Formulating Towards Fairer Skin

FORMULATING TOWARDS FAIRER SKIN

Marie Ollagnier, Bryan Moran, Maria Fe Boo

Keywords: Skin Whitening, Brightening, Actives, Electrolyte Tolerance

INTRODUCTION Skin brightening is chemically induced by 3 mechanisms: inhibition of From Mumbai to Mexico City, from Shanghai to Sao Paulo, skin whiten- tyrosinase activity, suppression of tyrosinase formation, and reduction of ing, in all application forms is a significant trend. In fact, according to melanin formation all of which can be achieved through the use of skin Euromonitor, 2010, the global skin lightening market is predicted to care actives on the market today. reach $10 billion by 2015 driven by new market development in the west and sustained growth in Asia Pacific. Table 1: Skin Pigmentation Mechanisms

Fairer skin in these cultures equates to beauty, power and success. Tyrosinase Activity Inhibitors Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) There are many options for formulators to deliver skin whitening systems Sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP) that delight consumers, and encourage repeat use. However, there are Ascorbyl Palmitate also significant challenges to stabilizing the actives and achieving the Ascorbyl Glucoside right product aesthetics to reach market sensory targets. The purpose or Arbutin of this paper is to share with formulators some concrete and simplified α β information that will help them achieve their formulating goals. Kojic Acid Niacinamide (VitB3) SKIN WHITENING/BRIGHTENING MECHANISMS Paper Mulberry (Morus Alba) Melanin, or pigment found in skin, is produced through the process Tyrosinase Suppressors of melanogenesis. Tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme present in Lactic Acid animal tissues, serves as a catalyst in the melanogenisis process by Glycolic Acid oxidizing phenols such as tyrosine. This enzyme converts tyrosine to Retinoic Acid dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and then to dopaquinone. Subsequently, dopaquinone is converted to dopachrome through auto-oxidation, and, Tretoinoic Acid finally, to dihydroxyindole or dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) Melanin Formation Reduction to form eumelanin (black-brown pigment). However, in the presence of Licorice Extracts cysteine or glutathione, dopaquinone is converted to cysteinyl DOPA Hesperidin (Vitamin P) or glutathione DOPA to form pheomelanin (yellow-red pigment). See Hydroquinone Figure 1. Kojic Acid

Figure 1: Skin Pigmentation Mechanisms Physical sunscreens and other physical whiteners are used as well. Pigments such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide offer instant skin Tyrosinase converts tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) lightening and whitening effect, reflect and refract UVA and UVB rays, and protect skin from darkening effect of prolonged sunlight exposure.

Through DOPA is converted In the presence of auto-oxidation dopaquinone cysteine or glutathione Other skin whitening ingredients: • Stearic acid, when used at high levels (13-16%) has some visual whitening effect on skin in pearlized formulations. Dopaquinone is Dopaquinone is converted to converted to cysteinyl DOPA or glutathione • Chemical UV filters prevent sun tanning and protect fair skin from dopachrome DOPA to form pheomelanin sun damage (dark spots and blemishes). (yellow-red pigment) • Traditional ingredients such as saffron and papaya extracts are Dopachrome is converted to commonly used in ayurvedic treatments and other natural products dihydroxyindole or dihydroxyindole- 2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) to form to remove dark spots, exfoliate the skin to reveal newer cells, and eumelanin (black-brown pigment) restore skin.

All authors affiliated with The Lubrizol Advanced Material, Inc., Brecksville, Ohio, USA, e-mail: [email protected] and Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc., Shanghai, Republic of China REGIONAL TRENDS ASIA LATIN AMERICA Asia currently makes up approximately 90 percent of the market in skin Skin whitening is a small but growing functionality in skin care products, whiteners by value. In the region after the 2009 recession, intensified especially in Mexico, Brazil and Venezuela. In Latin America the people competition in the professional market and increased job insecurity are historically from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Due to their genetics means the whitening trend is unlikely to decrease. With rising disposable and sun exposure, they are prone to an increased incidence of skin incomes in emerging regions consumers have more money to spend on disorders such as melasma or hyperpigmentation. The skin lightening cosmetic products. Pale skin has always been considered proof of beauty applications in Latin America are also broad in type, however are not in Asian markets as Asian people associate fair skin with career success limited to the face. While the main applications are facial moisturizers, and social status. masks, and nourishers/anti-ageing formulations; body care formulas focusing on elbows and knees as well as antiperspirant and deodorant In Asia in particular, skin whitening actives and claims can be found in a formulations are also very popular. wide range of applications, not limited to lotions or creams. Consumers in Japan, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia The most popular actives used in Latin America are: UV absorbers and are using whitening products in most of their beauty routines as UV filters, ascorbyl glucoside, arbutin, niacinamide and botanicals. hyper pigmentation (dark spots/pimples) appears earlier on Asian skin compared to wrinkles and loss of firmness. It is not only a market New product developments in whitening skin care are focused on segment, but a functionality required across applications such as masks, providing a more even tone and helping to reduce and prevent spots and moisturizers, anti-aging formulas and toners. decoloration. In Brazil and Venezuela, skin whitening is seen more as a complementary benefit added to new products. Skin whitening products India, where whitening facial care recorded a 13% growth in 2009, is are mainly in the nourishers/anti-agers with 8% (Venezuela) and 12% the third largest market behind Japan and China. The facial moisturizers (Brazil) of sales. Deodorant is also a main category but the mechanism segment dominated by whitening (84%) in India is forecasted to grow at is very different. a compound annual growth rate of 10.5% from 2009 to 2014 according to Euromonitor, 2010. OTHER REGIONS Other regions of the world are increasing their demand for skin whiten- Fair skin has always been considered as beautiful in India and is ing. In North America and Europe, the use of skin whitening actives is associated with power and success. It is in fact an important criterion related to claims such as “Radiance” and “Brightness”. Consumption of in arranged marriages and is entwined with Hinduism’s caste system skin lightening products and use of skin whitening actives in anti-aging complex social hierarchy where people in higher castes tend to have products might see a strong increase in the future as a significant por- fairer skin. tion of the population are of Asian, African-Caribbean or Indian origin. Whatever the skin type, dermal hyper-pigmentation is part of an extrinsic “Whitening” and “fairness” (meaning fair skin, not equality) are the dermal aging mechanism due to life-time exposure to sun damage. In most prominent marketing claims in skin care in India. In contrast to the Middle-East and Africa (MEA), color complexion creams and lighten- the rest of Asia’s cross-application approach, 90% of the whitening ing creams are highly popular in South Africa and some other countries formulations are found in facial moisturizers. but often use highly hazardous ingredients aimed to bleach the skin. The most popular actives in India, according to Euromonitor are: niacin/ Increased health concerns could lead MEA consumers to look at milder niacinamide (70%), licorice extracts (15%), saffron extracts and other skin whitening solutions. botanicals (15%). Sensory preferences include creams that are stearic acid-based where high levels of stearic acid (13-16% loading) are TECHNOLOGIES providing a soapy/heavy sensory and a pearlized appearance. In India, The challenges in skin whitening are in the stabilization of physical this platform is preferred due to a matte finish appropriate in humid/hot whiteners, nonionic actives, and actives containing medium and high climate, instant physical whiteness, the perception of effectiveness. and electrolyte levels. (Table 2) product shelf-stability.

2 Table 2: Product Selector Guide

Type of Actives Recommended Emulsifiers/Stabilizers Recommended Rheology Modifiers Regulatory Notes

Nonionic Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier Any Carbopol® polymer JSQI: Arbutin, Absorbic acid 2-glucoside, Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers Novemer™ EC-1 polymer Carboxyvinyl polymer and Acrylic Acid - Licorice extracts, etc. Pemulen™ polymeric emulsifiers Alkyl Methacrylate Copolymer are listed Novemer™ EC-1 polymer on JSQI Monograph List Containing Medium Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer Electrolyte levels Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers Novemer™ EC-1 polymer SFDA/SEPA: Nano Vitamin C, Paper Mulberry Pemulen™ polymeric emulsifiers All our rheology modifiers sold in China are acceptable for use under SFDA extracts, etc. Novemer™ EC-1 polymer as existing cosmetic chemicals and Containing High Electrolyte levels Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer or have received China SEPA approval for importation. Magnesium and Sodium ascorbyl Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers combined with low levels of nonionic phosphate, etc. stabilizers and thickeners

Low pH Emulsions Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier (AHAs) Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers

Physical Whiteners Glucamate™ SSE-20 emulsifier Carbopol® polymers can thicken Inorganic pigments Glucate™ SS and DO emulsifiers and stabilize low levels Pemulen™ polymeric emulsifiers (at low levels) Novemer™ EC-1 polymer Novemer™ EC-1 polymer

FORMULATING WITH NONIONIC SKIN FORMULA 1: Asian Brightening Secret: Refreshing Skin Hydrator F-0078(AP) LIGHTENING ACTIVES INCI Name, Tradename Weight % Nonionic skin lightening actives like absorbic acid 2-glucoside, arbutin, PART A licorice extract and papaya extract are easy to formulate. They can Deionized Water 89.41 be used in oil-in-water emulsions without impacting the emulsifier Disodium EDTA 0.02 performance of traditional emulsifiers, e.g. Glucamate™ SSE-20 and Carbomer, Carbopol® Ultrez 10 Polymer 0.35 Glucate™ SS emulsifiers, or polymeric emulsifiers such as Pemulen™ Methyl Gluceth-20, Glucam™ E-20 Humectant 1.00 and Novemer™ polymers. They can be thickened and stabilized by Carbopol® polymers. PART B Neopentyl Glycol Diethylhexanoate, 3.00 In the Asian Brightening Secret: Refreshing Skin Hydrator F-0078(AP) Schercemol™ NGDO Ester sample formula, Carbopol® Ultrez 10 polymer stabilizes the licorice root Dimethicone (and) Cetearyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer, Velvesil™ DM 0.30 extract and allows this hydrator to break quickly on the skin, offering Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate, Glucate™ SS Emulsifier 0.25 a cool watery sensation that awakens the user. Chrysanthemum and PEG-20 Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate, 0.75 honeysuckle flower extracts, which are commonly used in Traditional Glucamate™ SSE-20 Emulsifier Chinese Medicine for cooling, soothing and calming, are included in this BHT 0.02 formulation. Schercemol™ NGDO ester imparts a light afterfeel. PART C Sodium Hydroxide (18%) 0.40** PRODUCT PROPERTIES: PART D Appearance Off -white emulsion Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract, Propylene Glycol, Glucose, 0.40 pH 5.25 – 5.75 Water, Extrapone® Licorice Root 607646 Viscosity (mPa·s)*** 10,000 – 16,000 Chrysanthemum Indicum Flower Extract, Propylene Glycol, Water, 0.30 Yield Value (dyn/cm²) 500 – 700 Extrapone® Wild Chrysanthemum Stability: Passed 3 months @ 45°C, Lonicera Japonica (Honeysuckle) Flower Extract, Propylene Glycol, 0.30 ® 3 months @ 25°C, 5 cycles freeze/thaw Water, Actipone Honeysuckle

***Brookfield RVT or DV-II @ 20 rpm, 25°C, #5 spindle, measured at 24 hours Deionized Water 3.00 PART E Phenoxyethanol, Methyl-, Ethyl-, Butyl-, Propyl-, (and) 0.50 Isobutylparaben, Phenonip® **Typical amount, q.s. to pH 5.25 - 5.75

3 This next formulation, Asian Beauty Skin Brightening Cream O-0020(AP), CONTAINING MEDIUM ELECTROLYTE LEVELS is a light day cream that provides skin brightening to help maintain fair Skin lightening actives containing medium electrolyte levels such as ™ and younger looking skin. Glucam E-20 humectant provides non- paper mulberry extract and nano vitamin C can be thickened and tacky long lasting moisturization and a supple effect on skin. This cold stabilized by more electrolyte tolerant Carbopol® polymers such as ™ processed formulation is stabilized using the versatile PSN – (Pemulen Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer, by higher levels of other Carbopol® ® ™ polymeric emulsifiers, SilSense specialty silicones, and Novemer polymers, or by Carbopol® polymers blended with electrolyte resistant polymers) Polymeric Emulsion System, which provides excellent sensory thickeners. Emulsifiers particularly useful in these formulations are properties. Use of this technology provides long term robust stability and Glucamate™ SSE-20 and Glucate™ SS emulsifiers, Pemulen™ TR-1 or ™ sensory attractiveness. Schercemol CO ester provides a light, dry feel TR-2 polymeric emulsifiers, and Novemer™ EC-1 polymer. that is non-oily. Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is an electrolyte tolerant polymer that FORMULA 2: Asian Beauty Skin Brightening Cream O-0020(AP) provides creamier initial aesthetics with longer playtime (Figure 2).

FORMULATINGINCI Name, Tradename WITH SKIN LIGHTENING ACTIVESWeight % Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer also offers good compatibility with 3 wt% PART A nano vitamin C (a multi-coated ascorbic acid in nano form) providing Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, Uvinul® MC-80 7.50 stable excellent viscosity and yield value, high clarity, and moderate-to- C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Finsolv® TN 3.00 high viscosity with smooth, long flow properties. Cetyl Ethylhexanoate, Schercemol™ CO Ester 3.00 Table 3: Compatibility of Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer and Nano Vitamin C Hydrogenated Polydecene, PureSyn® 2 2.00 Dimethicone,TSF 451-50A (50 cst) (or) SF-96-50(50 cst) 3.00 Viscosity Yield Value pH Clarity (mPa.s) (dyn/cm²) (%T) Tocopheryl Acetate, Copherol® 1250 0.10 Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, 0.30 1 wt% Carbopol® 35,500 2,960 6.48 99 Pemulen™ TR-1 Polymer Ultrez 20 polymer

PART B With 3 wt% Nano 33,500 2,980 6.54 99 Vitamin C Methyl Gluceth-20, Glucam™ E-20 Humectant 1.00

Butylene Glycol 2.00 Figure 2: Electrolyte Tolerance of Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer Dimethicone PEG-7 Isostearate, SilSense® DW-18 Silicone 0.50 30,000 s) Deionized Water 65.12 . ® 25,000 Carbopol Polymer Disodium EDTA 0.03 Ultrez 20 Ultrez 20 / Ultrez 10 (2:1) PART C 20,000 Ultrez 10 / Ultrez 20 (2:1) Triethanolamine (99 %), Tealan 99% 0.15 15,000 Ultrez 10

PART D 10,000

Acrylates/Acrylamide Copolymer (and) Mineral Oil (and) 1.00 5,000 Polysorbate 85, Novemer™ EC-1 Polymer (27 wt% TS) iscosity (RV, 20 rpm, mPa V 0 PART E 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Deionized Water 10.00 wt% Salt (Sodium Chloride) Arbutin 1.00

PART F DMDM Hydantoin (and) Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, 0.30 Novemer™ EC-1 polymer is ideal for emulsifying formulations containing Glydant® Plus Liquid these actives. With the INCI Name: Acrylates/acrylamide copolymer (and) mineral oil (and) polysorbate 85, it is a liquid inverse emulsion of a pre- PRODUCT PROPERTIES: neutralized, highly branched, crosslinked anionic polymer. This multifunc-

Appearance Soft white cream tional rheology modifier is compatible with electrolytes; is easy to use in pH 5.5 – 6.2 cold and hot processes; and enhances sensory benefits in formulations Viscosity (mPa·s)*** 25,000 – 30,000 by providing a creamy touch, dry soft afterfeel, and no tack. Stability Passed 3 months @ 45°C Because it is lightly crosslinked, contains a very low level of high HLB Passed 5 freeze/thaw cycles emulsifier, and is highly branched this material works to emulsify or *** Brookfield DV-II @ 20 rpm, spindle #6 @ 25°C, measured @ 24 hours assist in emulsification of a variety of oil phases. This material also demonstrates the ability to suspend inorganic pigments, including zinc oxide, in physical sunscreens.

4 The data in Figures 3 and 4 shows that this material is compatible FORMULATION 3: Underarm Roll-On Brightening Cream O-0045(LA) ™ with various mono and divalent electrolytes. Novemer EC-1 polymer INCI Name, Tradename Weight % provides unmatched viscosity building at lower and at higher polymer PART A loading levels with mono (Figure 3) and multivalent (Figure 4) ions. Deionized Water 76.39 Figure 3: Electrolyte Tolerance in the Presence of Monovalent Ions Disodium EDTA, Edeta® BD 0.05

Na Ascorbyl Phosphate (1 wt% polymer solids) Sodium Metabisulfite, Covastyle MBS 0.05 35,000 Novemer™ Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, 0.10 EC-1 Polymer Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer 30,000 Polyacrylamide Methyl Gluceth-20, Glucam™ E-20 Humectant 1.00 25,000 & C13-14 Isoparafﬁn & PART B 20,000 Laureth-7 Cetyl Ethylhexanoate, Schercemol™ CO Ester 1.50 , 20 rpm, mPa·s) V 15,000 Isostearyl Neopentanoate, Schercemol™ 185 Ester 3.00

10,000 Neopentyl Glycol Diethylhexanoate, 3.00 ™ iscosity ( R Schercemol NGDO Ester V 5,000 BHT, Eastman Tenox™ BHT 0.10 0 Tocopheryl Acetate, Vitamin E Acetate 0.30 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 PART C Na Ascorbyl Phosphate (wt%) Sodium Hydroxide (18% solution) 0.16 PART D Figure 4: Electrolyte Tolerance in the Presence of Divalent Ions Deionized Water 5.00 Mg Ascorbyl Phosphate (1 wt% polymer solids) Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate (Vitamin C), Stay-C® 50 0.20 35,000 Novemer™ EC-1 Polymer PART E 30,000 Polyacrylamide Deionized Water 5.00 & C13-14 25,000 Carnitine, Natrulon® RC-100 2.00 Isoparafﬁn & 20,000 Laureth-7 PART F Phenoxyethanol (and) Ethylhexylglycerin, Euxyl® PE 9010 0.50 15,000 Fragrance (Parfum), Citrus & Fruit #TME08-00804 0.15 10,000 PART G Viscosity (RV, 20 rpm, mPa·s) 5,000 Acrylates/Acrylamide Copolymer, Mineral Oil (and) 1.50 Polysorbate 85 (27 wt% TS), Novemer™ EC-1 Polymer 0 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mg Ascorbyl Phosphate (wt%)

FORMULATING WITH HIGH ELECTROLYTE ACTIVES PRODUCT PROPERTIES:

Formulations containing lower levels of high electrolyte actives can be Appearance White liquid ™ emulsified by Pemulen TR-1 or TR-2 polymers whereas higher levels can pH 6.7 – 7.3 ™ ™ be emulsified by emulsifiers such as Glucamate SSE-20 and Glucate Viscosity (mPa.s)*** 7,500 – 9,500 SS emulsifiers. Formulations containing high levels of electrolytic actives Specific Gravity 0.9947 can be thickened and stabilized by fatty acid/fatty alcohols, electrolyte Recommended Packaging HDPE opaque roll-on bottle ® tolerant polymers, and blends of Carbopol polymers and Xanthan gum. Stability Passed 1 week @ 60°C, Passed 3 months @ 45°C (ongoing), Passed 4 cycles of freeze/thaw This liquid cream formulation: Underarm Roll-On Brightening Cream ***Brookfield DVII+ Viscometer, Spindle #4, 20 rpm @ 25°C after 24 hours O-0045(LA) helps exfoliate and brighten underarm skin that may show dark spots from regular use of aluminum chlorohydrate antiperspirant products. Glucam™ E-20 humectant helps retain moisture so the skin does not feel dry or sticky after application. The combination of Schercemol™ CO, NGDO and 185 esters imparts excellent emolliency without leaving an oily afterfeel. A balanced association of Carbopol® Ultrez 20 and Novemer™ EC-1 polymers provide appropriate viscosity in the presence of antioxidants together with good flow and a soft afterfeel.

5 For systems containing > 1% TS of sodium ascorbyl phosphate or mag- CONCLUSION ® nesium ascorbyl phosphate, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer can be com- The many options for formulators to deliver skin whitening systems that bined with nonionic rheology modifiers such as xanthan gum or HEC. delight consumers and encourage repeat use also bring significant chal- ® Combining xanthan gum with Carbopol polymers is recommended lenges to stabilizing the actives and achieving the right product aesthet- ® because the thickening and stabilizing is more effective with Carbopol ics to reach market sensory targets. From traditional rheology modifiers polymers than xanthan gum by itself; the aesthetics and sensory of to inverse emulsion polymers, Lubrizol’s Noveon® Consumer Specialties ® xanthan gum are improved by blending with Carbopol polymers; and skin care product line offers many options to help formulators achieve combinations thereof give some options in formulating high electrolyte- their skin lightening formulating goals. containing systems. In the figures below, the data shows that in the presence of electrolytes, blending xanthan gum with Carbopol® Ultrez REFERENCES 20 polymer exhibits higher viscosity and higher yield value (Figure 5) Euromonitor 2010 (data from 2009) and Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer can improve the aesthetics of xanthan gum and the combination creates slower break and a cushiony, non- TRADEMARKS tacky emulsion. • Carbopol®, Noveon® and SilSense® are registered trademarks of The Lubrizol Corporation Figure 5: Synergy between Carbopol® Ultrez 20 Polymer and Xanthan ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ Gum - Viscosity • Glucam , Glucamate , Glucate , Novemer , Pemulen and Schercemol™ are trademarks of The Lubrizol Corporation Viscosity Yield Value Viscosity with 0.05% NaCl YV with 0.05% NaCl • Actipone® and Extrapone® are registered trademarks of Symrise 35,000 1,600 s) . • Copherol® is a registered trademark of Cognis

30,000 1,400 ) 2 ® ® 25,000 1,200 • Edeta and Uvinul are registered trademarks of BASF 1,000 20,000 • Euxyl® is a trademark of Schülke & Mayr 800 15,000 ® 600 alue (dyn/cm • Finsolv is a registered trademark of Innospec 10,000 400 ® ® ield V • Glydant Plus and Natrulon are registered trademarks of Lonza 5,000 200 Y

iscosity (RV, 20 rpm, mPa ® V 0 0 • Phenonip is a registered trademark of Clariant MXC7 MXC8 MXC9 MXC10 MXC11 MXC12 ® Samples • PureSyn is a registered trademark of Exxon • Stay-C® is a registered trademark of DSM Nutritional MXC7: 0.75% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer MXC8: 0.6% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.15% Xanthan gum • Tenox™ is a trademark of Eastman Chemical Company MXC9: 0.45% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.3% Xanthan gum MXC10: 0.3% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.45% Xanthan gum • Velvesil™ is a trademark of Toshiba/GE Advanced Materials-Silicones MXC11: 0.15% Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer + 0.6% Xanthan gum MXC12: 1% Xanthan gum

Disclaimer: The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representations, guarantees or warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy, suitability for particular applications or the results to be obtained. The information often is based on laboratory work with small-scale equipment and does not necessarily indicate end product performance or reproducibility. Formulations presented may not have been tested for stability and should be used only as a suggested starting point. Because of the variations in methods, conditions and equipment used commercially in processing these materials, no warranties or guarantees are made as to the suitability of the products for the applications disclosed. Full-scale testing and end product performance are the responsibility of the user. Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. shall not be liable for and the customer assumes all risk and liability for any use or handling of any material beyond Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.’s direct control. The SELLER MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Nothing contained herein is to be considered as permission, recommendation, nor as an inducement to practice any patented invention without permission of the patent owner. Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Lubrizol Corporation. © Copyright 2011 Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.