Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1985. Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships. In Klein, Harriet E. Mane- lis & Louisa R. Stark (editoras), South American Indian languages: retrospect and prospect. Austin: University of Texas Press.
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Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org 9. Evidence for Tupi-Carih Relationships Aryon D. Rodrigues
The purp ose of this paper is to present some evi
d (' n r ('of p r (' h i fi t· () r i r ;1 n cI h i fi t" 0 r i. r <1 I. r (' 1. a t ion s b e tween the languages of the Tu pi'" stock and those of the Carib family" I proposed the Tupi'" stock as comprising seven faml"1"les--Tupl-Guaranl,~ ~ Mun d uru k'"u, J uruna,'" A r1"k'"em, Tupar1, Mond~, and Ramar~ma--and a linguistic iso late, Purubor-a (Rodrigues 195 8a), 1958b, 1964, 1970)" There is thus far only sparse unelaborated lexical evidence for the affiliation of some of these fam il ies; for others, such as Tuparl,-:' Mundu ruk~, and TUrl-Guarani, wt? hav e airpady worked out more extensive l exi.ca l. Clnd phonological correspon dences (Rodrigues 1961, 1980)" At the moment I be lieve that two languages previously included in the Tup1-Guaran~ family, Aweti and Satar~, should be reclassified as two additional. isolates (or one- / member families) in the Tupi stock" / The geographical distributi o n of the Tupi stock has the following main features: (a) It lies essentially south 01 the Amazon Ri ver (to the north of this boundary we find only the T UP1---: G uaranlan-: d"1a 1 ect group Wayapl-Emerl-:' '" "11 on, which reached the Oyapock river on the Brazil French Guyana border in post-Colombian times (M~t raux 1927:29-35), and the Amazonian Lingua Geral or NheengatU', a creolized dialect of Tupi-Guaranian'" / 372 Aryan D, Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 373
Tllp 11:llllhil' III roellll"'" ii, AIII;IZ0Ili" I>y l'orllll\IIr"11' ('() Vene7.uelnfl c(lOsl, ill lhe pllRt hllving reached the Ionization and missionary activity). Antilles. After a geographical discontinuity, we (b) It is found mainly in the Amazon Basin; the find the westernmost and perhaps most divergent / / only exceptioll to this is the Tupi-Guarani, family, subgroup of Carib languages (Opone, Carare) in the which, although it has lIIany languages in that Ba Madalena Valley of Colombia. Another discontinuous sin, also sprpad5 0vI'r the PnrAn~ Basin in the subgroup, whose best known member is Hian'koto-Um' south and alon g most of the length o f the Brazilian ua, is located on the Caquet~ and Apaporis Rivers coast in the east. (Yapur~ Basin) in southern Colombia, but this is / (c) Five of the members of this stock--Tupari, linguistically very close to the Makiritare (Yeku Arik~m, Mond~, Ramar~ma, and Purubor6--are found in ana) subgroup on the Ventuari River in Venezuela the area betwe e n the Machado (Jipariln~) and the (which, in turn, is more akin to the languages of / 2 Guapor~ Rivers, in the highest part of the Madeira the Uraricuera, such as Wayumara). Palmela, a Basin (in the Br az ilian State of Rond~nia), and a Carib language once spoken on the Guapor~ River, sixth me mber, Sa tar' (Maw~), is spoken on the lower south of the Amazon, exhibits features typical of Madeira. the North Amazonian languages and was probably
T h (> C;) r i h I all f.\ IJ I , / wordR from !lomc' (I t h (' ,. Illngllilgl"s w(~rc llddcd, mORt o( Our COIIIPflt' ~()II () r ~ ()III (I I 1962) , Hishkary~na (Derbyshire 1979 and ms.), and 5 I I List A. This point is mentioned here only in pas- I Taulipang (Pemong) (Koch-Gr~nberg 1928) as repre ~ing, but it deserves a more thorough examination senta t ives of the North Amazoniall Languages (but I 1 i I I I I 376 Aryan D. Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 377 i nth c rut 1I r 0, ;] S W (' ;J C q 1I r (' "(" I. (' r k 11 () W I (' d r. (' t) f a TAIlLE I. Phonologic.,1 CorrospolldC'l1c.:cs--Consonallts larger number of Carib languages. It should also (Abbreviations and Numbers are those of List A) be taken into account that many lexical items included in List B are to be found as well In some 6 North IImazoni"n IIrawAk languages. Tb p, Tr p, elll i, pe/V i, Mu p, ,61 i,e Ww p, r. i q [" c: p r (' ~; (' II " S . (" (l r r (' s P () 11 II (' II t· (' S III () S I: pro h i1 b I Y h, Hk h, 'J'p, Gl, Wn p, Ilk p, x: 7, 20, 29, 33, 1 d II (' I. (l r (' t" (' II' (" (l 11 , : I (. IS. II (' r C' 11("III / of several Carib languages taken either from Lingua I 14, I 17 Geral or from some other particular Tu p 1-Guaranf Tb p, T r pI ftII/ Tp p, ;5111 Ww, Hk, Bk ;tIll /. lan~uage: C. I loanwords f: rom Llngua Ceral (Tate 29, 30, 3 I, 47. vin 19 10, Stradelli 1929) in North Amazonian Carib Tb,6, Tr p, Mu m; Ww, Hk, G1, Wn w: 8, 82, 91, 114. / languages; C. 2 - loanwords from Wayapi (Coudreau T b ~ I II, T r, Mu p I II; Ww, Hk mI II: 2 I, 67, 69, 7 / / 1892) or Lingua Geral in Wayana. I add also a 92, 106. / / list of Carib loanwords in a Tupi-Guarani language: Tb~1 II, Tr, Mu pi 1/; Ww, Hk, Bk % (w) 25, 26, / / 8 C . 3 - loa n w 0 r d s fro m \~ a y a n a i n Way a pi. 31,73,77, 107. Tb, Tr t, Mu t, d; Ww, Hk, Tp, Gl, Wn, HU, Bk t 4 I 5, 3 3, 3 6, 9 5, I () J, I 0 J 11 Tb s, T r t, e I i, Mu r; Ww t, tl i, Hk t, el e, Tp, \~n t: 43, 52, 62, 63,73,79,100,102,118. T b, T r, H uk; Ww, Hk, T p, G1, l~ n k, B k k, k x: 5, 13, 19,40,41,45,54,61,68,75,76,83,85, 93,94,98,101, III, 14, liS, 116, 117, 18, 121 Tb ?. , Tr k, Mu ? Ww, Hk, Tp, G1, \~n , Bk k: 24, 49, 50, 80, 108, 110. Tb, Tr, Mu ?; Ww, Hk, Tp, Bk Ii: 17, 22, 35, 65, 67, 74, 109. Tb, Tr, Mu m; Ww, Hk, Gl, Wn m, ilk Jf: 6, 9, 14, 42, 56, 63, 83, 88, 90, 103a, 116. 378 Aryan D . Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carih Relationships 379 T a h 1. c I. P h () n () I (I g j C ;J I C () r r ~. S P () n cI l' 11 C l' S - - C 0 Tl S () n il n t s TABLE 2. Phon o logical Correspondences--Vowels (Cont inued) (Abbreviations and Numbers are those of List A) .--- -.-..- ..--~--- . Th m, Tr ? ; Mk , Hk 01: 1, 6. T b, T r, M u i; Ww, T p, B k i, H k e: 3, 57, 58, 8 I , Th, Tr 11; Ww, Il k , 'l'p, 1:1, Ilk II : IIi , e, 7, 'ill, 77 , HI" 8 3, 19. II () . Th, Tr i; Ww, Ilk .. : I, .J, 5 1, . T b n, T r f:f; \~ w 11: 8 I, 8 8 . Tb 4" Tr, Mu i; Ww, Hk, Tp, Ap, Bk :i:: 18, 22, 23, T b, T r 1); T P ,), \-1 w, II k , B k 01: Z 0, n2 , 7 4, 8 9, I I 9 . 32, 33, 3 4 , 43, 52, 59, 66, 76, 80, 82, 99. Tb r, Tr, Mu r, t I 1/ \.J\'J, Hk, Tp, Hk r Wn 12, Tb 4" Tr, Mu i; Hk, Tp, Bk a: 16, 19, 45, 76, 103a, 16, 17, 19, 3 0, 3Z, 37, 38, 4 5 , 1,6, 49, SO, 54, I 15. 64,87,96,99 , 101 106, li Z , 11 3 , 114 120. Tb 4" Tr i; Ww, Hk, Tp e, 13k i: 17, 23, 24, 59, 60, Tb r l II, Tr, Mu tl II ; Ww, Hk, 13k Z: 55 ,72,75, 79 , 95. 87. Tb u: Tr 0 , Mu 0, i; Ww, Hk:t, Tp, Bk u: 21,7.7, Tb r, Tr h; Ww, Hk, Tp y : I, 56 . 90. Th, Tr, Mu y; Hk y: 22 , 1 9, 97, 107 . Tb u, Tr, Mu 0; Ww, Hk, Tp 0: 39, 110, 113, i21 Tb y , Tr, MIl w; Tp, 1:1, \-111 w , Ww, Ilk 1(\.; : ('S, 6(" Tb, Tr, Mu C; Ww, Hk, Tp, Hk e: 10, 16,24,30,31, II :3 , 12 I . 58, 59, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 106, 108, 115. Th y III Tr, Mu will Ww, H k, T p;(: I 0, I °5, I °6 . Tb, Tr e; Ww, Tp, Bk il II: 28, 55, 65,87. Tb V; Hk Vm: 2 2 , 39, 57. Tb, Tr, Mu e; \~w, Hk, Tp, Bk a: 2,13,20,94,106, 108. Mp t H7, ':II, ()I" 9'), T b, T r 0 , N u 4.; \~w, Hk, o. u, T p, 13 k 0: I, 8, 9, 15, 29,58,69,71,82,89,97, 100, 109, 118. Tb, Tr 0; Hw , Hk, Hk a: 26 , 47, 68, 96, 101 N T b, T r V; \-Iw, Hk, T p, B k V: I 4, I 5, 3 2, 35, 5 I, 65, 8 0, 82. . j 380 Aryan D. Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 381 / I. 1ST 1\: Tupi-C:lr h r:()I',II;]t'('~l ('-. / / Abbreviations: ilk Bakairi, Gl Galihi (Ka li~ a , I I. Tb r-, Mu d-, 1'r h- r elationa l; Ww, Hk, Tp Karina), Hk Hishkary~na, Ie Island Carib ~, Mk y-. Makushf, Mu MundurukC, Nk Nahukw!, Tb ~ Tu pinamh', Tp Taulipang (Pemong) TR Tupar1, Grammatical particles and words Wn Way(na (Oyana), Ww Waiwai. 12. Tb ri 'for, on' Ww re 'through' Hk rye 'through, ill on~' Personal affixes 1J. Tb -ke (in o~a-ke 'in front of, lit. 1n I. Tb wi- Tr W-, 0-, Mu we-, 0- 1st singula r; fa ce of'); Hk ka 'to' (e.g. ompata-ka Ww w.;,- Iy-, 0-, oy - , Ilk w- ,.j,- flk W-, u-, 'towards the face of' i - , Tp 11-, u Y-- , y-. 14 . Tb amo'" 'another, some' G 1 , Wn, I C a mu . 2. Tb, Tr, Mu e- 2nd singular ; Ww a-, Bk a-, Tp a-, aw-, Hk a-, ay-, 0- , ow-, oy- Kinship terms J. Tb, Tr, Mu i- 3rd non reflexive; Ww, Bk, Tp 15. Tb amoy 'grandfather' tamoy 'grandfather of 1- , Hk 1:0- , u-. somebody' Tp amo-ko 'grandfather' , u-tamo 4 . Tb t - , Mil t - 3rd non rpfl('xiv(', Tr t' (' - , t 'my grandfather', Wn, Gl tamu, Hk tam-, r d r (' I <' )( V" T P .; " '3 r i Ww, t - II k .t- t r. II - , tnmu- 'grillidfalhcr'. t-, Bk t~- 3rd reflexive. 16. Tb en4r 'male's sister Bk -enaru-to, Gl 5. Tr ki-, k- 1st plural inclusive Ww k~-, k- , -enau-tik 'sister'. Hk ki-, ku-, k- Bk ki-, ku-, k-. 17. Tb i?ir 'male's cross cousin' B k i· r 1 'female's cousin '. Case ;)ffixps 18. Tb .j,~+r 'male's younger brother' Apalal-:' /' (-,. I'll -mo, '- :tmo III lh" s I :1 t. (' () r Ww -111(' , Hk -me . ~pir+, Gl pi' ['i Ie ihiri. 7. Tb -pe punctual locative, Tr -pe inessive, 19. Tb 4ker 'female's older sister', +ke-?-~r Mu -pe, -he locative; Hk -ho, Tp, Wn -po 'male's older brother', Tr ike 'male's older l ocative brother', ike-it 'female's older sister'; 8. Tb d f f II S (' ~ -,0 IOCilllv e Ilk -wt) il t . Apala1 -akoro-ne, Tp ako!), akon-U' 'br ot her' Wn akon ' older brother'. Other affixes 20. Tb pel} 'female's cross nephew' Ww pamo, Gl ,.., 9. Tb mo-, T 0-, r m-, Mu mi- causative; Hk om-, pamu 'brother-in-law' , Hk hamo cross on-, em-, cousin Bk pama 'male's brother-in-law' v 10. Tb ye-, Ir we-, 2 I . / Mil J('-w e - refl.exive; Tp, Ilk Tb u~, Tr op 'father' ; Ww Hk -im, Apala i urn 382 Aryon D. Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 383 G I uml1, Tp u~, Bk '"(J (~ • Nk uu, Wn ipi:i, Gl wi· pi:, Ie w~bo. 35. Tb 4:pa?u 'island'; Wn, Gl pau, Ie ub'o. ~~. ~J_~ !_~_ _~~_~.._~a~~~_ . ~L~~ .~~~ . 36. Tb +tu 'waterfall' Trio itu-ru, Gl ito-ti, 22. Tb a-?~y 'grain, secd' Ilk tym e 'nut'. B k t ~u . 23. Tb ipi 'tree stpm' Ww, Wn cp u trpe stem' 37. Tb kwar 'sun' Mu ka-'1ii 'sun' Hk a-kwar+ l H k e II +, 0 II t 's t ;1 n rl i n g t r. (> e ' . 'sunlight' 2/, . r " . b. 10 i " sill 1', I 38. Til par;] I Large river'; Tp paru 'water, 25. Tb kaS, Tr ?a p, Mu 'liep ' fa t (noun)'; Hn river', Apala1 paru 'river', Bk paru kap- ha k 'fat (ildjective)', ka-t 'fat 'water' (noun) , Ww ka, Hk, (;1 k a-t. i 'fat (noun)' 39. Tb yu 'field' Hk o-yomo. 26. Tb oe, Tr e p, Mu -tp 'l e af' Ww, f1k, Ilk a. 27. Tb o~a, Mu opa 'face' I'r epa 'eye' Ww Qualities ep a -ta, Hk empa-ta ompa-ta, Gl emba-ta, Tp 40. Tb aki,m 'wet' Wn te-ukuma-i, t-ekupa-i, Gl emp o- ta, empe-ta 'face'. ekup-i. 28. Tb pe 'bark', Tr pe 'bark, skin', Mu i-be 4 J. Tb aku!" Tr akop, Mu a'1iip 'hot'; Hk ak. 'bark' \~ tv pi-' h ark ' Tp pi-p+ 'skin, bark' 42. Th aman 'c rcle, surround' Tr amon-?a 1-9. Til P"po T r p (' P '() 'w i Tl g r (' ;1 I II co r ' Tp pcpo-ko , r 0 u n d, R P II (> r i. caL ' Ilk amno- 'round' (see 'LO tak e off the f ea thers' (ko 'to pull no. 83) away', see no. 109) 43. Tb asi" Tr aci 'to be sick, to ache' Hk 30. Tb pere 'milt' \J w, Wn, B k ere, H k e rye, T p ati,h 'to be rotten, bad'. e r. 'liver 44. Tb ay 'sour'; Ww ai 'to be hot (pepper)', Hk 3 1 . Tb p e r c ~ 'wound, ulcer' Ww ere, Ilk erew 'to ayih 'to be hot like pepper'. ;]l: h (> , • 45 . Tb kira '[at (adjective)'; Hk kare 'to make 32_ . '" : Tb p~ru 'to tread' Hk ihro , fa at' . f at ' . 33. Tb pi,ta 'heel', Tr cito 'fo ot ', Mu ida 46. Tb mir~, Tr ?iri 'small' Bk i-meri, Mk 'heel' Hk ihta 'sale' ihta -k marunu 'heel' miri-ki,. Ww ht;], Tp p+ta 'foot' Wn pta 'sale' 47. Tb par, Tr at 'full' Hk ar-i-hto 'to fill', pta-pu 'IICC[', Nk Llta-pt '.~ole' t-ar-ke 'full' Ww ari: 'contents' 48. Tb pos-i:y, Tr poci, Mu poS'i 'heavy' Tp pi-si, Elements of natur e Gl awo·sil). 34. Tb .t~+ 'earth, ground', i~i-t.tr 'mountain', 49. Tb puru?a 'pregnant'; Ww puruki 'to swell' Mu i pi 'earth' Hk Ht-, Apilla1 ipi, Ilk ~w+, 50. Tb ?ar 'upper part, top'; Hk kare 'high', ------. l~ C d.:C£.S CC,~-, , , 384 Aryon D, Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 385 nkre 'to lifl', 'vegetnl medicil1e ehremo 'to give medic ine'. Non cultural items 63. Tb sam' rop e ' Hk a-tame 'thick rope' 5 I . Tb apwa' 'poi nt' ; Ww epa 'poin t' Tp epo-te e-tam-~e 'thick rope (possessed)'. 'extremity of the arrow head'. 64. Tb uru 'basket' Hk uru-to 'small basket for 52. Tb as-ik 'piece' Ww asik-wo 'to break into cassava bread' t wo piece's', 65. Tb ya7~ 'e1ish, pot' Tr wa?'e 'pot', Mu wa7e 53. Tb ipi, 'beginning' 4p~-ru9 'to begin' flk 'calabasb'; Tp wai 'calabash bottle'. +h-C;c to bcg.in' 66. Tb y.t, Tr wi 'ax'; Gl w.j,.·-wi, Wi·-ri, Wn 54 , Tr k i r(' 'pc''' pl (' Ilk k-i-r+ , T p k tlr:J Y 'm :JI1 ', Ilk Apala1 wi-w.t, Bk p.t. k tJ r ~ 'P (' (l I' I e .s 5 . Til per, Tr -- p e t 'won! ;JI1' Ww pi Ilk I,e-'Ce Actions and States 'wife' 67. Tb ?a~ 'to c ut'; Ww, Hk ama 'to cut Wood'. 56. T b mar a - 'b r a v e r y " mar an' war '; \" w maya 68. Tb akaso 'to mov e to a far place'; Hk e-taka , h r a v e r y, t" b 0 w i J d " 11 k rna Y" n 't (I b (' w.i 1. d 'to move' oh-taka 'to change the place' (a nirn<1I )' 69.. Tb a-o/\ 'to wrap, clothes'; Ww w-omi 'wrapper', flk w-omu 'clothes', Wn y-om Cultural items -- .._.._ --- - 'wrapper' Gl w-oomo 'European clothes' 57. Tb inl" 'hammock ' Hk eneme '" 'to sew', 70. Tb a pi, to burn' Tp api 'to set on fire' 58, Tb enimo inim o « inY 'hammock' + po , , 7 I . Tr apok 'to sit down' Ww apo. Hk aho-n~, 'fiber') 'thread, rope' Ww k-e'Xepu 'hammock aho-nano, Tp apo-no, apo!) 'seat, bench', Gl r 0 p e " w -(-, il c-' P1I, Hk - w- (' n(' Ii u 'b ;1 h y s I i_ n g , apo-ni 'seat in a canoe' 1j fJ . 'I' h I' P oj., 'I'r ,. l' (' i ',,;j Y"'" 11' '; WW I' I"' , '1'" 72. T h 11 r, y n r 'l (l t I I k (', t (l 1" (' C e i v c Tr at, Mu epe-pic, Hk ehe-th-i-ri 'p ayment ', Hk eh e -ma jat 'to take'; Ww a-ri" Hk a, Tp a-Ii, Gl Wn epe-illa 't o pay Bk ep+ 'to cost', epi-wa a-ro, Bk a 'to take, to carry'. 'to pa y, t o make a gift'. 73. Tb asa~ 'to pass , to cross'; Hk w-eto, Gl 60. T h .j. t ,1 '" () II S (' pol. C' ' T P (,?:J" 's "' a I I lilt e r ;l I. w~·to 'to pass by, to cross' pol es i'l '''e hOllsc" 74 • Tb a7al) 'to try'; Hk arne. (, I . Th okar, Tr «k e r 'v ilLage pl ,1za' Ww e ken 75. Tb ekar 'to look for'; Bk eka-heni 'to look ' place' . for, to gather', eka-una 'to gather'. 62, Tb po sa l) 'medicine' Ww eh~e 'cure, 76. Tb ek+y, Tr aki 'to pull', Tr eki 'to medic ine' ehtem- 'to trea t', Hk eh~e ohce stretch' l"w aki, 'to bring', Tp w-aka 'to 386 Aryan D. Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi·Carib Relationships 387 p u 1. 1 ' . pa?-nese 'd ead '. 77 . Tb enue to h ear ' Ww en~, enw-, Hk, Wn e ne, 92. Tb pa~ 'all'; Hk e-ham 'to have many', Gl e'ne to see 93. Tb pak 'to wake', mo-pak 'to ca use to wake', 7R. To C' P-l-y to s pr i nkl(" 1-1 11 (' P ~ k (' - i, II k j w j k C' Tr e-pak 'to wake'; Ww paka, Tp paka-, Hk , to we t ' haka 'to wake', om-palea 'to cause to wake' 7 () . T h (. s ~ r I (1 r (1: 1 ,', I I ('( ' f' I I (J h (' Ilk '" r' t. 91, . To !l ('k;1 • Tr pC'C'k:l 'to open' Wwahka 'to ('()okC'd' . b r e il k ' . 80. Tb e?Jy 't o scral c h' WI.' k -i-, Il k ';'k e , Ilk ike 95. Tb pita 'to stay, to stop '; Ww eh~o 'to ' to s cr ilpC' stay', Tp pita 'to stay', pia-a 'harbour' 8 I. i. n 'to s it . , To Tr - all ' co nl.1i. l1pr ( i.e. 96, Tb par 'to jump Tr pot-?eki to Jump, sitling plil ce )' WI.' - ri 't.o sC't. on lilt' 1\ I, . T h k;\ II (. ? ~ I I r (' d I Digital II k I( "I 1\ : I I I (' r (I ~; I I • pok}!, I.e - "\1k:l, Hk pok (tr.)', Ilk a k e 't o burn in L r . ) , 99. Tb rir.iy to tremble' Hk r-i:r.in 'to Ro. T 0 k a ?(. 'r () r (l n s ton iI p I : 1 r r () r m ' Hk kan-ho. tremble', riri,ni:- 'trembling'. http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org Biblioteca -I . , ., (> t S7 . Tb knr, Tr Mil '( C' r , t· () s I (. (. p , Ww nkri 100. Tb so, Mu Ci:, Sata r e, Awetf to 'to go' Ww, 1 l () j ( . d () Will, B k i k I () !'\ I ('('1)' flk to, I.Ik dfl. 8B. 111;) n To l' (I g () ;f r () lIll d, t. () f (1/1 (' (I I, Trlll.1 'l 0 101. Tb sorok 't o t ea r' 1 C t - a t f r a k a, B k s a r o't e . ro l l up' Ww rn a 'to d a nce' Hk m man- urn 't o d a n cC' ( s C'E' flO J 8) , . 103. Tb ti 'to tie'; Trio tirti, Hiana'koto-Umaua 89. T b n o ,) 'I. () Pill' II k n () ,", T P II () ') " 't. () I (. t i-tena-ma-, Hk ¥eena. s t;] Y , . 103a. Tb tim 'to plant to bury' Hk e-nam 'to / 90. Tr am, t·l u "".j, OJ 't a g i " e WI" , Ilk irn, I\palai plant, to bury', Bk e-ta 'to plant'. urn, Bk u. 104. Tb we B 't o extinguish t .he fire'; Wn epu "to 9 I . Tb p a e, Tr pap 't o en d, to die', Nu apam 'to go out (fire)', epu-ka 'to extinguish the d ie (m any peopl e) '; Hk w,lh 't o diE", Tp fire', Kumanagoto ep-ka. 388 Aryan D. Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 389 lOS. TI) yay 'll) lIlock ' Mu \v :oy t () I ; III 1\ 10 ' Ww t' ilflkl, aki 'nr,ollLi' Se'(' Ilk Itak-rn 'pig', 'to scold' Tp pak-ila 'wild pig'. 106. Tb yeree, t o return' Ilk, Trio e rama, Gl I 18. Tb soko 'a heron'; Wn toko Ibis infuscata. eramo, Wn irama 'to turn, t o r e turn' I 19. Tb ti?, Tr ni9 'timb~ vine, a fish poison' 107. Tb y4:B to be cooked', Tr a-yip 't o .... roast on Hk ceme 'to poison the f i sh' Tp i-teg c. 0:11 s f Hk yo to ('ook'. . , poisonolls VIne, GI e-tim-ui Mk i-teme, 108. Tb ?e 't o say, t o do' , Tr ke 'Lo s ay ', ka Trio ti'Xe 'to inebriate'. 'to do', Mu ?e 'to say Ww Hk, Tp ka 'to / 120. Tb urua, Guarani uruwa 'snail' Hk warwa, say, to do' 13k ke 'to say, to speak'. Hian~koto-Um~ua alGua 'snail' IC 6ra 109. Tb ?ok, Bu ? ~k to pull aw ay ' Hk oko 'to 'shell' Bk uru-¥i 'shell used for smoothing cut (meat)', Tp k a , ko 'to pull away'. bows' . 110 . Tb ?u, Tr ko, Mu ? o 'to e a t to drink' Hk 121. Tb yaku, Tr wako, Mu wak~ Penelope sp., ok, Ww ok4: 'to eat (bread)' Tp eku 'to Cracidae; GI, Trio woko, Wn wok, Hian~koto- eat Um~ua oko-ime (ime 'big' Crax sp., Cracidae. An i maJ~_ _~..". .? .. p' . _~a n t s. List B: Loa nwo rd s c ommo n to TupI-Guaranl;-: /. an d North I I I. 'I' h n ku t '''f',outi' Tp, Mk, Nk "kill" C l, Wit, Amazonian Cnrib Apala1, Tri o , Hian~koto-Um~ua akuli I 12. Tr arime 'species of monkey'; Wn, Apalaf, Abbreviations: Ap Apalai, Ar Arek~na, GI Galibi Trio alimi Hin~koto-Um~ua alim-ime (ime (Kalina, Karina), Hk Hishkary~na, HU Hian~koto- , big' ) . 9 UmO;:;ua, IC Island Carib In Ingarik~, Ip I 13. Tb ayuru , Tr aorn, MlJ nr o 'parrot'; Tp IpurukotC;, Mk Makushi, Tb Tupinamb~, Tp worD-we 'parrot', Ww, Ilk kworo 'SPC ClC S of Taul i pang, Wn Wa y 'nn (and Upurui), Ww Waiwai, macaw'. Yb Yabar~na. I 14. Tb kapi?i8ar Hydorchoerus capybara; Wn ;' kapiwala, Ap a lai kapiara, v. Akawai kapiwa, GI Tb a ~a t i 'corn'; GI awasi Ap, IC awaSl kapia, Bk pakia. / Tb ara~e 'cockroach'; Tp ar?ut, GI alawi IC el~we. I IS. Tb k';'s(' '(i> n rnbo o ) knife', Tr k.ite 'bamboo' Tbar a k wa 'a b i r d, £~~ .~.~ . Wn aragua. Tp kate 'bamboo' . Tb isipo 'vine'; GI sima. I 16. Tb komana 'beans' GI kumata, Arekuna Tb karawata 'Bromelia sp. Wn kulaiwata, Tamanaco kum~·ta, Wayumar& kuma-sa, Bk kuata. karuata. I I 7 . T b P a k C0 ~} 01:\ e n y s_-.P_~~ ; G I P a k C. pac a, B k Tb kupi?i 'termite' GI kupisa. I I I j I 1.1 , ' 390 Aryan O. l~adrjglles Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 391 T b k u rema 'a r: ish, M u g~. ~~J2_ . G I k we r j TTl a ? . Tb urapar, Gunranf w~rapa 'bow' Tp, In urapa, Gl Tb k uri mat a 'a f ish, P r 0 chi 10 d u ~..2. E.., Ch a r a c idae ' ulaba, Wayumar' uraha, Hk kuraha, Ww krapa. ! G1 k u 1 i mat a '5 aJ:~_o_~~i:.~a..t:_~, Ch a r a c ida e ' . Tb urukure?a 'an owl'; Gl ulukuleya. l ! Tb kwati 'honey-bear (coatimundi) Nasua socialis Tb urupe 'mushroom'; Gl ulupi. Gl kuasi, Tp koazi Jp ko a d~i. Tb wara 'a her o n, Ibis rubra'; Gl uala 'Ibis rubra' , T h m;J [ ;"] k :1 n '?l s pp(' P S o r P'l[[ol"' "I \.J Tl TTl :1 r ;"] k : J n ., , HU uala, Trio wara , I b i s egretta' . Tri o , HU ma iukanu, Mk marakan Tp 111;) r a kal), J p Tb weraWA 'manatee' Gl Y1l1 a wa. marakona. Tb warini 'war'; Yb ualini, Gl walimi. / / Tb maraka ya 'wild cat' G 1 , Wn marakaya, Tp Tb yakare 'alligator' In yakale, . Ar yakalr, Ap m ar aka~ a zakare, Tp ~akare, Gl akare. Tb yawar 'jaguar' T b m" [ a k u y a, C; lJ a r ., 11 { Tn ~. [ . ~J_~.~I y.:: P:1SS;OIl fJowC'r' Gl Uk awar-ko, Tp ~awaira 'black mareku y a, IC merek oya Wn muruku ya. jaguar Tb nan~ 'pineappl e ' Ap, Gl, Wn , Trio nana. Tb yurara 'a turtle' Gl walala, Yb uaraara, Hu alala. Tb paku 'a fish , ~rl~~~.· Ap, Gl paku, HU haku. , , LIST C.I: ,/ 'I'll p :1 [ :J n;{ S (' :1 C 1 , WIl P;) [:1 n;) , 1 C b:l 1 ~ 1111 ;"] !=)C:1 , Borrowings from Lingua Geral in North 10 Tp palana wavp s Amazonian Carib languages Tb parawa 'a pa r rot Gl, Wn, Trio p a lawa, Ap paraua. LG wakawa 'Herpetotheres cachinnans, a hawk that cries in the night' Tb p i ray 'piranha ~Xf,~ ~n_':..r=.:-.:s. __ ~~.E · and ~~:. ~ 2'_a.L.mu s Tp wakawa 'night bird with screaming cry s. .P..' '; G 1 P ira j '~}_ ~_o_C::_~!l_ ~ .~._ ~__ s!l / T hr., man u ? a ':) nrC' ., t (' ['; "I, T [ ; 0 r;"] III a no ., Mk LG akayur~na 'false cashew tree' Gl akayula 'wild tamanua. cashew tree, Curatella americana'. Tb tapiukaB 'a was p'; Gl t a piuka 'bee'. LG apukuit( 'oar'; Ap apak~ita, Gl abokuitya. LG k · ,/ ,. l' v Tb ta pi y 'hut, shelter'; Ap tapi y 'house' Tp tapiy ~seapara slcke ; Ww kaclpara, Gl supara 'house, hut' t apu iuka 'hut' 'knife'. /. LG Til l :1 y ;] 'X;j n l h u s () m a sp . Wn, T rio 1:., y:.J , Ie t 1 1 a , pa~iiwa 'a palm, Itiartea exorrhiza'; Gl pasiu. /. Gl raler. LG yakamT 'Psophia crepitans'; Tp yakami, Gl akami. Tb tokay' (hunt e r's) hut' G 1 t ok a i 'shaman's small LG yan[d]i~ 'a catfish'; Tp Jandia. house' Tb tuyuyu 'big stork, ~1z_c..t _e r i a. _~_~~~~~_~ Gl LIST C.2: Borrowings fr o m Waya p1 (Oyampi) or from /. 1 . ,/ lU YUY U. L lngua Gera 1n Wayan a Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 393 I 392 Aryon D. Rodrigues I COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS I! 1.(; : lpukuil ~ Wn a p u k u i. t ;j ' 0;] r ' Wp ';p~kllit / P 11(" me pep 0, a t t 0 s t (' d t 0 () n I yin t his w0 r d n n d for giee and grammars of the Tupi and Carib languages, which we may provide the meaning' feather' even such as: (a) a typical six-vowel vocalic system though the free form for the same meaning is ano with three high vowels and three non-high vowels (i ther word (yap~ri). The abstract morpheme pepo is ~ u e a 0); (b) postpositions, genitive-noun phra very similar to Tupinamb' pepo and Tuparf pep'o, ses, and basically verb-final clauses; (c) prefixal both meaning 'wing, feather' (no. 29 of List II) as person markers in the noun and the verb, other in well as to Mawe' pepo 'wing Juru'na peo- 'wing' and flections being suffixal; (d) possessor markers and Kariti~na pap~ 'arrow feather', all leading to the object markers are in general the same; (e) clear reconstructlon. o.f Proto-Tupl/', *pep o . However, we distinction of reflexive and non-reflexive 3rd per I a c k any e v ide nee 0 f £ _~P . ~~.~ h a v in g cog nat e sin son, as well as of inclusive and exclusive 1st per ot.her Carih langu .1g('s .,nd we do not ('ven know how son; (f) verb morphology and syntax are predomi its meaning is conveyed in them. Thus until we nantlyergative. have increased knowledge of a greater number of Ca It should be noted that some of the words (or rib languages, the possibility of pepoko being a morphemes) appearing in List A seem to belong to a loanword cannot he discarded. wider net of relations which encompasses the Macro- Neverthel ess i.s likely th.1t t. h!' hypothesis of J~ languages, besides Tupi and Carib. Taking Kain /. , . b d a common Tupi-Carl es~ent for a good part of List giing (J~) and Bor&ro as representatives of Macro- A will be strengthened by greater knowledge of the J~, we can exemplify this with, among others the Carib languages. This should of course also hold following correspondences: for set no. 21, which / w true for our growing knowledge of the Tupi langua could be derived from a common form *u9 'father', ges. When the compared words are attested to in Kaing~ng has y09 and Bororo has ogwa, both with the / several languages both in the Tupi and in the Carih same meaning; and for set no. 69, which analogous- w ,/ group the case is of course stronger, as in sets I, ly could stem from "'Ol} 'to wrap', Bororo has ogwa 2, 3, 4 2 I 25, 26, 33, 34, 46, 59, 72, 88, 90, (homonymous with the preceding word) 'to conceal'. w 91.93,96, 100, 108, 119. It is unlikely that These two reconstructions have *9 after a back vo w these instances could be due to borrowing between wel aft e r a front vowel *1) could be reconstruc single l"nguag0s, for e .,c:h of them involves more ted on the same basis of Tb -f;= Catib -m in / w than one fami.ly n the Tupi stock and more than one "'were? 'to (re)turn' ( set no. 106) This is c om- subgroup in the Carib family. Additionally, only parable to Bor6ro kirimi 'to return' and perhaps set 119 is culture/environment-bound. a 1 so to Kalngang.;" Wlrln"''''' to turn , ( for Bororo,/ k as a To these lexical correspondences we could add reflex of *w note also *woro 'parrot' for set no. some identical structural features of the phonolo- 113 and Bor&ro korao 'parrot' and, in cases where 396 Aryan D. Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 397 Ca rib is not involved, Proto-Tup{ "'wor 'neck' and also question other aspects of it. No evidence has , . , /. Bor&ro ko 'neck' korora b~rd neck : Proto-Tup~ so far been found of regular phonological corres / *wab 'to split' a nd Bororo kwa, ka 'split'). For pondences between Pano or Pano-Tak'na and eitherJ~ se t no. 108 a pos s ible proto-form is *k'e 'to say, or Carib. If an y genetic relationship would in the to do', which corresponds to Kaing{ng k e with the future be discovered between them, it would probab :'1:1ml" mprlning; :1nd f or 1'<1"1' no. 110. wi l' h thC' :1nl1 ly be more remo te thiln the possible relationship 1. 0 g 0 us 1 y po stu 1 ;1 t (' d pr o I. 0 - f or m * k ' u " l () e';] t " we between J~ and Carib, as we ll as the possible rela / have both Kaing'ng an d Bor~ro with ko 't o eat' tionship between Carib (a nd J~) and Tupi. In other / Se t no. 47, f or which * p'or 'full' is po st ulated words, Tupi and Carib (and Macro-Je) are more like . / ·JS a proto-form, a ppears to co rre s p o n d to Katngang ly candidates for a valid g enetic grouping than J~ f:Jr 'fu!.l' ill th E' sa me way :1S Se't no. 96 with a Pano-Carib as such. But the grouping of Tu p1 with proto-form *por 't o jump' evokes Ka ing~n g ~or 'to Carib (and Macro-J~) does not fit well within be thrown' . Perhaps W p~ 'bark' does no t corres Greenberg's h y pothesis, because Tupl then would be pond to Tb pe 'b ark ' ( set no. 28), but rather to placed within another of the three major divisions Tb pir 'skin', whi c h is matched by Kaing'ng i'r and conceived of for South America--Macro-Chibchan, Bor6ro biri, both meanin g 'hark, ski n'. Andean-Equatorial, and J~-Pano -C arib. As a SUPP? The' whol e set o f p e r so n marker s (especially sed member of the Equa to rial branch of Andean-Equa nos. 2-5 in List A) : a lso belon g s to this net of torial, Tup1 would be related more closely to Ara relations. Comp are for no . 2 Kalngang. / '"a, Shavante wak than to either Carib or J~. Just the opposite (J~ fami ly) a - , Bor~ro a-, Kipe~ (Karir1 family) relationship is emerging from comparative work. e -, Ka raj' a - '2nd p erso n' for no . 3 Shava nte 1'-, Greenberg has himself remarked that "the greatest II " r ~) r 0 , K P (>;;" ., n cI K .1 r :I i :-; 'j r cI p C' r son non ref 1 e uncerta i nty exists in the Cil s e of the two new vast xive for no. 4 Kail1r,~llg li 'Jr d person n o n re groupings in South Ameri ca , Andean-Equatorial and / fl e xive', Shavante ti-, Bororo tu-, Kipe~ d-, di-, Ge-Pano-Carib" ( 1960:791) , and emphasizes that his Karaj~ ta- '3rd p ers on reflexive' for n o . 5 Kipe~ doubt pertains "to the correctness of these two k-, ku- '1st p e r so n plur,l inclusive'. as semblages of languages as valid genetic grou A possible gl"netic rc!.ationship of Carib with ping s " (1960: 792). Indeed, the evidence being ga the Macro-J~ languages s hould n o t appear surprising thered, where phonologically controlled comparative since Greenberg ( 1960) has a lread y pr o posed a h y p o work ma y be attempted, s uggests the likelihood of a thetical J~-P a n o-Car ib p hy lum . But a lth o ug h th e genetic group encompassing Ca rib and Macro-J~ as data above seem to substantiate some aspects of well as Tupf. Greenberg's h y pothesis (ev id e nce of Carib-J~), they ,. : 398 Aryan D. Rodrigues i Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 399 NOTES ... d'une ~poque o u c es familIes n'en faisaient en I. After writing this paper I read Marshall Dur core qu'un e seule? Nous nous contentons pour Ie bin's "A Survey of the Carib Language Family" moment de mettre en ~vidence ces concordances" (Durbin 1977, repr i nted in this v o lume), in (de Goeje 1909:1-2). which the Carib languages are divided into Nor 5. In some instances it is difficult to decide for t h f' r n Car i h ,/ this paper, I received a copy of B.J. Hoff's 2. C f . Koch-Grunber g (1928:258) on Wayumara: The Carib Language (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1968), flees) gehort zu der Karibengruppe Nord- und in which he comments (pp. 13-14) on borrowings Nordostguayanas, wozu auch die Hian~koto und , between Ca rib and Tupi and gives a list of 69 Verwandtf' Ol',s oh"r"n Y.1[lllrh-l,.1qllcth 7.U rcchnen lexical cnrre~[lnndences hR~ed on Tatevin's Tupf, !'lind. J) :)" W" Y " '" " r (, h I cl (> I f4 (l g "r "' !i (' n (' r E r which fR a / words such as those in List B as important in 10. This short list includes only Lingua Geral I words that are of certain descent. , dicators of possible moments of contact. It is Tupinamb~ i significant that most words in List B exceed the Other LG words which are found also in North I / / average length of Tupi-Guarani roots (which are Amazonian Carib languages are most likely loan regularly mono- and disyllabic) and can not be words in LG and may have their origin in other i, / /,' (non-Tupi) Amazonian languages and possibly in anillyzC'd rlS consistinr. of morp than on P Tt.1 Pl- I t Guarani" morpheme. This marks them as highly some Carib language. So for some words it is .-; /. probable borrowings into Tupl-Guaranl not a tall clear now which was the direction of I am grateful to Cheryl J. Jensen for having the loan: i.e., LG > Carib or Carib> LG. Some checked Coudreau's Waya p1 words used here a examples are LG mukay~ = Gl mokaya Acrocomia / ~, LG murumuru ~ Gl murumuru Astrocaryum muru gainst data of her own and Gary Olson's field , work. This permitted me to conclude that Coud muru, LG wasai = Gl, Wn uasei Euterpe oleracea, .... / 1 k .. h . LG ka- reau's wordlist is very reliable in both seman LG k US1U = G eS1U Plt eCla satanas, tic and phonological representation. rapana = Gl kal~pana 'mosquito'). 3. It is also possible that South Amazonian Carib languages have received Tupi" words from langua REFERENCES 1952-1953. Vocabuliirio na lingua bra- ges within thC'Lr more immediate re the 17th centur~. IC data was taken from de Descriptive Studies I. Amsterdam: North Goeje (1909) and Taylor (1977) Holland. I; I I 402 Aryan D. Rodrigues Evidence for Tupi-Carib Relationships 403 " i )( k :1 r y :I 11 " r i t' 1 d 1 (' . IIlR . M~traux, Alfred. I 927. Migrations historiques des Durbin, Marshall. 1977 . A Survey of the Carib Tupi-Guarani. Journal de la Soci~t~ des Am~ri Language Family. In Carib Speaking Indians: canistes 19: 1-45. Culture, Society and L~nguage, Ellen 8. Basso, Olson, Roberta. 1978. Dicion~rio por tOP1COS" . nas e d., pp. 23-38. Tucson University of Arizona l /.lnguas Olampl.. (W aJapl. "") - P ortugues.'" 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