v rokopisu. 5 Dejstvo, da je bila Pohlinova slovnica napisana v nemèini, ni bilo sprejeto popolnoma samoumevno. Uèitelj jezikov Matija Èep je namreè e istega leta, ko je slovnica izla, predlagal v svoji oceni Kraynske grammatike kot moni razlagalni jezik slovenske slovnice slovenèino (Kidriè 1938: 167). 6 Prim. M. Pohlin, Uvod v Kraynsko grammatiko, Laybach, 1768, 316. Slavisticna.p65 332 23.6.03, 12:50 Slavistična revija (https://srl.si) je ponujena pod licenco Creative Commons, priznanje avtorstva 4.0 international. URL https://srl.si/sql_pdf/SRL_2003_Kongresna_20.pdf | DOST. 25/09/21 4.45 Jasna Honzak Jahiæ, Pohlinov in Metelkov opis slovenskega knjinega jezika ... 333 utrditev njegove drubene veljavnosti. Za hvalnico svojemu jeziku je uporabil Pohlin preizkueno strategijo, znano e iz slovenskega knjinojezikovnega izroèila, iz slovenskega humanizma (A. Bohoriè, 1584, 1715) in baroka (. Popoviè, 1750); blizu pa je tudi stalièem èekega jezikoslovca iz obdobja baroka V. J. Rose (Èechoøeènost seu Grammatica linguae Bohemicae, 1672).7 Naglaene so lastnosti jezika na simbolni in realni ravni. Tako je v okviru slovanske skupnosti poudarjena starost jezika, njegova slavna preteklost, zemljepisna razirjenost in tevilènost nosilcev. Med razlikovalnimi lastnostmi lastnega jezika v razmerju do drugih se posebej opozarja na strukturne lastnosti. Glasovna izrazna podoba jezika je spoznana kot dobra podlaga za uèenje tujih jezikov, bogata morfemska podoba, zlasti priponskih obrazilnih morfemov, pa daje velike monosti za novotvorbo. V Pohlinovi slovnici dokazujejo strukturne sposobnosti slovenskega jezika in njegovo enakovrednost z drubenoveljavnejimi jeziki prevodi iz latinèine (Vergil, Ovid) in slovensko strokovno izrazje, ki poimenuje (jezikoslovni, stilistièni in metrièni) pojmovni svet, poimenovan sicer tedaj latinsko ali tudi nemko. Odloèilna spodbuda Pohlinove strokovne novotvorbe pa je bil razsvetljenski èas, ki je (poleg drugega) aktualiziral tudi nove poimenovalne zahteve in potrebe. Prav gotovo pa je bila pomembna tudi Pohlinova pripravljenost, da slovenskemu kulturnemu okolju ustrezno, tj. tvorno in smiselno, sprejme aktualne podbude iz drugega okolja. Te so prile iz èekega kulturnega okolja, iz slovnic dveh avtorjev, poleg e navedene slovnice V. J. Rose (Èechoøeènost seu Grammatica linguae Bohemicae, 1672), ki pripada generaciji baroènih ustvarjalcev, in J. V. Pohla (Grammatika linguae bohemicae oder die böhmische Sprache, 1756, 1764, 1773, 1783), iz prvega obdobja èekega preroda. Novotvorbo Rose in Pohlina je poleg opaenih strukturnih lastnosti
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