The Carib Language As Now Spoken in Dominica, West Indies

The Carib Language as Now Spoken in Dominica, West Indies Author(s): Joseph Numa Rat Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 27 (1898), pp. 293-315 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842969 . Accessed: 16/06/2014 07:00

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1'he CARIB LANGUAGEas nov sppokenin DOMWNICA,WEST INDIES. By JOSEPHNUAA RAT, St. Kitts,West Inldies, February,1897. ORTHOGRAPHY. FIVE of the vowel soundsused in these illustrationsof the Carib language are those of the Italian, viz., a, e, i, o, ui. A sixth is that of a short Mb and correspondsto the vowel as it is pronouncedin the Frenchword vu; e.g.,S?St8 = a bird. A seventhis the short X pronouncedas in the Enalish sin and foundin such words as idtina I am, in wvhichthe second i is so lightlysounded that the thirdsyllable may be omittedin conversationand the verb becomeiatza. Whenever two or more vowels are in contact each is pronouncedseparately. The consonants have more or less the same sounds as in English. They are the same in number as in that language with the exception of the soft c, j, w, and z, wlhichare niot employedin Carib,and d, whichis probablyreplaced by t. The compoundconsonants are nh and ch. The formeroccurs in nha,which is the thirdperson plural of the personalpronoun. The n is pronounced,as far as it can be, beforethe ftwhich is aspirated. The latter, when at the begiinningof a word, is sounded as in the Ellish church; and, when filnal,as in the Scotch loch. The letterAt is always aspirated. The accent in the Carib words will be indicated by placing the Frenchacute accent overthe vowel on whiclhit falls; e.g.,in rn/ittu,the accenitshould be placed on the penultimilate,and, in htiruti,on the antepenultinmatesyllable. As a rule to which I remembernio exception,the accent in words of two syllables is placed on the penultimiate,and, in those of tllree or more syllables, on the antepenultimate syllable.

THIEARTICLE. T-Beindefinite. The inidefinitearticle is expressed,as it is in many otlher languages,by the word meaningone, viz., tiba; (tba inift = a person; dba y4qnati= a basket. The word 4ba is sometimes omittedin phrasesin whichthe inidefiniitearticle is expectedin u 2

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Einglish; thus,apardnuba buitruAhu-,nap4raku wdtu nakQtahani = if I kill a wild pig, I light a fireto roast it; dtika kr-Jeti vtrQu dba btti = wlhen a person wants to build a house. Bit'rttuhU= wild pig; vdtut= fire; mgtu= person.

Thtedefinite. Thereis no definitearticle in Carib. This is slhownby the followiinasentenices, barunzinuti 4rma ardbsen= I took the road throughthe forest(barunifntuti = I took, 'i-ma = road, erracbsen= through the forest); silfltna tVna akdirutkn= I reached the bank of the river (silutna = I reached, t'ina = river,akl6iruku = bank). The place of the definitearticle is supplied by the third personof the personalpronouni and by the demonstrativepro- nlouI, e.g., ldkusa sibiti= the gommiertree (sibti = gomnuier, ekusa = tree,1, short rorli,= the thirdperson singular of the personialpronoun); ldkusaliha sibui = the tree of the gominiier (liha = a demonstrativepronoun); dba uAkctri= a boy,dbcnaza liha wAqleri= onieof the boys; harluttiumnhilewe = the flowers are white (hartiu2m= white,ilewve = flowers,nh, short for vha, - the thirdperson plural of the personalpronoun).

THE SUBSTANTIVE. The subject of a sentencemay eitherprecede or follow the verb; nibdya su ban awdita = all my childrenare grown up (nibdya= my children,sit = all); yanhi nhapukasa S1 nThaya - all my cliildrenwere bornthere. There is no declensionin the Carib lanauage. The possessive noun generallyprecedes the others; thus,tlna akairuknt= the baink of the river; kiere dkusa = pieces of manioc (tlna = river,7ciere = manioc). It may, however,follow; e.g.,Ibitbye Ulhmbarandkir-i = thlehouise of the wlhitemiian (lAbuye = the lhouise,lilha = the,bar-andkiri = white man); ltbuyeaba mAttu = the house of a person. The relationbetween the nouns in such instanicescanl only be gatheredfrom their meanilng. Dependence on a verb when direct is expressedby placing the dependentnoun immediatelyafter the verb; when indirect, Ibyinsertinlg the personal pronounof tlhetlhird person between the verb anidthe naoun. Wa suudhawdiiti uwJwe= we cutdown the large trees (w,va= we, sudha = cut down, wvdir-iti= large, w.vewetrees). Bubdi tihi lIA6niduili = give the meat to the dog (Rubdi = give, u.tihi meat, lAini= to him (tlhe), duli = dog). Inistrumentalityis indicated by the prepositiondo =with; Ido a tkArule= withcreepers; lao musi6rc= withleaves; niotion from,by o?r2a = fr(:m; lodria bdti= fromthe house.

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When placed before a nioun,such prepositionsas do, odria, etc., have always prefixed to them the third person of the personal pronoun,viz., I or t, slhortfor 1i or ti, accordingas the noun is masculirneor feminine.

NUMBER. The plural has generallythe same terminationas the singular. This is doubtlessdue to the wanitof educationas well as to the inidolenceof those by w-homthe Carib language is now spokell, the contextbeing leftto indicatethe numiberof the noun. When a Carib is sufficientlypressed to make a distinctiou between the two niumbers,it is founldthat this is effectedby addingemb or ien, to some,and nm or iunmto othernouns.

GENDER. The letters I and t prefixedto substantivesindicate the masculine anidfemniniine genders respectively. It should,however,be rememberedthat I anid t are slhortfor 1i anid ti, the mnasculineandl feminine of the thirdperson of the personalpronoun which serve the purpoQesof the definiitearticle and the possessive pronoun. In suchiexpressions, therefore, as ldaki& Il?sibam= over his face, and tdaku ti'sibt= over her face, the literaltranslationi should be, over the face of hiimor over him, hiisface, and overthe face of lheror over lher,her face. Hence Carib suibstantivesmay be groupedin two classes,the I class and the t class; and, as the formerinclude all male, anid the latter,all femnalebeings, the substantives of these two groupsmay be describedas inasculineand femininierespectively withas imuclhpropriety in Carib as in any otlherlangtuage. A fewsubstantives, like duli = docr,being, conmmoni to both sexes, may also be correctlydescribed as being of a common g)ender. In such cases the sex is indicatedby placina the word WAkfiri= nmale,or wiiri = female,before the substantive. rihe majorityof the substantivesof tlle I or masculine class end in i or e; alnd the majorityof those of the t or feminine class in o or u.

ADJECTIVES. Adjectives,when in directcontact with the substantiveswllicl they qualify,always precede the latter; watiritiwewe = large trees(OrJte = trees); k-beweyu = maniydays (weyn= days). Wlhenthe, modern Carib takes the trouble of expressing,the plulralof an adjective,he does so by adding to the singularthe same terminationias in the case of the substantive.

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Degrees of comparisonare indicatedby meansof such suffixes as odria,lati, kasi.,sik4kua 1to,ldbu, etc. The firstof these is used in conjunctionwitlh personal pro- nounsin the followingway:

lst. 2nd. 3rd.

Sinaular .. Noaria .. .. BOodia .. . Lodria. (More than I.) (More than thou.) (More than he.) Plural.. .. WVaoariaod.. .. Hoia .. .. Nhoa'ria. (More tlhtanwe.) (Mforethan ye.) (More than they.)

The subjoined selntelncesillustrate the use of the above suffixes:- Wairitna lodria lITra = I am taller than he. Liha wdiritinodiria = He is taller than I. Maw-airiloitiwa ilatti = We are lnotas bigras you. Wairiti liha qnest, kasi lilca duli = The cat is as big as the dog. Hanuhuetetnahe'we sikuktta ido butrA,hiarcsc4ni = I feara t6tede chien (name of a snake) morethan a wild pig. Liha bib'metildbv, likttya = This one is less sweet than that one (dbu = underor belneath). The superlative,-lhen used absolutely,is expressedeither by repeating the adjective, e.g., wUhiiwbri = very black, 7harzthcarm - verywhite, or by lengtheniingthe vowel of the firstsyllable, tlhus wViiiiri, haaaaru. When employed relatively, it is formed as in Frenchl,by placingrlila = the,before the conmparative.

PRONOUNS. Per'sonal. There are two forms of the personal pronoun, viz., the absoluteaind the conjunctive. Thleabsolute.

1st. 2nd. 3rd.

... f Singular { NQlya Bu.vuya Lz'kiya (masc.) or Ao or.. .. 0 Arnoro .. Tuikuya(femn.) Plural.. .. JVdkuya Hku... . Hcuya .. .. hdkutyy,

Kdta ??Vtu ydinhi= Who is there? Ao = It is I; inmoro= It is thou; Wdkcuya= It is we.

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Though generallyreserved for the absolute formof the pronoun,the above may be used in conjunctionwith verbs in cases in whichemphasis is required,e.g., A'o ba b?ima= I go with thee. ifmoro ba nfimna= Thou goestwitlh me. Lik-uyaat07cLdyali = He did it. ifo aind drnoroare usedl by men,and ndtikuyaand bAtkeuyaby women. The otherpersons are used by both sexes. The conjutnctive.

1st. 2nd. 3rd.

Singular ., Ni Bu...... Li (masc.) or Ti (fern.). Plural .. .. Wa ...... Nka.

Biabri wJyz&idusen ni si?runi= It is fourdays since I left. Nha bqtndhailubuyJkua = They buried him in his own house. lWAhenthe verb beginiswith a vowel,the termailnalvowel of the pronounis dropped; dt01a = to make; natukaya = I am making; abM(aha= to cook; tabutdhayaai?'kini = she cooks my food. The relations of the personal pronounsto other wordsare indicatedby such suffixesas Ani,qrma, drornan, dakum, odria, etc., added to the pronominalconsonants n, b, 1 or t, h, nh, and to qa, the firstperson plural:

| 1st. | 2nd. 3rd.

Singular N.. bni..n .. Bi"ni .... Li6ni or Tnni. Plural . .. Wauni H.d.?ni . . ...lhui.

Bdbai n,'tni= Give it to me. Ni si/cubaliha b'tnilo bliern b(4ruri'vnuni = I give you this to buy plantainsfor me. CihisJtinab7ini = I love you. Keriti ndi?i nAni = I have toothache(literallv, my toothis painfulto me). NibisikaJtinabodria = I amiashamed of you. AlcuinrnJhatitima = He is makinglove to her. The formiisin qini are used whell the pronounsare in the

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dative case or when they are ilndirectlydependent on verbs. When theyare directlygoverned by verbs or placed at the end of words,they are expressedas follows:

1st. 2nd. 3rd.

..r Na.. . | Bu or B , (.) Li or I. Singu?r i(f.) Ra, Ti or Tv. Plural.. .. wa .. .. I . .. . Em or Um,

NutatnulbaKctirabu, nacdirubatibu = If I go to PRoseau,I will see you. Nhcabundhacti rmlakditi = They burieclhim without a coffin (bundhai= buriedhim;). Barihkibatinarmamdrukm = Thou wilt see ml-eto-morrow. Kdtana = Who am I? K4tahA = Who are ye?

K?a, in combinationwith a personalpronoun, corresponds to the English "self." It is affixedto that formof the pronoun whichends in Ani.

1st. 2nd. 3rd.

Singular .. |untikua .. .. Bunitkua .. .. Luntikua. Plural.. .. Waurn'kua H.. .untikua .. .. Nhunslcua. = I myself,thou thyself,etc.

Ardmeta= To hide (trans.). Ararnetakuua= To hide (intrans.),or to hide oneself. Narametdkuanunikua = I am hiding,myself. The words lihoa(masc.), and tilha (feim.),which are really demonstrativepronouns, meaniing "tlis," are used to indicate him, and "her"; loaku liha = on top of him; idaikititha = oii top of her; tidamatililta = he is pretty; tidtnatutSha = shie is pretty.

POSSESSKVE. Possessive pronounsare expressedby prefixingthe personal pronolunsor the letters which representthem to substantives; nukutsiri= my father; nukilsurn= my mother; niani = my wife; nibdya= my clhildrenl. fri = nalmle;L,mra = mouth.

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1st. 2ond. 3rd.

Singular .. Ntri ...... Lt'ri or Tz'ri. (My name.) (Thv name.) (His or her name.) Plural.. .. Wairi .. .. Hiliri .. aN/,ii/ (Our name.) (Your name.) (Their narre.) Singtilar .. ' iuma i.. .. Buma .. Liuma or Tiama. (Mlymouth.) (Thy mouth.) (fIis or hermouth.) Plural .-.V .Wuma .. .. H?ina NANu m 1. (Our mouths.) (Your mouths.) (Their moutlhs.)

There is no absolute formnof the possessive,corresponding to theEnglish " mine,"" thine,"etc. The answerto, Ka,t' a'uli U'a ? Whose dog is this ? is Lduli kcia= It is his dog,the substantive auli beingrequired in the reply. Other possessive pronounisare met with wlhich are com- poundedof the personalpronoun and the affixeslitkAd or Jkc6.

j 1st. ] 2nd. 3rd.

Singular .. IY k1 .. .. Bi'llii .. .. U'lkA or TUlaki. Plural... . i'al?AUA H...... 4Bilakm N..... fAdlska6.

NIiikd cTuli= mydog,; Bl'tdki6(ltli = thy dog,etc.; Niekil (tuli = ny dog,etc. The particle kAa is also found in combilnationiwilh the possessive; thus,lubuyJ-kua his ownihouse.

1st. | 2nd. 3rd.

Singular .N. N ubeykua .. Butubuqyeh a .. Lublygkua. Plural.... Wabug.kua H.v...Huyka , a. iabuygkua.

DEMONSTRATIVE. The words li/ia and tehcAarepresent the demonstrative" this" in the masculineand femihiinerespectively; li/ha w4&kbi = this boy; lih,a sibti = this gommier-tree;t'iha wuri = this girl; tWhaydmrati = this basket. Liha is used g,enerally,as in English, without respect to gender,in such phirasesas, Itati liha? = Wlhat is this ? ltdlita batikdbalilih,a ? = Why have you done this? "That" is expressed by liketa (masc.) and t'7keta (fem.)> irnmuyesignifies "other," as in the phrases, Hdlict drnuye?=

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Where is the other? I1-tfutili/ta, y4wati li/ta dmuye = This one is good,the otheris bad. Liketa is used generally,irrespective of gender,in the samie way as litha,litMa lft2a li/ceta= thisand that.

RELATIVE. The relative is ilot expressed. It is understoodin such sentencesas, Likuya atgkd/yali It is he wlhodid it; li/a minttu aua b'tnahai= the personwhom we buried(va = we).

INTERROGATIVE. K4ta is the only formof the interrogativepronouni. Kdta bu ? = Who are you ? Kltta nmUtuydlhi ? = What personis that there? Katikuya ? = Who is it ? Kdte bUri? = What is yqturname ? Kdltae? = What is it? Kdta 4ntuktbuakAhali ? = What disease have you got? KItta ba ndttk/a? = What amiiI goinlgto do? It may,however, be replacedby ita in such phrases as-- ftati?= What is the matter? fta bi,a? = What is the matterwith thee? Itdlia bi,? = What is yourname ? Itati liha? = What is this? But ita canlalso be uiseda.s an adverb. Itdlia batitkdbalilita ? = Why have you done this? Itdlia bid(bri? = Wbherdid youLarrive ? Itaba lasirgibuta? = When will he return? Itibuka lasiributa? = When did he return?

NUMERALS. There are only fourcardinal numerals in moderlnCarib, viz., iba = one. Biabat = two. .frua= three. Biabri = four. The remainincnumnbers are expressedby using the wordsof the Frelnchpatois of the country. The orditnalsare formiiedby prefixingI or t, accordingto the gender of the substanitive,to the cardinals,and suffixingthe particledni.

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Lctbdbnanior tabdncani= the first. Libidbanior tibidbani= the second. Lir,(tanior tiim,6ani= the third. Libiabriqanior tibiabriani= the fourth. Abcak'ati, biabakuati,iruackidati, biabrik-ati, etc. = once, twice,thrice, four times, etc. One by olle, tsNoby two,etc. = 4ba dba, biEababiEaba, etc. Libiri = half. A4tri= How manY? ltdicara= a little,some. Biii = much or miany(literally " full"). Also wairiti= plenity(literally "large "). Sn = all. tTa= not. Uati qittu= thereis no fish. Mi tati bdrurn = thereis no plantaini.

(O when prefixeddenotes " absenceof ").

THE VERBS.

The verb " to be " is ia, which is sounded as two syllables, the accent beig onl the firstsyllable. It is conjugated as follows-

Present. Imperfect.

1st. Nia .. r) Iadtina Nd.. .. ibuka or Iatina'buka. 2nd. Bia Idtibu Bidbuka or latibqtbuka. Sinig. I i g 3rd. Lia (m.) Idli (In.) or Idli Lidbuka (m.) or Ialt'buka (m.) L (or Yia) (f.) -ord (f.) or Tidbulka(f.) orlIatibuka(f.). 1st. IVia .. Idtiwa, TViadbukaor latiwa'buka. Pltir. 2nd. Hia JdtA . Hidhbukaor Ia,tihubuka. 3rd. Nhia . 3 Ianurn.nNtltidbuka .. .. or Ianwbuka.

Perfect. Pluperfect. Future.

1st. lahaitina .. . Iahhatina'bukac .. Iadbatna. r2nd. lahdtibu.. .. Iahatibu'buka l.. abdfibu. Sing. 3rd.Iahali (m.) .. Iahallz'buka(mi.) .. Idabali(m.) Idhati (f.) I. lahatibuka (f.) .. Idbati (f.) 1st. Iahdaiwa .. .. lahatiwabulka IaIbatiwa. Plur. T2nt. Iahadtikh.. ra. Tahatihububka .. Iabatihi&. 3rd. iahanum .. .. Iaka,nibuka.. la'banum.

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It occursin such phrasesas- Ita bia ? = How are you ? fta lha Uri ? = What is his name ? Chevalierlid, nrTi = Chevalieris imylianae. Indgrutiti6t = It is true. frunaia6tiva = We are three. In the preselntand imperfectthe personal pronouns mav either precede or follow the verb. In the other tenses they always follow it. When that is the case, the particle tO is interposedbetween the verb and the terminalpronoun. The personalpronouni is suffixedin the followingexamples- Karifuna iatina = I am a Carib. Lib'kaye icttina= I am his brother. Halia idtina? = Where am I? Wlkiriali = He is atman. Yarutiar?t= She is a girl. Tidmatu tVha= She is pretty. (Tu and ru as well as ti are formsof the third personal proiiounof the femininegender) Ydrui = a guil; and iari = " she is"; tuha = she. The past is indicatedby the terminiationibutka, wliich coIn- verts the present and the iniperfectinto the imperfectand pluperfect. The perfectin all verbs expressesa past definiteaction or condition,irrespective of time; thus- Iahdtina = I have been. SARlIr1Adhtina= I have come; but wlheln the period of a past conditionor actionis defined,the past perfecti.s employed. Bignarftyahidliali btkca = It was therein olden times. Kqyari! silulrilhdtinab'ka = I came yesterday. The perfectis formedby incorporatingthe syllable ha in the verb; thus- Idtina = I am. Iahdtina = I have been. Ba, which is reallythe verb " to go," is used to indicatethe future. Iabdtina = I shall be. literally,I amigoing to be. Bdtina = I am going,and ica= to be. When the personal pronoun follows the verb ia, the interposed particleti is omittedin the third person; thus we have itali (inase.), iati, iatht or q'iarm(fem.) and idhali (mase.) idhati, idhatu or idhacru(fein.).

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TLinais pronouncedas if the i were omitted,the vowel being so short; so that iatina and iahdtina sounndas if writteniatna atndic4hatna. The verb i'a is oftenunderstood. Yahdtina = I amiihere (yaha = here). iruf4tina = I am good. Itali ? = What is the miatter? fL4rutti= It is true (tnartt= true). In the expression inaruti tica= it is (really) true, id is understoodbetween taartm and ti. The conditionalis tlhusexpressed:-

Present. Imperfect.

Aonubas *. .. .. If it be I Ao6nuba mlka.. .. If it were 1. AImor6bvba .. ..I f it be thou Amor6buba mA/ka ., If it were thoti. Likuya'luba .. ..I f it be he Likcuydluba mu'ka m. If it were he. Wakcuta waba .. .. If it be we WVa/cuydwvabamA/ka If it were we. lIak/cyd/uba .. .. If it be youL Hakcuyahkula mA/ka If it were you. Nkakauydnhaba.. .. If it be they Nhak/cegdn/abam uka..If it were they.

Likuydluba,a?iakld)ai Amnmile&UJarq = If it be he, tell him to come in. A2mordbubamArka bisikca'banka lmini = If it were thou,thou wouldstgive it to him. The past perfectis formiiedby addinighc- to nmkca. Ad'auba haimuka,= If it had been I. AmordbcbahMmuka, = If it had been thou,etc. Adntba hdrnnuka,nisikahacmuka ctlni = If it had been I, I would have given it to you. The equivalentof " thereis " is ihai, which is equal to iali or tati,the finali being shortfor 1i or ti, alndh' being,inserted for euphoniy: Ihai dibabdrurn inqiina, = I have onieplanitain = There is one plantain with me. "There is niot" is expressed by ma or tca. Jtinati bdrur-t= There is no plantain. iati Wttu= There is no fish. Tiseti Kcdbrablnc? = Is Rosean far? latisetiKair-abu = Roseau is not far. 1 I am ratheruncertain about the existenceof thisaspirate in the wordwhich I lhavewritten iha;. It is possible that it slhouldbe writteniai, and that the idea of anl A beingfpresent betweenthe initial i and the a is due to the false qronu-Lnciationof the Carib who dictated tlle sentenicewhich I have givenas an illustration.

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.40 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 07:00:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 30U J. N. RAT.-The Carib Langtage (ia is understoodin those sentences; and, in the first,ma is reduplicated). The feminineof the personal prolnouinof the thirdpersoni, viz., ti, is used in the above expressions,and in many others as frequentlyalnd as indefinitelyas the word " it " is in Eniglish; and such phrasesas LisetiKairula ? are equivalent to those in English,like, " Is it farto Roseau ? " Kat = to have. The verb "to have" is kla. It always precedes both the object and the personal pronounwhich is tuhesubject: Kabaruritina = I have plantains(bdrurni = plaiitains). Kahdlati = It has somethingin it. Kileweti = It bears flowers(ilewe = flowers),literally, it has flowers. It really consists of an unchangeable particle, kla, whichl indicates possession,and the terminala of which is dropped beforewords beginning with vowels. The followingare illustrationsof the use of la:- (Yamati = Basket,the finali being,changed into e.) Ka yaat4tina = I have a basket. Ka yamatJtibu= Thou hast a basket. Ka yamatJtinabikla = I used to have a basket. Ka yarnatehdltina= I had a basket. Ka yamnatehdtinabitka = I had had a basket. KCayamatebdtina = I shall have a basket. Ka ydmatinrtba = If I have a basket. Ka ydmatibiba If thou hast a basket. Ka y6matinVba milka = If I had a basket. Ka ydamzatibi'tba nmnka = If thou hadst a basket. .Ka b-rurrunfba, nisikuba b'izi = If I have plantains,I will give you some: (bdrurt = plantaiins; sika = to give). Ka bdruru biiba,bisiluba bXni= If you have plantains, you will give him some. Ka bdrurmnVba mika, nisileamukadba b'ani = If I had plantains,I would give you one. Ka bdrurubiiba mflka,bisikdmulka dba lMni = If you had plantainsyou would give him one. Possessionis also indicated by expressionswhich correspond in constructionwith the questions:_ itria bima ? = How manyhave you? .itri baruru bVma? = How many plantains have you? (bflmameans, literally, with you).

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Aba betrutrutn'ilma = I have one plantain (nkima = with me). Aba bdirurubihna = Thou hast one plantain (brnma= with thee). Aba bdntlrrui1ma = He has one plantain (ltma = with him). Absence of is expressedby ma which is used in the same way as ka: fabarurAttina= I have no plantains. fabai-urutibu= Thou hast no plantains.

TRANSITIVEVERBS. Most tranisitiveverbs are colnjugatedlike the verb dtftka= to do.

Person. Present. Imperfect. lst Nat4Pkaya Naq...... Nti1caya bu"ka. 2nd 1atu kaya ...... BatA&kayabtIka. Lat baya (mzasc.)...... Latt4ka bk (sc) 3r4 it Tatuskaya (fem.) ...... TatkqAayabrtka (fem.). 1st ati&1ayW ...... Watu,kayabu'ka. 2nd Hatiakaya ...... Tatiikaya b'ka. 3rd Nhatulkaya...... Nkatilkayabe4ka.

Person. Perfect. Pluperfect.

1st At14kahdtina ...... Atidkahdtina buka. 2nd A tkahadtibn ...... Atikahdtibu buka. 3rd Atikalhali (masc.) .. ,k. .. .. Atilladali buka (masc.). Atfikdhati (fem.) ...... *. Atv,kdhati bu'ka (fem.). lst Ati4kahdtiwa .. .. , . .. Atlkalahtitva bu'ka. 2nd Atik1atik&..A..a..i ...... Atfi1kahatiWibu'ka. 3rd Atbakahdtinum ...... Ati7kaka'tinu bu'ka.

Person. Future. Person. Future.

1st .. .. Natu'kuba. 1st.. .. Watvikuba. 2nd.. .. BatAikuba. 2nd .. Hati4kxba.

3rd, J4Latf%Akuba (maso.) 3rd .. Nhatukuba. L Tatlkuba (fem.).

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The imperativeis formedby addiiligba to the infinitive Wtuka= to do. aatikaba = do. atu-kdbai= do it (i is shortfor li = it). hbdibaatikai =go and do it. atuVkdbailiha = do this. qn9Ytikdbailiha = doln'tdo that. The conditionalis conjugatedas follows:-

Person. Present. Imperfect.

...... 1st .Atiknuba k. AtiUkdnubamuka. 2nd . Ati4kabuba ...... Atikd6bubamuka. ~rd Atidkdluba (mase.) AtAkd1lubamnuka (mase.) {3rAltigkdtuba (fem.) A..lti4katuzba ...... nuka (f . em.) 1st .. Aticdwabaa ...... Af ti&kdwabamuka. 2nd AtiUkdhuba ...... Atibakdhubamuuka. 3rd A. tickanhaba ...... A tidkdnhabamuka.

TfikbubaWtu, bdruba dba nVni= If you catch fish,bring me one. Nibrilnubaydha, nariakubdtibu= When you come here, I will tell you. Nutainuba mAtkaKairabu,, nAheru mrndka mdbi b4tni = If I went to Roseau, I would buy potatoesfor you. By prefixingha, to mvukathe pluperfectis obtained. AtAkdJnubahd6muka. AtAkdbqubahclnuka. AlukurabMbalihdmuka ndtgkahAdnuka dba ydvtatibuni = If you had sold it, I would have made a basketfor you. The object of an action is expressed by placing lit or ltni beforethe infinitive. Kdtaba basikcaililha 3pitla? = Why are you diggingthat hole ? Lini nabina,ckubdrutri u= It is form) to planitplantains. Lutnilabgnaku kHere = It is forhim to plant plantains. Nisikuba lqihabutni lut be'heru Vitihi nfeni = I give you this to buy meat forme. A gerund-likeform of the verb is found in such sentences as:- Barumukaydbuka,batAkibali = You were sleeping,while you were doingit.

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Narihitbetibumaiiam1attk, nastkart'ba, i = I will look at you to-norrow,when I am passing. The terminationilbali, wlhich is that of the gerund,would be silnilarin forinto that of the futureindicative and the present conditional,but for the additional syllable Ii in the former. Ainotherendinig of the gerunldis 'tbacnenibrinibame, nehemKbacli bini = wlhenI amiicolmlina, I will buy it foryou. The terminationof the presentindicative, such as it is founid in q?cat4kaya,suggests a compoundof the ilnfilnitivedtuka and ia - to be, as an auxiliary,so that the verb rmiightbe writteni vatukdia. This view is supportedby thestructure of thepresent indicative of the verb wctikabnare= to wvork,which is niwatakirn6dria,and of that of aklusakw= to sewy,which is nakusdkatya,which might be written na1aisabkit. Aiid in favour of this it inay be added tllat I hare found it very difficultto decide wlhetlherthe accelnt in the above verbs ciat',kayaand nakusdtluyashould be wlherethey are placed or oit the vowels which imnmediatelyfollow the k. When,however, we coimieto verbsending in i, like i?tiri = to go and qcjabri= to coimie,we find their present indicatives to be niuti'ia aid(l niidbria. Yet even here it mighltbe said that tlhei of ia, hs been mergedinto the terminiali of the verb. The particleha is inlcorporatedwitlh the verb anid persolal pronounto formtlle perfect. titiuda= to do. ati2kahldtina= I have done. This, at least,slhould be the regularforlmation of the perfect. But, ill conversation.the ha is practicallydropped andCtatftka- hdtina becomes atudNtina. Similarly watikcdmareand icb),i become watikamaredtinaaiid iabritina in the perfect. Wlheln lhowever,the verb ends in u, thereis a recurrenceto the hac,aw in ak(tsaku= to sew, the perfectof whiclhis akusaluAttina. Szilirqihali weyu= tlle sun lhasrisen (literally,lias arrived). EheruAdtiwa4ba yamnati= we have bougrhta basket. The perfectmay also be conistructedby adding,muti to the ilnfinitive,the persor;al.proiouii beingjOille(l to the former. Sa = to cut. SctnYtmuti = I have cuit. Sa b'qhnuti= Thou liast cut. Sa Nmqnuti= He lhascut. Sa 6dqinuti= We lhavecut. Sa humuti= You lhavecut. Sa nhAcviuti= They have ciut. KArdktnua= to tie. Kitradka nnez uti,kPlAfl r4lct i i ati, etc. VOL. XXVII. X

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The imperfectand the past perfect are formedby adding butkato the presentand the perfect. In the future,the terminalvowvels of verbs ending in a are dropped and uba is added to the remainingportion of the infinitive; dtftka= to do; atiikuba = I shall do. The same rule holds good forverbs ending in othervowels; thus

Infllnitive. | Future.

Watikdamare...... Niwatikamrdraba. fari . . . . Nic6bruba. Aku"saku ...... Noakusadkuba.

The imperativeends in ba; 6tflkabecomes artdkaba;wvatikl- -mare,watikamdreba; icbri, icbriba akltsaku, akuscdkuba. Reflectiveverbs are formedby adding ki6a = self, to the inifinitiveof the active; ar6meta= to hide, arametdkua= to hide oneself. They are conijugatedlike the active,the imperfectand past perfect being compounded of the preselntand the perfect respectivelyand b'hca,and the perfectand futurebeing, charac- terised by the incorporatedha and the terminal (tba respec- ti'vely; arametcktcua(present), arametakuahatina (perfect), aramet6kua b1cta (imperfect),aramnetakuahatina bukt (past perfect),arainetakumnuba (future), arartetaki,aba (imperative). An intensifiedreflective is formedby adding the reflective pronounto the simple reflective;tlhus Narametdkua nftni kq?a, etc., = I am hiding myself, etc. The conditionalfollows the same rule that governsits con- structionin the case of active verbs; and so the present,imperfect,and past perfectof ar-ametdkuaare arame4tkuanVba, aramet6kuanilba rn'ikaand aramzet6kuanu'ba hdmuka. It may be observedthat an n has been introducedin the futuretense between the termiiinala of arametlkua and uba. This has apparentlybeen done forthe sake of euphony. The letter k is similarlyintroduced in the futureof dkaba = to hear, which is written nakctbtkuba. In the passive, the tenses are constructedby placing the personalpronoun after the reflectiveverb, the particle ti being ilnterposedbetween them as in the conjugationof ia = to be. The verb ia = to be, is evidentlyuniderstood in all the tenses of the passive:

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Indicative. Conditional.

Arameta*udtina,aramatekeuadtib6u, etc. | ArarnetetludtiatabUka, etc. . [Arametakudnuba,etc. 4.ematacuakhatina,etc. .A. . . A ametakudnubamuikef, etc. Arametakuahditinabgka, etc. I Arametakuadnubahdmuka, etc. Arametakuabatiuu,etc. .. .. J

Thoughthere is no differencein constructionbetween transi- tive anidintransitive verbs, ar-tmnka = to sleep,and asiaha = to cut, becomincgnarnmfnkaya, etc., and nasudhaya,etc., in the indicativepresent, etc., yet some verbs are conjugated like ia, the personialpronouni being suffixedand the particle ti interposed betweenit-and the verb. The folloWingare examples of suichverbs: atunuhk4tina= I armcoughing. asuehdtinahita = I anmspitting blood. I have not been able to trace any rule whiclh determines suclha differenicein constructionamong verbs; but the verbs conjugatedlike ia, such as the twolast-mentioned, are generally, thoughnot alwAys,those which denlotea conditionof mind or bodyrather than an action. This is noticeablein such expressions as: Anuek'uitina= I am ill. A biruatina = I have fever. Makr-ab'tiza = I am thirsty. L%mn4tina= I anmhungry. Hanuhut6tina= I am afraid. Kaffutetina= I am afraid. Ibisikaetina= I am ashiamed. Kgr8tina = I want. Some of these may be consideredas adjectivescolmibined with personalprollouns, the verb ia being understood,such as- Ma1crabkbtinafrorn mdkrabu = tllirsty. LamJttinafrom i-4mwa = hunary. But many of them goverlneither an infinitiveor a noun stubstantive.Thus wvefind such phrasesas Hanuhute'tinahUvwc = I am afraid of a tete de chien (a snake). Kanisitina b4rtru = I like plantains. 1Kdcakerdtibu? = What do you want? Arnimukak1tetina = I want to sleep. 2darzimuka kU2retina= I do not want to sleep. x 2

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.40 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 07:00:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 310 J. N. RAT.-The Carib Lantyuctge Even these also are merely compoundsof either nouns or adjectives with personal pronouns. Just as anuk-ititia is derived fromandkui = disease,and abirudtinafrom a6biru - fever,so hanuhutetina,kanisitina, kirdtina, etc., are formedby addinc na to hanVhuti,kanasi, kure, etc., ti being interposed. Chiseti,kani'siti, mdtati, etc., are examplesof impersonalverbs or ratherof compositewords used as such1. Chiseti,nini nasahahcwiwe = I like to cut wood. Kanisiti nini ndtiikaueia rati = I like to make baskets. fatatini watakimare= I like to work. The third sentence is probably ungrammaticaland shoulcl have been mdutatinmni niwatakinmare. In the firstthree sentences, the infinitiveis used as if it were a substantive with tl)e personal pronoiin ni prefixed,the i having been dropped before as?aha and 0t9ka, because they begin with a vowel. They should be rendered,if literally translated,as it pleases ine, or literally,it is my desire or pleasureto cut wood,to make baskets,to work. The wordkantnisiti is derived fromi4nisi = heart and hence desire or pleasure. The letter ki when prefixedthus is short forka, whichdenotes entirety or completionas well as possession; so that kanisitina and klctnisitinini may be conisidered to mean,it is entirelymy desire or pleasure,or I have the desire or pleasure. Verbs of this formof conjugationgovern the personal pronouns in the dative:- ChisJtibunnini? = Dost thou love me-? Chisftinabini = I love thee. Kdriti ndri nKni = My toothpains me.

PECULIARITIES OF TIIE C.RIB LANGUAGE. The termni" Carib." A modernCarib is called by his countrymein,Karifana. In referringto the whole race of Caribs,the word Katrinakuis used. Raymond Breton does not mentionKar'{funa. He calls a Carib CUllinago.tnd several Caribs Callinagoyu?m.The word Calli.nagois evidentlythe same as Karma/aku,the r of whichhas been ilncorrectlyreplaced by 11. The name given to themselves by the Caribs of Soutl Americais Karinia, whichis probablyderived from Karinaku. It is not,however, from these wordsthat the name Carib has originated. Thc leeward coast of Doininica is called Katirabu,

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.40 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 07:00:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions as nowspoken in Dominica, WestIndies. 311 wlichlis also applied to Itoseau,the capital of the island,wliose otlhername is Sairi. IRayinondBreton wrote it Caerabone. It seems to me that the word Carib owes its origin to the answer Kali'rabugiven by tlhefndians of Doiniinicato the Europeaiis who firstaslked tlhem to what couniitrythey belonged. Hence the peculiarterm Cariboo would, in spite of its singular sound, be really the most correctof all similarnames.

Lanlgayge of thtewomen. Thouoh the lanauage g,enerallvspeaking is the samiieamiong bothsexes, there are certain wordsin it wvlhichare uisedby the womenonly. The followingare exaarnplesof this'peculiarity.

I Used by men. Used by women.

Moon ...... Iinut...... d/i. Rain Yr...... b...LTd 6ui . .. Hnla. Fish-boo3k...... wei . ... . Bit're. Cassava root ...... k- ee...... Edi. Son ...... Wlkcdri er...... erii 1)aught er...... Jflri...... Ydru. Pepper B...... Brrntri .. .. Ati. Fowl ...... Alira Kt.. .. . ,i. Sea ...... Barana Bdratwa.

The most probable of the explanations suggested for the above is the oniewlich supposesthat the womenwlho use such words are descenldanitso-f some who were captured by the Caribs fromother Ildian tiibes. But this theoryis not without its difficulties. All the Carib women use those foreign words,and none of the menldo so. It is evi(lenit,therefore, that thouglhthose wordsmay have been thus introducedinto tle lang,uag,e,there miiust lave been some custom which,while it made their use general aiongmfeimiales, limlited them to womiienonly. It lhas beemisuggaested tlhat the boys used these words until they were of an age to associate wich men,when theydiscarded them as effeminate. Anothertheory mighlt be advanicedon the suhject,and that is that the strangewords were introducedby Carib womenwho had been capturedby othertribes and wereafterwards rescued. The probabilitiesare tlhat,if eitlhertheory is correct,botlh are so. For the capture anid rescue of women must have been events of veryfrequent occurrence among the Caribs aild the tribeswith whomthey were constantlyeingaged in war. The resemblancesbetween certainiof these alien words and somllein the Arawaaklanguiia,ge point to thlattribe as the most

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.40 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 07:00:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 312 J. N. RAT.-Tlhe Carib Langnage probablesource of many,if not of all the termspeculiar to the Carib women. For example,the word kdti used by Carib women for tlle moon is similarlyemployed in Arawak. While the Caribs in South Americahave adoptedthe Macusi word forone, viz., owi, the insular Caribs call that numeral dba,whlich is almost the the same as the equivalentArawak worddbaro.

WORDS ADOPTED FROM THE FRENCH AND SPANISlh.

Many words have been adopted by the Caribs fromnthe Spanish as well as fromthe French or the Frenchpatois of the island, the niecessaryvowels havingbeen added to the original, to make themconform to the usual Carib orthography. The followingare fromthe Spanish:- Bdcasu (vaca) = cow. Cdbara (cabra) = goat. Cdbayu(caballo) = horse. Cdta (carta) = paper. Sdlu (sal) = salt. Kus?u (cuchillo)= knife. Vinu (vtno) wine,etc. From the French or its patois are derived:- Td,bula(table) = table. PTlatu (plat) = plate. T4su (tasse) = cup. VJrt (verre)= glass. CEyeru(cuillUre) = spool. BVteyu(bouteille) = bottle. Sdpote(chapeau) = hat. Sintisi(chemise) = slirt. BRbu (robe) = dress. B(rike (boursriqute)= donkey. MHtoni(mouton) = sheep,etc. It is singular that the Carib word for salt should be sMtlu, whichis evidentlyderived from the Spanish,sal. It is probable that the Spanish wordwas adoptedand uisedin the place of the originalCarib termwhich becamie forgotten. For it is scarcely to be supposedthat a people livingby the sea would not have a wordin theirvocabulary to expresssalt.

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EXAMPLES OF MODERN CARIB.

ORIGINAL. I. Hdlia lzAbanari"meta Barai>siri lha lnri. lanianitima nitclma., wdmnabi'cabri nibaya, bicaba w4kitri, bi>aba wrica. Niwatakcimare netitukaydmatit, nasudhaya Idni wvewe,ni,tiii cattalha. Niani arirnitatna(tubu, takusdkuyca,tabuethaya aitkini, tasibcdeuya, tahluruhayakiere, tahuKihayabdrubrut, tabuitdhaya, bathi,ucku, tiwataklimdriattsari. N{cbaya su han awdita; 6bana liha uvukinriwairilhali, litwatakimdria lonik-ua. Nluk(surm Karifana yarn. MJlcdttuyari nuki&siri. NapAkasa. lVansima. Lituse aldcahaniani, niitiri Barwaisiri. YdAi nhaqpi7kasasu nibaya.

TRANSLATION.

T. Tlle place wlhereI live its name is Barai'siri. I have a wife and fourchildrenl, two boys and two girls. My workis makingo baskets,cultting down trees,fishing. My wife stays at home; she sews, she cooks food,she washes, she grates cassava, she pounds plantains, she sweeps the house, she works in the garden. All my childrenare grownup. One of the boys is big; he is workingifor himself. My motherwas a Caribwomani. My fatherwas a mulatto. I was born at Warlsima. After I took a wife I went to Baralsiri. All my childrenwere borni there.

ORIGINAL

IT. Iiakitina lause,i4be nukilsiri. Laztselaiue nuklctsii-i narncta tdmanukilsur?&. Binarit hdli 'Idusetdue nkilswru. jlarigtina (from French marnier)lubardkiwa taue nulcisuru. A takatu nuk'dsuruhuit (French huit) tibaya. Iliclaha siv (French six); wereqnetibbiaba. Tdue nutku'sm-ru,Warisima wt)a bibnaha. Binzaril hildluba dba Karifubna,nha bundhai lubuykkua. Kuliha hilakua dba,bahilkuti wa bundhai. Binzanithildluba dba m,tAu,nha bundhaimakditi; rdtiu6wewtce ldbuse, rdtiu kia Idiuse; rdtiu dba pilatu (either French plat or Spanish plato) ldakn lhsibu ma buisola hiwa lak'dritku. Hctugurdkuanha mOuii nhakaban4rilku.

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TRANSIATION. II I was little when miiyfather died. After my fatherdied I lived withmy mother. It is a long time since my motherdied. I married before my mother died. My mother lhad eight children. Six died and two remained. When my inotherdied, ,weburied her at Warisima. In olden timeswhen a Carib died we buriedhim in his own lhouise. Now, where anyone (tieswe bury him outside. In olden times when a person died, they 1uriedhim withouta coffin;they put a board under him,they also put one over himn;they put a plate on his face to prevenit the earthfrom getting into his eyes. They wrappedhim up in hlisbed-clothes.

ORIGINAL

lIT. Lubardkiva iudtiriabunOkva, wva sua'a hct'iti we'we lawara- hatm. IIcwara nh4ltuba,iqitiri ak?utai. IKutawahldluba,m'tirm crafthai. Lubard,kiwaqra akutut, abaihdtiwa. Sit wea qn'ti ,db?itahali/ha kd7au i6dni wtvak4taha. Kibeti litkt wlyul iubardkiwa lkiut a waqriti ww6z. HIikuhalbali w(du, bdlisi; tilihlOuba,iqitiri actwduhalonii wectaHb'naku Heere. Wa sf.mtaha kliereakusa, loni wa abAnaku.

TR.ANSTATION. III. Beforewve begin plantingwe cut down the large trees to let themget dry. When theyare drywe beginto set fireto tlheimi. After we have burnt them we clear tle, ground. Before we burn,we cut away the underarowth. We collectall the under- growthtogether to burlnit. The large trees are a long while beforethey buirrn away. When the fireis extinguiishedand the ashes are cold, we begrindioging to plant the cassava. We cut up the cassava sticks to plant tlhem.

ORIGINAL. IV. Atu'ka kr!etinmvtu bttba bcti, liliti (trabit asiiaha lhucw6criloni Otulku l'6bana. Sulahdluba aszfaha leuewweri,larur

This content downloaded from 185.44.77.40 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 07:00:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Special zleetivyof Junqze15th, 1897. 315 iaca7lcbu. Bdrati we'we,lchutbiha hizra lo wdkabzt. aki7crkuaicwb ))?is'9etitvwt!e ldo akuqruqlcald&fkl& libiri wdkabu,kU1d'r4kuta yatiwea rauyati wewveldakm6 misipe. BRaqiyatiwewe, bayarcyum a ha Uri. Li7tiri dsuka wtlinikdbiri,lodni laRakm _l6ake, i0vi lab9ltala 1,Abanac.Labn'daha wiricdbwri lao musiere.

TRANSLATION. IV. When a persoll wants to build a house, lhe goes into the iioods to' cut the wvoodto build his house. When lhe las finiishedcutting the wood, he drags it anld puts it near to his lhouiseto prepare it. When he has finislhedpreparing all the wvood,he beginsto dig,the groundand fixthe posts. He puits the posts in the holes; he fillsthe lholeswith earthround the posts. He takes a pole and lie ranis the eartlhround the posts. He ties long poles with creepersto the tops of the posts, he ties cross-poleson the lclngones. The cross poles are called hayardlkua. He goes anid cuts poles to tie on top to make the roofof the house. He coversthe poles with leaves (rnusi'cre= - broad shortleaf speciallytused for that purpose).

JUNE 15JTH, 1897. A S-ccial AfternoonMVeeting wvaslheld on this date at the South KenisingtonMuseum, wlheln Mr. A. P. MAUDSLAY gave a lectureon the " Maya Mlolliinlelnts and Inscriptionsin CentralAmerica." The Meetin(gwas attelndedby miianyof the Fellows, and the interestof the lecture was increased by the exhibition of a -ollectionof casts fromthe variousmonuments spoken of. A vote of thankls was passed to Mr. Maudslay oil the proposalof Mr. CLEMENTS MARKIHAM.

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