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Nuclear Energy in Everyday Life Nuclear Energy in Everyday Life
Nuclear Energy in Everyday Life Nuclear Energy in Everyday Life Understanding Radioactivity and Radiation in our Everyday Lives Radioactivity is part of our earth – it has existed all along. Naturally occurring radio- active materials are present in the earth’s crust, the floors and walls of our homes, schools, and offices and in the food we eat and drink. Our own bodies- muscles, bones and tissues, contain naturally occurring radioactive elements. Man has always been exposed to natural radiation arising from earth as well as from outside. Most people, upon hearing the word radioactivity, think only about some- thing harmful or even deadly; especially events such as the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, or the Chernobyl Disaster of 1986. However, upon understanding radiation, people will learn to appreciate that radia- tion has peaceful and beneficial applications to our everyday lives. What are atoms? Knowledge of atoms is essential to understanding the origins of radiation, and the impact it could have on the human body and the environment around us. All materi- als in the universe are composed of combination of basic substances called chemical elements. There are 92 different chemical elements in nature. The smallest particles, into which an element can be divided without losing its properties, are called atoms, which are unique to a particular element. An atom consists of two main parts namely a nu- cleus with a circling electron cloud. The nucleus consists of subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. Atoms vary in size from the simple hydro- gen atom, which has one proton and one electron, to large atoms such as uranium, which has 92 pro- tons, 92 electrons. -
小型飛翔体/海外 [Format 2] Technical Catalog Category
小型飛翔体/海外 [Format 2] Technical Catalog Category Airborne contamination sensor Title Depth Evaluation of Entrained Products (DEEP) Proposed by Create Technologies Ltd & Costain Group PLC 1.DEEP is a sensor analysis software for analysing contamination. DEEP can distinguish between surface contamination and internal / absorbed contamination. The software measures contamination depth by analysing distortions in the gamma spectrum. The method can be applied to data gathered using any spectrometer. Because DEEP provides a means of discriminating surface contamination from other radiation sources, DEEP can be used to provide an estimate of surface contamination without physical sampling. DEEP is a real-time method which enables the user to generate a large number of rapid contamination assessments- this data is complementary to physical samples, providing a sound basis for extrapolation from point samples. It also helps identify anomalies enabling targeted sampling startegies. DEEP is compatible with small airborne spectrometer/ processor combinations, such as that proposed by the ARM-U project – please refer to the ARM-U proposal for more details of the air vehicle. Figure 1: DEEP system core components are small, light, low power and can be integrated via USB, serial or Ethernet interfaces. 小型飛翔体/海外 Figure 2: DEEP prototype software 2.Past experience (plants in Japan, overseas plant, applications in other industries, etc) Create technologies is a specialist R&D firm with a focus on imaging and sensing in the nuclear industry. Createc has developed and delivered several novel nuclear technologies, including the N-Visage gamma camera system. Costainis a leading UK construction and civil engineering firm with almost 150 years of history. -
Radiation Hazard Location
Radiation Hazard Location Radiation Detector JS Stanley US Patent 8,399.859 B2 March 19, 2013 Using semi spherical PRESAGE with a lead collimator to detect contaminated Hot Cells Improving the Presage Polymer Radiosensitivity for Hot Cell and Glovebox 3D Characterization Adamovics, John; Farfan, Eduardo B.; Coleman, J. Rusty Health Physics (2013), 104(1), 63-67. RadBall is a novel, passive, radiation detection device that provides 3D mapping of radiation from areas where measurements have not been possible previously due to lack of access or extremely high radiation doses. This kind of technol. is beneficial when decommissioning and decontamination of nuclear facilities occur. The key components of the RadBall technol. include a tungsten outer shell that houses a radiosensitive PRESAGE polymer. The 1.0-cm-thick tungsten shell has a no. of holes that allow photons to reach the polymer, thus generating radiation tracks that are analyzed. Submerged RadBall Deployments in Hanford Site Hot Cells Containing 137CsCl Capsules Farfan, Eduardo B.; Coleman, J. Rusty; Stanley, Steven; Adamovics, John; Oldham, Mark; Thomas, Andrew Health Physics 103:100-106 (2012) The overall objective of this study was to demonstrate that a new technol., known as RadBall, could locate submerged radiol. hazards. RadBall is a novel, passive, radiation detection device that provides a 3-D visualization of radiation from areas where measurements have not been previously possible due to lack of access or extremely high radiation doses. This technol. has been under development during recent years, and all of its previous tests have included dry deployments. This study involved, for the first time, underwater RadBall deployments in hot cells contg. -
PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS R12 64E-5.101 Definitions
64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS R12 64E-5.101 Definitions ................................................................................................. I-1 64E-5.102 Exemptions ............................................................................................. I-23 64E-5.103 Records ................................................................................................... I-24 64E-5.104 Tests ... ................................................................................................... I-24 64E-5.105 Prohibited Use ........................................................................................ I-24 64E-5.106 Units of Exposure and Dose ................................................................... I-25 64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index 64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index PART II LICENSING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS R2 64E-5.201 ...... Licensing of Radioactive Material .............................................................. II-1 64E-5.202 ...... Source Material - Exemptions .................................................................... II-2 R12 64E-5.203 ...... Radioactive Material Other than Source Material - Exemptions ................. II-4 SUBPART A LICENSE TYPES AND FEES R12 64E-5.204 ..... Types of Licenses ..................................................................................... II-13 SUBPART B GENERAL LICENSES 64E-5.205 ..... General Licenses - Source Material ......................................................... -
Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation
SOURCES, EFFECTS AND RISKS OF IONIZING RADIATION United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2016 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes UNITED NATIONS New York, 2017 NOTE The report of the Committee without its annexes appears as Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-first Session, Supplement No. 46 and corrigendum (A/71/46 and Corr.1). The report reproduced here includes the corrections of the corrigendum. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The country names used in this document are, in most cases, those that were in use at the time the data were collected or the text prepared. In other cases, however, the names have been updated, where this was possible and appropriate, to reflect political changes. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.17.IX.1 ISBN: 978-92-1-142316-7 eISBN: 978-92-1-060002-6 © United Nations, January 2017. All rights reserved, worldwide. This publication has not been formally edited. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. -
Radiation and Risk: Expert Perspectives Radiation and Risk: Expert Perspectives SP001-1
Radiation and Risk: Expert Perspectives Radiation and Risk: Expert Perspectives SP001-1 Published by Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd. Suite 402 McLean, VA 22101 Disclaimer Statements and opinions expressed in publications of the Health Physics Society or in presentations given during its regular meetings are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Health Physics Society, the editors, or the organizations with which the authors are affiliated. The editor(s), publisher, and Society disclaim any responsibility or liability for such material and do not guarantee, warrant, or endorse any product or service mentioned. Official positions of the Society are established only by its Board of Directors. Copyright © 2017 by the Health Physics Society All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America SP001-1, revised 2017 Radiation and Risk: Expert Perspectives Table of Contents Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 A Primer on Ionizing Radiation……………………………………………………………………………... 6 Growing Importance of Nuclear Technology in Medicine……………………………………….. 16 Distinguishing Risk: Use and Overuse of Radiation in Medicine………………………………. 22 Nuclear Energy: The Environmental Context…………………………………………………………. 27 Nuclear Power in the United States: Safety, Emergency Response Planning, and Continuous Learning…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33 Radiation Risk: Used Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Disposal………………………... 42 Radiation Risk: Communicating to the Public………………………………………………………… 45 After Fukushima: Implications for Public Policy and Communications……………………. 51 Appendix 1: Radiation Units and Measurements……………………………………………………. 57 Appendix 2: Half-Life of Some Radionuclides…………………………………………………………. 58 Bernard L. -
Nrc Regulatory Issue Summary 2005-23 Clarification of the Physical Presence Requirement During Gamma Stereotactic Radiosurgery Treatments
UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY AND SAFEGUARDS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20555 October 7, 2005 NRC REGULATORY ISSUE SUMMARY 2005-23 CLARIFICATION OF THE PHYSICAL PRESENCE REQUIREMENT DURING GAMMA STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY TREATMENTS ADDRESSEES All gamma stereotactic radiosurgery (GSR) licensees. INTENT The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is issuing this regulatory issue summary (RIS) to clarify the definition of the term “physically present,” as used in 10 CFR 35.615(f)(3). No specific action or written response is required. BACKGROUND In March 2005, during a licensing visit to a GSR facility, the NRC staff observed that the authorized medical physicist (AMP) did not remain physically present throughout one of the GSR treatments, as required by 10 CFR 35.615(f)(3). Instead, during the treatment, the AMP walked to the other end of the GSR suite and entered a treatment planning room located more than 30.5 meters (100 feet) away from the GSR treatment console. While discussing this incident with the licensee, the NRC staff recognized that the licensee was misinterpreting the physical presence requirement for GSR treatments. Based on the licensee’s interpretation of the regulations, the licensee considered any location within the GSR suite, including the treatment planning room, to be within hearing distance of normal voice from the GSR treatment console. The licensee believed that, within the contiguous boundary of its GSR suite, the human voice has sufficient volume, without electronic amplification, to alert the AMP of an emergency at essentially any location within its suite and the AMP could respond in a timely manner. -
Radiosurgery Or Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy Plus Whole-Brain Radioherapy in Brain Oligometastases: a Long-Term Analysis
ANTICANCER RESEARCH 35: 3055-3060 (2015) Radiosurgery or Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy plus Whole-brain Radioherapy in Brain Oligometastases: A Long-term Analysis MARIO BALDUCCI1, ROSA AUTORINO1, SILVIA CHIESA1, GIANCARLO MATTIUCCI1, ANGELO POMPUCCI2, LUIGI AZARIO3, GIUSEPPE ROBERTO D’AGOSTINO1, MILENA FERRO1, ALBA FIORENTINO1, SERGIO FERSINO1, CIRO MAZZARELLA1, CESARE COLOSIMO4, VINCENZO FRASCINO1, CARMELO ANILE2 and VINCENZO VALENTINI1 Departments of 1Radiation Oncology, 2Neurosurgery, 3Physics and 4Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy Abstract. Aim: To analyze the outcome of patients with number, size, location, the patient’s Karnofsky performance brain oligometastases treated by radiosurgery (SRS) or status (KPS), age, extent of systematic disease and primary fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) after whole- disease status (4, 5). brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Patients and Methods: Overall Patients with one or two brain metastases and with survival (OS) and local control (LC) were evaluated in favorable prognostic features have a relatively favorable patients (patients) with 1-2 brain metastases. Results: Forty- survival; thus, the treatment is frequently more aggressive seven patients were selected. They were submitted to WBRT than for patients with multiple brain metastases (5). (median dose=3,750 cGy) followed by SRS (17 patients; Radiosurgery (SRS) delivered as a single fraction to median dose=1,500 cGy) or FSRT (30 patients; median individual intracranial lesions has been the most common dose=2,000 cGy). Median follow-up was 102 months technique used to dose-escalate on lesions following whole (range=17-151); the median survival was 22 months for the brain radiotherapy (WBRT) and considered as safe SRS group and 16 months for the FSRT group. -
Nuclear Fusion Enhances Cancer Cell Killing Efficacy in a Protontherapy Model
Nuclear fusion enhances cancer cell killing efficacy in a protontherapy model GAP Cirrone*, L Manti, D Margarone, L Giuffrida, A. Picciotto, G. Cuttone, G. Korn, V. Marchese, G. Milluzzo, G. Petringa, F. Perozziello, F. Romano, V. Scuderi * Corresponding author Abstract Protontherapy is hadrontherapy’s fastest-growing modality and a pillar in the battle against cancer. Hadrontherapy’s superiority lies in its inverted depth-dose profile, hence tumour-confined irradiation. Protons, however, lack distinct radiobiological advantages over photons or electrons. Higher LET (Linear Energy Transfer) 12C-ions can overcome cancer radioresistance: DNA lesion complexity increases with LET, resulting in efficient cell killing, i.e. higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). However, economic and radiobiological issues hamper 12C-ion clinical amenability. Thus, enhancing proton RBE is desirable. To this end, we exploited the p + 11Bà3a reaction to generate high-LET alpha particles with a clinical proton beam. To maximize the reaction rate, we used sodium borocaptate (BSH) with natural boron content. Boron-Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) uses 10B-enriched BSH for neutron irradiation-triggered alpha-particles. We recorded significantly increased cellular lethality and chromosome aberration complexity. A strategy combining protontherapy’s ballistic precision with the higher RBE promised by BNCT and 12C-ion therapy is thus demonstrated. 1 The urgent need for radical radiotherapy research to achieve improved tumour control in the context of reducing the risk of normal tissue toxicity and late-occurring sequelae, has driven the fast- growing development of cancer treatment by accelerated beams of charged particles (hadrontherapy) in recent decades (1). This appears to be particularly true for protontherapy, which has emerged as the most-rapidly expanding hadrontherapy approach, totalling over 100,000 patients treated thus far worldwide (2). -
Positron Emission Tomography
Positron emission tomography A.M.J. Paans Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a method for measuring biochemical and physiological processes in vivo in a quantitative way by using radiopharmaceuticals labelled with positron emitting radionuclides such as 11C, 13N, 15O and 18F and by measuring the annihilation radiation using a coincidence technique. This includes also the measurement of the pharmacokinetics of labelled drugs and the measurement of the effects of drugs on metabolism. Also deviations of normal metabolism can be measured and insight into biological processes responsible for diseases can be obtained. At present the combined PET/CT scanner is the most frequently used scanner for whole-body scanning in the field of oncology. 1 Introduction The idea of in vivo measurement of biological and/or biochemical processes was already envisaged in the 1930s when the first artificially produced radionuclides of the biological important elements carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, which decay under emission of externally detectable radiation, were discovered with help of the then recently developed cyclotron. These radionuclides decay by pure positron emission and the annihilation of positron and electron results in two 511 keV γ-quanta under a relative angle of 180o which are measured in coincidence. This idea of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) could only be realized when the inorganic scintillation detectors for the detection of γ-radiation, the electronics for coincidence measurements, and the computer capacity for data acquisition and image reconstruction became available. For this reason the technical development of PET as a functional in vivo imaging discipline started approximately 30 years ago. -
Radiation and Your Patient: a Guide for Medical Practitioners
RADIATION AND YOUR PATIENT: A GUIDE FOR MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS A web module produced by Committee 3 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) What is the purpose of this document ? In the past 100 years, diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and radiation therapy have evolved from the original crude practices to advanced techniques that form an essential tool for all branches and specialties of medicine. The inherent properties of ionising radiation provide many benefits but also may cause potential harm. In the practice of medicine, there must be a judgement made concerning the benefit/risk ratio. This requires not only knowledge of medicine but also of the radiation risks. This document is designed to provide basic information on radiation mechanisms, the dose from various medical radiation sources, the magnitude and type of risk, as well as answers to commonly asked questions (e.g radiation and pregnancy). As a matter of ease in reading, the text is in a question and answer format. Interventional cardiologists, radiologists, orthopaedic and vascular surgeons and others, who actually operate medical x-ray equipment or use radiation sources, should possess more information on proper technique and dose management than is contained here. However, this text may provide a useful starting point. The most common ionising radiations used in medicine are X, gamma, beta rays and electrons. Ionising radiation is only one part of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are numerous other radiations (e.g. visible light, infrared waves, high frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic waves) that do not posses the ability to ionize atoms of the absorbing matter. -
Literature Survey on Decorporation of Radionuclides from the Human Body
Literature Survey on Decorporation of Radionuclides from the Human Body E.A. Waller, R.Z. Stodilka, K. Leach and L. Prud’homme-Lalonde Defence R&D Canada - Ottawa TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM DRDC Ottawa TM 2002-042 April 2002 Literature Survey on Decorporation of Radionuclides from the Human Body E.A. Waller SAIC Canada, Inc R.Z. Stodilka, K. Leach and L. Prud’homme-Lalonde Space Systems and Technology Defence R&D Canada - Ottawa Technical Memorandum DRDC Ottawa TM 2002-042 April 2002 © Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2002 © Sa majesté la reine, représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2002 Abstract The broad use of radionuclides by many industries has greatly increased the probability of events that could lead to internalized contamination. Examples include accidents and/or intentional damage to nuclear power plants or radiation therapy units in hospitals, the use of radiological dispersal weapons, and lost or stolen radionuclide sources. Developing effective countermeasures requires knowledge of the physical and chemical composition of the radionuclides, their metabolic activities within the body, and methods to expedite their elimination from the body. This report presents a summary of information pertaining to intake and decorporation of radionuclides from humans. This information would be the first step in establishing a field protocol to guide physicians in military missions. Developing such a guide requires an understanding of the dangers associated with internal radioisotope contamination, decision levels for administering therapy (risk vs. benefit) and protocols for administering therapy. As presented, this study could be used to decide what decorporation pharmaceuticals should be maintained in quantity by the military, and how to best train officers with medical responsibilities.