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RESOURCES FILM REVIEW ESSAY Dead Souls Produced and Directed by Wang Bing Grasshopper Film and Icarus Films, 2018 DVD, 3 discs, 8 hours, 15 minutes, Color Mandarin / English subtitles Reviewed by Glenn D. Tiffert iabiangou lies on the edge of the Gobi Desert near the city of Jiu- quan, in the northwest pocket of China’s Gansu Province. Today, Zhou Xiaoli in a scene from Wang Bing’s Dead Souls. Source: Screen capture from a Dead Souls trailer on the region is home to China’s premier satellite launch center, but YouTube at https://tinyurl.com/y4ceuzkj. © Grasshopper Film and Icarus Films. Jfrom 1957 to 1961, it was the nucleus of a labor camp complex in which more than 80 percent of the prisoners died, mostly of starvation. One anyone at the time with a high school education or higher, and consequent- of countless sites of mass death during the Mao period (1949–1976), ly, they tended to work as midlevel cadres or in learned professions such as many of which far exceed it in scale, Jiabiangou’s history might never journalism or teaching. But the comparatively privileged backgrounds and have reached us but for a dedicated group of Chinese memoirists, nov- ties to the old regime that had facilitated their educations left many of them elists, and filmmakers who are daring their contemporaries not only acutely vulnerable as the revolution worked its way through an expanding to learn about the inhumanities that transpired there, but also to reck- list of class enemies. In the charged atmosphere of the Anti-Rightist Cam- on with the system that produced them and its legacies in the present. paign, when the body politic was required to search out and purify itself of Dead Souls (2018) is the fourth and most ambitious film about Jiabian- hidden foes, their indiscretions or mild criticisms were construed as con- gou by the acclaimed director Wang Bing.1 Between 2005 and 2017, Wang clusive proof of hostility to the CCP. conducted 120 interviews with The survivors appearing in the camp survivors, nearly twenty of Wang Bing’s latest is a monumental work film generally hew to their own sto- whom, mostly men, speak at length ries, but after an almost-desensitiz- in the film. He punctuates their tes- of testimony, largely comprised of ing procession of similar narratives, timonies with tearful scenes from their atomistic voices coalesce into a survivor’s burial (0:42), the rec- interviews with survivors of the Jiabian- a chorus of horrifying truths about ollections of a former guard (7:20), gou and Mingshui re-education camps of revolutionary China. Many people and several visits to the desolate site were labeled as rightists not because of the former camp, now strewn in the late 1950s, which were set up in the of any particular animus against the places with fragments of clothing CCP but to satisfy arbitrary quotas, and bleached human bones. The Gobi Desert to imprison alleged or as a result of minor transgres- structure, stylings, and pacing of sions or petty workplace grudges the eight-hour documentary suggest reactionaries and anti-Communists a and jealousies, which were wea- Claude Lanzmann’s epic film about decade after China’s revolution in 1949. ponized by a system that wielded the Holocaust, Shoah. However, its power despotically and that period- title cleverly evokes Gogol’s classic Source: The Dead Souls page for the film’s premiere at the Lincoln Center, New York City, ically renewed itself through ritual satire about moral and spiritual de- New York, at https://www.filmlinc.org/films/dead-souls/. human sacrifice. Once singled out, cay in nineteenth-century Russia. they endured frenzied denuncia- Jiabiangou opened in 1954 as a reform through labor (laogai) camp for tions in public “struggle” meetings that could last for days, at which asso- convicted criminals serving fixed-term sentences. However, in 1957, this ciates had no choice but to participate energetically lest they themselves population was moved and the facility was restyled a reeducation through arouse suspicions of sympathy for the accused and guilt by association. Al- labor (laojiao) camp in time to receive a surge of prisoners condemned together, around 190,000 people across Gansu Province were attacked and during an intense phase of political persecution known as the Anti-Right- humiliated in this way, and the figures were still higher in other provinces. ist Campaign (1957–1958). In theory, reeducation through labor was a A wave of psychological collapses, divorces, and suicides ensued. lighter, extrajudicial sanction that many workplaces or local committees Only a small fraction of those labeled as rightists were sent to the of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) could impose on people admin- camps, but Dead Souls establishes that not a few of them arrived at Jiabian- istratively. But in reality the severity of its regime was often comparable gou convinced of their loyalty to the party. They naively hoped that higher to reform through labor, and, even worse, its duration was indeterminate, authorities would discover and reverse the miscarriages of justice that led which meant that it could extend as long as authorities saw fit. to their internments, or at least reward their devotion to self-improvement The survivors who appear in Dead Souls were in their twenties and and hard labor, and soon judge them worthy to return to their former lives. thirties when the Anti-Rightist Campaign upended their lives. They were Most could not fathom the scale of the mendacity around them or that the the first generation to come of age in the People’s Republic and, for a time, revolution they had served could wantonly turn against them. Promised a enjoyed the opportunities for advancement that the revolution had opened heroic opportunity to turn the desert green, they were instead condemned up. Most were “intellectuals,” a broad term that could encompass nearly to a forgotten wasteland. Worse, their survival cruelly preserved them as 70 Education About ASIA Volume 24, Number 3 Winter 2019 RESOURCES FILM REVIEW ESSAY targets for later campaigns and burdened their families with protracted discrimination and ostracism. They would struggle to make sense of these betrayals for the remainders of their lives. Dead Souls describes these events unsparingly, including the insults starvation inflicts on the human body and on conventional morality. At first, the rations allocated to prisoners amounted to just under a kilo of grain per day, on which they could survive, especially when supplemented by food sent by their families. But by October 1959, the rations had shrunk to around 250 grams per day. Discipline in the camps collapsed as prison- ers grew too weak to work, and then bloated horribly and died. Survivors remember seeing the works of Mao Zedong, Karl Marx, and Vladimir Le- nin laying in latrines or burned as fuel, a damning inversion of the ideolog- ical reeducation they were meant to receive. But of course, not all suffered or died equally. Kitchen staff devised ingenious strategies for stealing food Gao Guifang in a scene from Wang Bing’s Dead Souls. Source: Grasshopper Film at https://tinyurl.com/ under the eyes of their watchers and quietly doled out choice morsels to y4nyrr8r. © Grasshopper Film and Icarus Films. favored comrades. One survivor boasts in the film that fellow prisoners nicknamed him khryushka (“pig” in Russian) since he routinely ate his fill and even grew fat, in part because he worked in the cadres’ kitchen. At the height of the famine, camp cadres enjoyed nearly double the rations of their charges, which left them hungry but alive. Dead Souls does not lend itself to truncated excerpts or sound bites. For teaching purposes, three of its contributors stand out: Zhao Tiemin (4:39), because of the broadly representative and dramatic flavor of his testimony; Li Jinghang (5:46), whose eschatological Christian worldview both stigma- tized and sustained him; and Zhu Zhaonan (7:20), a former camp cadre. Since the film assumes familiarity with the broader historical context of the period, it is best paired in the classroom with background material on the 1949 revolution, and more specifically on the Anti-Rightist Campaign, the Great Leap Forward, and its associated famine. This framing will equip Survivors Chen Zonghai and Xi Xiashan burn joss paper offerings to honor those who died at the camp. Source: Screen capture from Dead Souls trailer on YouTube at https://tinyurl.com/yyowljqq. students to appreciate how a sequence of calamitous policies transformed © Grasshopper Film and Icarus Films. Jiabiangou from a harsh labor colony into a death camp. Briefly, the CCP first launched the Anti-Rightist Campaign, which purged or cowed its crit- releasing prisoners back to their work units to save the few who remained, ics, especially by assailing the customary social prestige, moral autonomy, and over the course of 1961, the camp wound down and closed. The toll was and self-regard of the country’s intellectuals as rightful stewards of the na- catastrophic; out of a total camp population of around 3,200, approximately tion. Then, it launched the Great Leap Forward, a disastrous program of 2,700 died. From the city of Tianshui, roughly 300 people went to Jiabian- crash industrialization and collectivization that precipitated an agricultur- gou, but only about twenty came out, and some work units and districts al collapse, which killed more than thirty million. Gansu was among the received no survivors at all. A portion of the city’s educated population provinces hardest hit by this famine, owing to the ideological radicalism of had effectively been liquidated. Moreover, those who returned faced the its leadership. Once starvation stalked the population outside of the camps, indignity of reintegrating with the workplaces and colleagues that had dis- the fate of those inside was sealed.

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