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Transform Faults Represent One of the Three
8 Transform faults ransform faults represent one of the three Because of the drift of the newly formed oceanic types of plate boundaries. A peculiar aspect crust away from ridge segments, a relative move- T of their nature is that they are abruptly trans- ment along the faults is induced that corresponds formed into another kind of plate boundary at their to the spreading velocity on both sides of the termination (Wilson, 1965). Plates glide along the ridge. Th e sense of displacement is contrary to fault and move past each other without destruc- the apparent displacement of the ridge segments tion of or creation of new crust. Although crust is (Fig. 8.1b). In the example shown, the transform neither created or destroyed, the transform margin fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault; if an observer is commonly marked by topographic features like straddles the fault, the right-hand side of the fault scarps, trenches or ridges. moves towards the observer, regardless of which Transform faults occur as several diff erent geo- way is faced. Transform faults end abruptly in a metries; they can connect two segments of growing point, the transformation point, where the strike- plate boundaries (R-R transform fault), one growing slip movement is transformed into a diverging or and one subducting plate boundary (R-T transform converging movement. Th is property gives this fault) or two subducting plate boundaries (T-T fault its name. In the example of the R-R transform transform fault); R stands for mid-ocean ridge, T for fault, the movement at both ends of the fault is deep sea trench ( subduction zone). -
Rapid Magma Ascent and Generation of Th Excesses in the Lower Crust At
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 255 (2007) 229–242 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Rapid magma ascent and generation of 230Th excesses in the lower crust at Puyehue–Cordón Caulle, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile ⁎ Brian R. Jicha a, , Brad S. Singer a, Brian L. Beard a, Clark M. Johnson a, Hugo Moreno-Roa b,c, José Antonio Naranjo b a Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison WI 53706, USA b Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Avenida Santa María, 0104 Santiago, Chile c Observatorio Volcanologico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Cerro Ñielol-Sector Antenas, Temuco, Chile Received 28 July 2006; received in revised form 7 December 2006; accepted 8 December 2006 Available online 30 January 2007 Editor: R.W. Carlson Abstract Basaltic to rhyolitic lavas and tephras erupted over the last 70 kyr at the Puyehue–Cordón Caulle volcanic complex in the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) were analyzed for major and trace element, Sr isotope, and U–Th isotope compositions to constrain the timescales of magmatic processes and identify the subducted and crustal components involved in magma genesis. Internal U–Th mineral isochrons from five lavas and three tephra fall deposits are indistinguishable from their eruption ages, indicating a short period (b1000 yr) of crystal residence in the magma prior to eruption. The (230Th/232Th) ratios define a narrow range (0.80–0.83) compared to that of all SVZ lavas (0.72–0.97), suggesting that Puyehue basalt was derived from a relatively uniform mantle source. Dacites and rhyolites have the largest U excesses and likely evolved via fractional crystallization of a plagioclase-dominated mineral assemblage. -
The Hispanization of Chamacoco Syntax
DOI: 10.26346/1120-2726-170 The hispanization of Chamacoco syntax Luca Ciucci Language and Culture Research Centre, James Cook University, Australia <[email protected]> This paper investigates contact-driven syntactic change in Chamacoco (a.k.a. Ɨshɨr ahwoso), a Zamucoan language with about 2,000 speakers in Paraguay. Chamacoco syntax was originally characterized by a low number of conjunc- tions, like its cognate Ayoreo. Although Chamacoco shows transfers from other neighboring languages, a turning point in language change was the beginning of regular contacts with Western society around the year 1885. Since then, Spanish has exerted a growing influence on Chamacoco, affecting all levels of linguistic analysis. Most speakers are today Chamacoco-Spanish bilingual, and the lan- guage is endangered. Chamacoco has borrowed some conjunctions from Spanish, and new clause combining strategies have replaced older syntactic structures. Other function words introduced from Spanish include temporal adverbs, dis- course markers, quantifiers and prepositions. I discuss their uses, the reasons for their borrowing and their interaction with original Chamacoco function words. Some borrowed function words can combine with autochthonous conjunctions to create new subordinators that are calques from Spanish compound subor- dinating conjunctions. This resulted in remarkable syntactic complexification. Chamacoco comparatives, modeled on the Spanish ones, are also likely instances of contact-induced complexification, since there are reasons to surmise that Chamacoco originally lacked dedicated comparative structures. Keywords: Chamacoco, clause combining, comparatives, coordination, function words, language contact, South American Indigenous languages, subordination, syntax, Zamucoan. 1. Introduction This study analyzes the influence exerted by Spanish on the syntax of Chamacoco, a Zamucoan language of northern Paraguay. -
The Volcanic Ash Soils of Chile
' I EXPANDED PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE No. 2017 Report to the Government of CHILE THE VOLCANIC ASH SOILS OF CHILE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROMEM965 -"'^ .Y--~ - -V^^-.. -r~ ' y Report No. 2017 Report CHT/TE/LA Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned. REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OP CHILE on THE VOLCANIC ASH SOILS OP CHILE Charles A. Wright POOL ANL AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OP THE UNITEL NATIONS ROME, 1965 266I7/C 51 iß - iii - TABLE OP CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 RECOMMENDATIONS 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3 The nature and composition of volcanic landscapes 3 Vbloanio ash as a soil forming parent material 5 The distribution of voloanic ash soils in Chile 7 Nomenclature used in this report 11 A. ANDOSOLS OF CHILE» GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, FORMATIVE ENVIRONMENT, AND MAIN KINDS OF SOIL 11 1. TRUMAO SOILS 11 General characteristics 11 The formative environment 13 ÈS (i) Climate 13 (ii) Topography 13 (iii) Parent materials 13 (iv) Natural plant cover 14 (o) The main kinds of trumao soils ' 14 2. NADI SOILS 16 General characteristics 16 The formative environment 16 tö (i) Climat* 16 (ii) Topograph? and parent materials 17 (iii) Natural plant cover 18 B. -
Multiple Sources for Tephra from AD 1259 Volcanic Signal in Antarctic Ice
Multiple sources for tephra from AD 1259 volcanic signal in Antarctic ice cores Biancamaria Narcisi, Jean Robert Petit, Barbara Delmonte, Valentina Batanova, Joel Savarino To cite this version: Biancamaria Narcisi, Jean Robert Petit, Barbara Delmonte, Valentina Batanova, Joel Savarino. Mul- tiple sources for tephra from AD 1259 volcanic signal in Antarctic ice cores. Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 2019, 210, pp.164-174. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.005. hal-02350371 HAL Id: hal-02350371 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02350371 Submitted on 25 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Manuscript Details Manuscript number JQSR_2019_21 Title MULTIPLE SOURCES FOR TEPHRA FROM AD 1259 VOLCANIC SIGNAL IN ANTARCTIC ICE CORES Abstract Strong volcanic signals simultaneously recorded in polar ice sheets are commonly assigned to major low-latitude eruptions that dispersed large quantities of aerosols in the global atmosphere with the potential of inducing climate perturbations. Parent eruptions responsible for specific events are typically deduced from matching to a known volcanic eruption having coincidental date. However, more robust source linkage can be achieved only through geochemical characterisation of the airborne volcanic glass products (tephra) sometimes preserved in the polar strata. -
Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: the Indonesian Example
geosciences Review Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: The Indonesian Example Mukhamad N. Malawani 1,2, Franck Lavigne 1,3,* , Christopher Gomez 2,4 , Bachtiar W. Mutaqin 2 and Danang S. Hadmoko 2 1 Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, UMR 8591, 92195 Meudon, France; [email protected] 2 Disaster and Risk Management Research Group, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (B.W.M.); [email protected] (D.S.H.) 3 Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France 4 Laboratory of Sediment Hazards and Disaster Risk, Kobe University, Kobe City 658-0022, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper discusses the relations between the impacts of volcanic eruptions at multiple- scales and the related-issues of disaster-risk reduction (DRR). The review is structured around local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions, which have not been widely discussed in the literature, in terms of DRR issues. We classify the impacts at local scale on four different geographical features: impacts on the drainage system, on the structural morphology, on the water bodies, and the impact Citation: Malawani, M.N.; on societies and the environment. It has been demonstrated that information on local impacts can Lavigne, F.; Gomez, C.; be integrated into four phases of the DRR, i.e., monitoring, mapping, emergency, and recovery. In Mutaqin, B.W.; Hadmoko, D.S. contrast, information on the global impacts (e.g., global disruption on climate and air traffic) only fits Review of Local and Global Impacts the first DRR phase. -
Deductions Suggested by the Geographcial Distribution of Some
Deductions suggested by the geographcial distribution of some post-Columbian words used by the Indians of S. America, by Erland Nordenskiöld. no.5 Nordenskiöld, Erland, 1877-1932. [Göteborg, Elanders boktryckeri aktiebolag, 1922] http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.32000000635047 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us-google This work is deemed to be in the public domain in the United States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries. Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the work accordingly. It is possible that heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes. Generated for Eduardo Ribeiro (University of Chicago) on 2011-12-10 23:30 GMT / Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us-google Generated for Eduardo Ribeiro -
The “Person” Category in the Zamuco Languages. a Diachronic Perspective
On rare typological features of the Zamucoan languages, in the framework of the Chaco linguistic area Pier Marco Bertinetto Luca Ciucci Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa The Zamucoan family Ayoreo ca. 4500 speakers Old Zamuco (a.k.a. Ancient Zamuco) spoken in the XVIII century, extinct Chamacoco (Ɨbɨtoso, Tomarâho) ca. 1800 speakers The Zamucoan family The first stable contact with Zamucoan populations took place in the early 18th century in the reduction of San Ignacio de Samuco. The Jesuit Ignace Chomé wrote a grammar of Old Zamuco (Arte de la lengua zamuca). The Chamacoco established friendly relationships by the end of the 19th century. The Ayoreos surrended rather late (towards the middle of the last century); there are still a few nomadic small bands in Northern Paraguay. The Zamucoan family Main typological features -Fusional structure -Word order features: - SVO - Genitive+Noun - Noun + Adjective Zamucoan typologically rare features Nominal tripartition Radical tenselessness Nominal aspect Affix order in Chamacoco 3 plural Gender + classifiers 1 person ø-marking in Ayoreo realis Traces of conjunct / disjunct system in Old Zamuco Greater plural and clusivity Para-hypotaxis Nominal tripartition Radical tenselessness Nominal aspect Affix order in Chamacoco 3 plural Gender + classifiers 1 person ø-marking in Ayoreo realis Traces of conjunct / disjunct system in Old Zamuco Greater plural and clusivity Para-hypotaxis Nominal tripartition All Zamucoan languages present a morphological tripartition in their nominals. The base-form (BF) is typically used for predication. The singular-BF is (Ayoreo & Old Zamuco) or used to be (Cham.) the basis for any morphological operation. The full-form (FF) occurs in argumental position. -
Segmentation of Transform Systems on the East Pacific Rise
Segmentation of transform systems on the East Paci®c Rise: Implications for earthquake processes at fast-slipping oceanic transform faults Patricia M. Gregg Massachusetts Institute of Technology/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA Jian Lin Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA Deborah K. Smith ABSTRACT Per®t et al., 1996) indicate that ITSCs are Seven of the eight transform systems along the equatorial East Paci®c Rise from 128 N magmatically active, implying that the regions to 158 S have undergone extension due to reorientation of plate motions and have been beneath them are hotter, and thus the litho- segmented into two or more strike-slip fault strands offset by intratransform spreading spheric plate is thinner than the surrounding centers (ITSCs). Earthquakes recorded along these transform systems both teleseismically domains. To explore the effect of segmenta- and hydroacoustically suggest that segmentation geometry plays an important role in how tion on the transform fault thermal structure, slip is accommodated at oceanic transforms. Results of thermal calculations suggest that we use a half-space steady-state lithospheric the thickness of the brittle layer of a segmented transform fault could be signi®cantly cooling model (McKenzie, 1969; Abercrom- reduced by the thermal effect of ITSCs. Consequently, the potential rupture area, and bie and Ekstrom, 2001). The temperature thus maximum seismic moment, is decreased. Using Coulomb static stress models, we within the crust and mantle, T, is de®ned as T 5 k 21/2 illustrate that long ITSCs will prohibit static stress interaction between transform seg- Tmerf [y(2 t) ], where Tm is the mantle ments and limit the maximum possible magnitude of earthquakes on a given transform temperature at depth, assumed to be 1300 8C; k system. -
Possessive Inflection in Proto-Zamucoan a Reconstruction
Possessive inflection in Proto-Zamucoan A reconstruction Luca Ciucci and Pier Marco Bertinetto Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa This paper presents a comparative analysis of possessive inflection in the three known Zamucoan languages: Ayoreo and Chamacoco – still spoken in the Chaco area between Bolivia and Paraguay – plus †Old Zamuco, described by the Jesuit father Ignace Chomé in the first half of the 18th century. The comparison allows us to build a plausible reconstruction of Proto-Zamucoan possessive in- flection. Old Zamuco appears to be the most conservative language among the three, while Chamacoco appears to be the most innovative, although it exhibits relics of special importance for reconstructive purposes. Our analysis identifies in Zamucoan a series of features of general interest for the typology of person marking. Keywords: person marking, diachronic reconstruction, possessive morphology, verb morphology, Zamucoan languages, kinship terms, syncretism in person/ number marking, Chaco region 1. Introduction 1 This paper proposes a reconstruction of the possessive morphology of Zamucoan, an underdescribed language family spoken in the Chaco region, between Bolivia and Paraguay. The family consists of three documented languages: Ayoreo, Chamacoco 1. This paper is largely based on the comparative analysis of Ciucci (2016) [2013]. The authors share responsibility for any claims made. The Ayoreo and Chamacoco examples are offered in phonemic transcription (with no delimiting slashes) for ease of reading. The transcriptions of Old Zamuco are based on Chomé (1958 [ante 1745]) as reinterpreted according to our knowledge of Ayoreo and Chamacoco phonology (for a discussion, see Bertinetto 2014 [2009] and Ciucci 2016 [2013]). In the few cases of uncertain interpretation, we added Chomé’s transcription between angled brackets. -
Greek and Roman Mythology and Heroic Legend
G RE E K AN D ROMAN M YTH O LOGY AN D H E R O I C LE GEN D By E D I N P ROFES SOR H . ST U G Translated from th e German and edited b y A M D i . A D TT . L tt LI ONEL B RN E , , TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE S Y a l TUD of Greek religion needs no po ogy , and should This mus v n need no bush . all t feel who ha e looked upo the ns ns and n creatio of the art it i pired . But to purify stre gthen admiration by the higher light of knowledge is no work o f ea se . No truth is more vital than the seemi ng paradox whi c h - declares that Greek myths are not nature myths . The ape - is not further removed from the man than is the nature myth from the religious fancy of the Greeks as we meet them in s Greek is and hi tory . The myth the child of the devout lovely imagi nation o f the noble rac e that dwelt around the e e s n s s u s A ga an. Coar e fa ta ie of br ti h forefathers in their Northern homes softened beneath the southern sun into a pure and u and s godly bea ty, thus gave birth to the divine form of n Hellenic religio . M c an c u s m c an s Comparative ythology tea h uch . It hew how god s are born in the mind o f the savage and moulded c nn into his image . -
La Catástrofe Del Nevado Del Ruiz, ¿Una Enseñanza Para El Ecuador? El Caso Del Cotopaxi
La catástrofe del Nevado del Ruiz, ¿Una enseñanza para el Ecuador? El caso del Cotopaxi. Robert d’Ercole To cite this version: Robert d’Ercole. La catástrofe del Nevado del Ruiz, ¿Una enseñanza para el Ecuador? El caso del Cotopaxi.. Estudios de Geograf’ia, Corporación Editora Nacional, 1989, Riesgos Naturales en Quito, 2, pp.5-32. hal-01184809 HAL Id: hal-01184809 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01184809 Submitted on 25 Aug 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LA CATASTROFE DEL NEVADO DEL RUIZ l UNA ENSENANZA- PARA EL ECUADOR ? EL CASO DEL COTOPAXI Robert D'Ercole* El 13 de noviembre de 1985, el volcân colombiano, el Nevado deI Ruiz, erupciono provocando la muerte de unas 25.000 personas. Esta es la mayor catâstrofe causada por un volcan desde la que produjo 29.000 victimas, en 1902 en la isla Martinica, luego de la erupci6n de la Montafla Pelée. La magnitud de las consecuencias y el hecho de que el Ruiz haya dado signos de reactivaci6n mucho tiempo antes, plantean el problema deI fenomeno natural pero también de los factores humanos que originaron la tragedia.