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Tribes of Eastern Bolivia and the Madeira Headwaters

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Tribes of Eastern Bolivia and the Madeira Headwaters SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 143 HANDBOOK OF SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS Julian H. Steward, Editor Volume 3 THE TROPICAL FOREST TRIBES Prepared in Cooperation With the United States Department of State as a Project of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation Extraído do volume 3 (1948) Handbook of South American Indians. Disponível para download em http://www.etnolinguistica.org/hsai UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1948 For aale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Goyernment Frintinc Office. Washington 25, D. C. TRIBES OF EASTERN BOLIVIA AND THE MADEIRA HEADWATERS By Alfred Metraux THE CHIQUITOANS AND OTHER TRIBES OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIQUITOS TRIBAL DIVISIONS AND LANGUAGES It is extremely difficult to obtain a clear picture of the linguistic affili- ations or even of the exact locations of the tribes of the region known as the Province of Chiquitos, bordered on the south by the Chaco desert, on the east by the Paraguay River and by the marshes of its upper course, on the west by the Rio Grande (Guapay River), and on the north by a line more or less corresponding to lat. 15° W. (map 1, No. 2 ; map 4). The chronicles of the Conquest, the official documents and reports of local authorities, and later the letters and accounts of the Jesuits teem with names of tribes and subtribes, but seldom mention their linguistic affiliation and even their location. From the beginning of the Conquest, the Indians of the area just defined have been called Chiquito, "the small ones," irrespective of their linguistic family or culture. There is one language, still isolated, called Chiquitoan, which is spoken today in that region, but, because several tribes of other linguistic families adopted Chiquitoan as a common language when they were collected in the Jesuit missions, it has become impossible to establish the former distribution of the Chiquitoan language. Hervas (1800-05, 1:160) lists the follow- ing tribes which spoke languages different from Chiquitoan: Bataje, Corahe, Cubere, Curucane, Ctiromina, Ecobore, O tuque, Paicone, Paraba, Pound, Puizoca, Quiteme, Tapii, Tapuri, Jarabe, and Baure. We know, thanks to vocabularies collected by D'Orbigny, that the Saraveca (lat. 15" S., long. 60° W.), Paunaca (Pauna) (lat. 16° S., long. 60° W.), and Paiconeca {Paicone) (lat. 15° S., long. 62° W.) were Arawakan (see p. 396), perhaps subtribes of the Chane, who are repeatedly mentioned in that area; and that the Otuke (Otuque) (lat. 18° S., long. 60° W.), Coraveca (lat. 17° S., long. 60° W.), and Curuminaca (lat. 16° S., long. 60°-62° W.) formed an isolated linguistic group called Otukean (see p. 395), perhaps related to Bororo. In 1831, when D'Orbigny visited the Province of Chiquitos, the Indians still remembered that in the past the Curave (Corabe), the Tapii (lat. 18° S., long. 60° W.), the Cunicaneca 381 ; 382 SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS [B.A.E. Bull. 143 (Curucane) (lat. 17° S., long. 60° W.), and the Coraveca had spoken languages of their own. Crequi-Montfort and Rivet (1913 e) are inclined to include these languages in the Otukcan group on the basis of their geo- graphical distribution. The Kitemoca {Quitemoca, Quitemo) (lat. 16° S'., long. 62° 30' W.) and Napeca of the Mission of Concepcion de Chiquitos (near the headwaters of the Rio Branco) were Chapacuran the Baure (lat. 14° S., long. 62°-63° W.) were Arawakan, closely related to the Mojo. The Gorgotoqtd seem to have been a large tribe extending from the Guapay River toward the San Jose Range (lat. 18° S., long. 62° W.). They spoke a language apparently different from Chiquitoan, but related to Capaccora and Payono. The Catechism in Gorgotoqui written by Father Diego Martinez and a grammar of the same language by Father Caspar Ruiz seem to have been lost. The linguistic affiliations of the Anetine, who were discovered in 1560 by Hernando de Salazar, near the Mojo, and of the Tacumbiacu and Namhu, who lived between the Guapay River and the western part of the Province of Chiquitos, is unknown. The Tamacoci were an important tribe on the Guapay River. They must not be confused with the Zamuco of the northern Chaco. Other tribes listed by Hervas (1800-05, vol. 1) are meaningless names. Map 4.—The tribes of eastern Bolivia. Locations are as of first contact with Europeans. (Compiled by J. H. Steward.) Vol. 3] TRIBES OF EASTERN BOLIVIA AND MADEIRA 383 In the south of the Province of Chiquitos, the missionaries had to deal with the Zamuco and Ugareno, who were closely related to two modern Chaco tribes, the Chamacoco and Tumerehd. THE CHIQUITOAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY Hervas (1800-05, 1:158-159) classifies the Chiquitoan-speakmg tribes into four subgroups, according to their respective dialects. ( 1 ) Tribes speaking the Tao dialect : Arupareca, Bazoroca, Booca, Boro, Pequica, Piococa, Puntagica, Quihiquica, Tanopica, Tabiica, Tao, Tubacica, Xuheresa, and Zamanuca. The Tao dialect was spoken in the Missions of Santa Ana, San Rafael, San Miguel, San Ignacio, San Juan, Santiago, Santo Corazon, and Concepcion. (2) Tribes speaking the Pmoco dialect: Guapaca, Motaquica, Piococa (in Xavier and not to be confused with the Piococa of San Ignacio and Santa Ana, who spoke the Tao dialect), Pogisoca, Quimeca, Quitagica, Tatmtoca, and Zemiiquica. The Pinoco dialect was spoken in San Xavier, San Jose de Chiquitos, and in San Jose de Buenavista (Desposorios) in Mojos. (3) Tribes speaking the Manasi dialect: Cucica, Manasi (Manacica), Quimomeca, Sihaca, Tapacuraca (?), Yiritua, and Yuracareca (Yuracarel). The Manasi dia- lect, spoken in the Mission of Concepcion, was soon discarded in favor of the Tao dialect. (4) The Penoqui dialect was spoken by a single tribe, which was settled in the Mission of San Jose, where it soon adopted the Pinoco dialect. Pefioqui was the most differentiated of the four dialects and Father Felipe Suarez, the author of a Chiquitoan grammar, was obliged to write a special dictionary for this lan- guage and to translate the catechism into it. According to D'Orbigny (1839, 2:155), the Cuciquia, who were split into Cuciquia, Tapacuraca, and Yurucaritia, used a dialect full of foreign words, mainly Paiconeca. The Cuciquia came from the northernmost part of the region of Chiquitos, where the Boxo, Penoto, Tabica, and Xamaro occupied the south of the same province. HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIQUITOS The first knowledge of the Indians of the region of Chiquitos was brought back by Domingo Martinez de Irala and Nuflo de Chaves, when they ascended the Paraguay River in 1542 as far as lat. 17° S. and discovered the Surucusi, the Orejon, the Arencoci, the Xaraye (lat. 18° S., long. 58° W.), and several other tribes. The party journeyed 4 days to the west of the Paraguay River and returned with information given to them by Guarani migrating toward the Andes. The following year, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca organized his big expedition to discover El Dorado and the land of the Amazons, actually the Inca Empire as described by the Indians of the upper Paraguay River. From Puerto de los Reyes (lat. 17°57' S.), Cabeza de Vaca sent an expedition toward the west with Guarani guides. One of his lieutenants, Rivera, arrived at a country where the Indians wore silver disks in their lower lips and gold earrings. They had many metal objects: plates, hatchets, and bracelets of silver. Like the modern Chiriguano, they stored their belongings and their provisions of maize in large vessels. These Indians, called Tarapecosi, did not understand Guarani and were probably Chiquito, as can be surmised from their location and from their use of poisonous arrows, a distinctive weapon of the Chiquito. They received the metal objects found among 384 SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS [B.A.E. Bull. 143 them from the Payzuno, who in turn traded them from the Chane, Chhneno, Caracara, and Candire. Caracara and Candire were names used by the Guarani of Paraguay to designate the mountain people of the west. Another reconnoitering party under Hernando de Rivera was sent upstream to the Xaraye. Tliey traveled many miles westward until stopped by a flood, and they passed through the land of the Urtu (Urtues) and Ahurune, who had metal plates. The names of a great many tribes of Chiquitos are listed in the brief accounts of the expedition of Domingo Martinez de Irala, who in 1548 left the region of Cerro San Fernando (lat. 21°30' S.) and marched west, crossing the northern plains of the Chaco and later the southern part of the Province of Chiquitos. He ended his journey on the Guapay River among the Tamacoci. The Conquest of Chiquitos was achieved between 1557 and 1560 by Nuflo de Chaves, who, start- ing from the marshes of Xarayes, also reached the Tamacoci. In 1560, Nuflo de Chaves subjugated the Tamacoci and Gorgotoqui and, in the heart of the Province of Chiquitos, near the San Jose Range, founded the first city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the territory of the Qiiibaracoa, Penoqiii, Quicme, Parani, who undoubtedly were Chiquitoan, the Suhereca (probably Saraveca), and a few Chane who were Arawakan. The Paicono, also an Arawakan tribe, lived 20 leagues from the city. In 1595, Santa Cruz was transferred to the plains of Grigota, near the present city of that name. The remaining Chiquito, who had been under Spanish influence for 40 years, reverted to their primitive ways and often raided the new Spanish settlements to steal iron tools which had become indispensable to them. In 1690, the Zumhiqui, Coso, Pacara, and Pinoco, defeated by a punitive ex- pedition, sued for peace and consented to receive the Jesuit missionaries. The first mission among the Chiquito was that of San Francisco Xavier, founded in 1691 by Father Jose de Arce among the Pinoco.
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