Nur Al-Idah”, Vale a Dire Lo Shaykh Abu Hasan ‘Ammar Al-Shurunbulâlî

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Nur Al-Idah”, Vale a Dire Lo Shaykh Abu Hasan ‘Ammar Al-Shurunbulâlî Abu Hasan ‘Ammar al-Shurunbulâlî NUR AL IDAH Epistola di diritto islamico secondo la Scuola hanafita NUR AL IDAH di Abu Hasan ‘Ammar al-Shurunbulâlî Epistola di diritto islamico secondo il madhab hanafita, traduzione dalla versione francese, introduzione e note di Ettore Lisi INTRODUZIONE L’idea di presentare questa versione italiana di Nûr al-idâh, redatta in un primo tempo per interesse personale, ci è venuta osservando la scarsità di testi autorevoli di giurisprudenza islamica presenti in Italia, se si escludono le pubblicazioni del Santillana edite dall’Istituto per l’Oriente.1 Dette opere, pur essendo di indiscutibile attendibilità giuridica, sono ormai introvabili da diversi anni; andate esaurite l’Istituto non ha ritenuto di ristamparle. La carenza di fonti attendibili rende di conseguenza disagevole, anche per alcuni degli addetti ai lavori non arabofoni, attingere alle fonti della dottrina di quella che, piaccia o meno, è diventata la seconda religione del nostro Paese e senz’altro la prima del pianeta.2 I lavori minori apparsi in italiano come ad esempio la traduzione di Hâmza Piccardo del “Minâj al muslmin” ci sembrano insufficienti a colmarne il vuoto, anche per il fatto trattarsi di compendi caratterizzati dal pregiudizio riformista di autori non proprio rispettosi dell’ortodossia tradizionale. Nel caso in evidenza, l’autore del breve trattato, Abû Bakr al-Jazâiri, ha una posizione dottrinale ben nota a chi si occupa di giurisprudenza islamica: collocatosi in maniera alterna tra il movimento salâfita e quello wahâbita si situa tra i partigiani del cosiddetto madhab unico, ponendosi, di conseguenza, agli antipodi di quella tradizione giuridica che nell’islam sunnita è da sempre fondata sulle scuole di diritto. Un numero crescente di giuristi europei identifica nell’incertezza del diritto il responsabile principale del deterioramento del senso dello Stato e del rispetto delle sue leggi, ossia quell’incapacità riconosciuta alle società occidentali di darsi regole certe e durature che è poi all’origine di quel senso di sfiducia che induce il cittadino a percepire la norma in ragione delle sue caratteristiche più mutevoli: limitazione temporale, provvisorietà in costanza di variabilità. Naturalmente la percezione di tali restrizioni induce ad osservare la norma data solo, o comunque prevalentemente, in ragione del suo carattere coercitivo. La mancanza di un’adesione sentita, profonda, ad un ordinamento che si sente estraneo, instabile, provvisorio, genera quel sentimento diffuso ormai in tutti i Paesi occidentali, e nel nostro più segnatamente, di considerare la stessa disposizione “legittima”, quindi da richiamare e fare applicare quando si conferma utile al proprio interesse; viceversa “iniqua”, perciò da eludere o aggirare quando non compatibile con le proprie convenienze strettamente personali. Al contrario di quanto avviene in Occidente le società tradizionali, alle quali l’islam si ascrive, si fondano sulla certezza del diritto, la cui caratteristica principale è di essere immutabile e permanente. Vale a dire 1 Istituzioni di Diritto malichita e Il Mukhtasar, traduzione del prof. Santillana dell’opera di Khalil ibn Ishaq, giurista malichita – Istituto per l’Oriente. Napoli. 2 Più di recente è stata tradotta in italiano la Risala di Al-Qayrawani dalle Edizioni Orientamento di Reggio Emilia che è un breve ma completo manuale di Diritto malichita. 1 che pur essendo possibili differenti punti di vista per gli aspetti secondari della dottrina o per le sue applicazioni contingenti, il diritto islamico è essenzialmente unico ed immutabile per tutto quanto è “principale” e “fondamentale”, così come, del resto, sono uniche le sue fonti, la sua struttura costitutiva, l’ambito di attuazione e soprattutto è unico il Legislatore. Altro aspetto di distinzione tra i due tipi di ordinamento è dato dal fatto che il diritto tradizionale islamico ingloba tutti gli aspetti della vita dell’individuo, dalla sua nascita alla sua morte, estendendosi nei suoi effetti anche al post- mortem. Infatti, come è ben noto, buona parte della sua sfera di applicazione si riferisce alla relazione che il credente intrattiene, ubique medius caelus est, con il Creatore, determinando le cosiddette “‘ibadât”, le opere di adorazione, i cui effetti si estendono, in virtù della ricompensa promessa, oltre la vita terrena. Su questi due grandi comparti: quello delle regole riguardanti le opere di adorazione e quello concernente le relazioni sociali (mu’amalat) si fondano quasi tutte le più grandi opere dei giuristi musulmani che tra loro annoverano senza dubbio l’autore del presente trattato, “Nur al-idah”, vale a dire lo shaykh Abu Hasan ‘Ammar al-Shurunbulâlî. La scelta di trattare delle regole di condotta personali è avvertita come primaria dai giureconsulti musulmani, anche perché queste si riferiscono alla necessità di far coincidere il vissuto quotidiano con i principi della pratica religiosa; per questo l’autore si è riservato di rimandare il lettore ad altre opere3 per quanto attiene agli aspetti più sociali della dottrina. Queste caratteristiche, soprattutto la praticità e la facilità di consultazione, ci hanno indotto a sceglierlo come un utile manuale da proporre al lettore, previa presentazione di un indirizzo giurisprudenziale, quello hanafita, poco conosciuto nella parte occidentale dei Paesi islamici. La Scuola hanafita, infatti, è notoriamente diffusa prevalentemente nell’Oriente islamico, resta perciò poco nota alla maggior parte degli aderenti alle comunità islamiche presenti nel nostro Paese che, provenienti per lo più dall’area del Mediterraneo occidentale, si riconoscono, in maggioranza, nella Scuola malichita, quando non sono influenzati dai movimenti integralisti contemporanei. In definitiva questo manuale è utile per conoscere e far conoscere in maniera corretta i presupposti giuridici reali sui quali è ordinato il modo di vivere dei musulmani, inoltre, al di là dalla semplice curiosità intellettuale può esservi un’utilità anche per gli osservanti di diverso madhâb (scuola giuridica) che desiderino riferirsi ad una fonte tradizionale autorevole. Un utilizzo senz’altro consentito e pienamente legittimo perché gli aspetti fondamentali della religione, soprattutto per quanto attiene alle opere d’adorazione, sono comuni a tutte le scuole sunnite,4 e la preferenza accordata ad una fonte piuttosto che ad un’altra non esclude affatto la seconda, parimenti autorevole, ne stabilisce solamente 3 Per quello che concerne il diritto hanafita l’opera complementare che si consiglia, per averne una visione più completa, soprattutto delle mu’amalat, è il Lubab ash-sharh adab al-kuttab dell’Imam Abdel Ghany ad-Dimashqi al-hanifiyya al- Maydani. 4 In linea di massima valgono anche per la Scuola sci’ita jafarita o duodecimale. 2 una preferenza. In tutti i casi la possibilità di riferirsi ad una scuola diversa dalla propria non solo è considerato lecito dalle autorità islamiche, ma è persino vivamente consigliato quando, in assenza di informazioni più precise, vi sia la probabilità di incorrere nella violazione della Legge e ancor di più quando l’alternativa è fatta dai “sentito dire” che aggiungono solamente confusione alla confusione. In sintesi l’utilità del testo che sottoponiamo al lettore può diventare rilevante se si fanno due considerazioni relative al suo possibile utilizzo: conoscenza chiara e certa delle regole che disciplinano la religione islamica per gli aderenti alla comunità e non; volontà di ridurre l’influenza di quei movimenti eterodossi che fanno leva proprio sulla carenza di conoscenza legislativa per imporsi. È noto che un certo allontanamento dalla regolarità tradizionale sacrificata alle più diverse istanze è diventato uno dei mali dell’islam contemporaneo. Si tratta di un fenomeno complesso le cui caratteristiche non sono solamente riscontrabili presso le comunità islamiche insediate all’estero, ma, che, al contrario, con sempre maggiore intensità riguarda anche molti Paesi islamici dove l’allontanamento dalle fonti primarie è dato da molteplici ragioni che si intrecciano tra loro e che vanno dal pragmatismo, alla prevalenza dell’interesse politico su quello religioso, e, non in ultimo, dal diffondersi dei movimenti riformisti. Osservando la realtà italiana una prima generica suddivisione può essere senz’altro fatta tra i residenti, che hanno accettato l’islam come religione, e gli immigrati provenienti per lo più dai Paesi del Mediterraneo che costituiscono sicuramente la gran parte della popolazione islamica complessiva. Per quanto riguarda i primi, categoria ingiustamente sottovalutata, l’apprendimento delle regole del diritto di base è avvenuto in buona parte dei casi ricorrendo prevalentemente a fonti d’origine maghrebina,5 quasi sempre, quindi, di indirizzo o di derivazione malichita. In taluni casi, tuttavia, la carenza di fonti autorevoli ha ingenerato una certa confusione, che in sé potrebbe anche non essere particolarmente grave se non si dovesse tener conto delle pretese, talvolta tutt’altro che modeste, che accompagnano alcuni dei nuovi aderenti. Non di rado si osserva una carenza di conoscenza tra ciò che è principale (rukn) rispetto ciò che è secondario, quindi quanto è obbligatorio (wajib) rispetto quanto è semplicemente raccomandato (mandub), sino a determinare in taluni casi addirittura la confusione tra il lecito e l’illecito. Purtroppo le conseguenze, affatto insignificanti, comportano, almeno dal punto di vista giuridico, l’invalidazione dei riti 5 Nella maggior parte dei casi gli imam delle moschee
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