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Asamblea General Consejo De Seguridad Sexagésimo Primer Período De Sesiones Sexagésimo Segundo Año Tema 16 Del Programa La Situación En El Afganistán

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Asamblea General Consejo De Seguridad Sexagésimo Primer Período De Sesiones Sexagésimo Segundo Año Tema 16 Del Programa La Situación En El Afganistán Naciones Unidas A/61/892–S/2007/255 Asamblea General Distr. general 4 de mayo de 2007 Consejo de Seguridad Español Original: inglés Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo primer período de sesiones Sexagésimo segundo año Tema 16 del programa La situación en el Afganistán Carta de fecha 1° de febrero de 2007 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Liechtenstein ante las Naciones Unidas Tengo el honor de transmitirle el resumen de un coloquio internacional de representantes y expertos de alto nivel sobre el tema “Creación de estabilidad y prosperidad en el Afganistán y su región”, celebrado en Viena, del 26 al 29 de octubre de 2006 (véase el anexo). La reunión fue organizada por el Instituto Liechtenstein sobre la Libre Determinación, de la Facultad Woodrow Wilson de Asuntos Públicos Internacionales de la Universidad de Princeton. Le agradecería que la presente carta y su anexo fueran publicados como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 16 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad. (Firmado) Christian Wenaweser Embajador Representante Permanente 07-33123 (S) 170507 170507 *0733123* A/61/892 S/2007/255 Anexo de la carta de fecha 1° de febrero de 2007 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Liechtenstein ante las Naciones Unidas Creación de seguridad y estabilidad en el Afganistán y su región Informe resumido: Instituto Liechtenstein sobre la Libre Determinación El Instituto Liechtenstein sobre la Libre Determinación, de la Facultad Woodrow Wilson de Asuntos Públicos Internacionales de la Universidad de Princeton convocó el coloquio “Creación de estabilidad y prosperidad en el Afganistán y su región” del 26 al 29 de octubre de 2006 en Viena (Austria). Fue el octavo coloquio sobre el Afganistán patrocinado por el Instituto desde 2001 y también la reunión inaugural de un proyecto bienal sobre “Seguridad del Estado y prosperidad: el Afganistán, países vecinos y la región”, emprendido por el Instituto y financiado en parte por la Carnagie Corporation de Nueva York. Los participantes bosquejaron las cuestiones fundamentales con que se enfrentaba actualmente el Afganistán en cuanto a la seguridad del Estado, el estado de derecho, la movilización de la economía y cuestiones transfronterizas, como la infraestructura y la energía. Participaron más de 50 destacados expertos de los Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y la región, en representación de círculos académicos, la comunidad diplomática, gobiernos y empresas del sector privado que desarrollan actividades en la región. El coloquio fue inaugurado por SAS Príncipe Hans Adam II de Liechtenstein y presidido por el director del Instituto Liechtenstein sobre la Libre Determinación, Wolfgang Danspeckgruber. Antecedentes y problemas actuales El Gobierno del Afganistán, el pueblo afgano y la comunidad internacional se encuentran en una coyuntura decisiva. La situación de la seguridad en el Afganistán se agravó bruscamente en el verano de 2006, caracterizándose por una intensificación de los combates entre los talibanes y fuerzas de la OTAN, atentados suicidas con bombas y la utilización de artefactos explosivos improvisados. Los incidentes relativos a la seguridad disminuyeron en las semanas siguientes a la conclusión de la Operación Medusa de la OTAN, llevada a cabo en el otoño de 2006 en la provincia de Kandahar, y con el comienzo del invierno. Sin embargo, existe el consenso de que esta pausa en la actividad insurgente será de corta duración. Debe ahora hacerse frente de manera eficaz a factores internos y externos de los que se reconoce ampliamente que alimentan la insurgencia y obstaculizan la continuación con éxito de procesos de reforma clave —como la disolución de grupos armados ilegales— para impedir que el Afganistán se precipite en el abismo al que muchos afganos y la comunidad internacional temen cada vez más que se encamina el país. La seguridad y la estabilidad del Afganistán se han convertido en la piedra de toque de la comunidad internacional en el entorno posterior al 9 de noviembre, aunque han pasado en gran parte a segundo plano debido a la situación en el Iraq. Al ser la primera vez en la historia que la OTAN lleva a cabo una operación “fuera de su zona”, hay algo mucho más en juego para la comunidad internacional, en particular los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, en el Afganistán que simplemente el destino del país y el éxito en la construcción de un Estado. El éxito en el 2 07-33123 A/61/892 S/2007/255 Afganistán es fundamental para cualquier esperanza futura de una presencia activa y con un compromiso mundial de la OTAN en favor de la reconstrucción y la estabilidad. Cinco años después del Acuerdo de Bonn una manera cada vez más sombría de ver el futuro ensombrece las esperanzas de los afganos y de los observadores internacionales. La opinión general en el Afganistán es que la comunidad internacional decidirá en definitiva reducir su presencia e intervención en el Afganistán. Es éste un temor basado en los crecientes debates acerca de una retirada de los Estados Unidos del Iraq y en la convicción de que ya se ha llegado a tratos entre el Pakistán y los talibanes. Aunque estas opiniones no han sido confirmadas por ninguna acción internacional expresa y han sido refutadas repetidamente por declaraciones de los Estados Unidos, siguen causando preocupación. Además, es un hecho cierto que los donantes internacionales comienzan a dar signos de cansancio. Este cansancio viene alimentado por los limitados progresos conseguidos con el programa más amplio de construcción de un Estado, así como por la cultura dominante de corrupción en importantes sectores del Gobierno afgano, el resurgimiento de la actividad talibán y la difusión de la producción de adormideras y tráfico de estupefacientes. La falta de capacidad a todos los niveles del Gobierno y la limitada capacidad de absorción ponen en claro que el Afganistán necesita tiempo para desarrollarse, pero el Gobierno afgano demuestra con demasiada frecuencia una insuficiente voluntad política y capacidad de dirección respecto de cuestiones políticas fundamentales vinculadas a un programa de reforma. La norma sigue siendo una cultura de impunidad, en la que los afganos consideran en general que las fuerzas de policía están corrompidas y que los sistemas judiciales no responden a las necesidades de la población. Pese a algunos cambios positivos recientes, tan sólo ahora se está abordando el espinoso problema de la reforma del Ministerio del Interior, de la que depende la reforma de la policía, mientras que los progresos hacia el establecimiento del estado de derecho y la reforma de la judicatura son en general lentos. Las medidas del Gobierno afgano y de la comunidad internacional para poner en práctica una asistencia y reformas significativas han sido insuficientes y carentes de coordinación. Suscita especial preocupación el reciente y espectacular crecimiento de las actividades de los talibanes y los intensos combates entre éstos y la OTAN desde julio de 2006. Los talibanes aprovechan en grado creciente la idea que tiene la población local de que el Estado ha fracasado y ofrecen remedios rápidos basados en formas ásperas de “justicia social”. Los ataques de los insurgentes han ido acompañados de un mayor uso de artefactos explosivos improvisados, táctica que no se utilizaba en el Afganistán antes de su amplio uso en el Iraq. Los ataques suicidas con bombas en el Afganistán han aumentado de uno en 2001 a cinco en 2003 y casi 100 en 2006. Los combates entre la OTAN y los talibanes han causado una alta mortalidad de más de 4.000 afganos y unas 120 bajas de tropas de la OTAN. Se prevé ampliamente que el espectacular incremento de la actividad insurgente registrado en 2006 comenzará de nuevo, con más intensidad, en la primavera de 2007. Las operaciones militares y bajas civiles previstas supondrán un pesado costo humanitario para la población afgana y un costo político para el Gobierno del Afganistán y la comunidad internacional. 07-33123 3 A/61/892 S/2007/255 Además, el Afganistán se ha convertido en el mayor productor de adormideras del mundo, siendo los niveles actuales de producción de adormideras los más altos en la historia del país. La producción de drogas constituye una amenaza a la estabilidad del frágil Estado afgano y alimenta las actividades insurgentes. Pese a los esfuerzos internacionales hacia la erradicación de la adormidera, el cultivo de opio en el Afganistán aumentó en un 59% solamente en 2006. Hay además temores de que este incremento en la producción de drogas esté contribuyendo a un mayor uso de éstas en el Afganistán y en la región, lo que suscita la preocupación de que los insuficientes servicios sociales y médicos del país no puedan refrenar el creciente uso de estupefacientes y el riesgo conexo de VIH/SIDA. El pacto regional parece haberse roto, como ponen de manifiesto las tensas relaciones entre los Presidentes Karzai y Musharraf, y debe ser objeto de atención inmediata para crear nuevos arreglos y un proceso regional viable. Las relaciones entre Kabul e Islamabad se han deteriorado mucho y las iniciativas regionales de los Estados Unidos incrementan la tirantez sobre una relación ya tenue. El nuevo enfoque de las relaciones bilaterales con la India por parte de los Estados Unidos, incluido el acuerdo nuclear, así como la creciente actividad de la India en la prestación de asistencia al desarrollo del Afganistán, preocupan al Pakistán y han alterado el statu quo regional. Las relaciones, recientemente intensificadas, en materia de energía entre la India y el Irán contribuyen a la idea que se hace el Pakistán de que está sometido a un cerco geopolítico. Para el Pakistán, en sus relaciones con la India, esto vuelve a convertir a Kabul en un “territorio interior estratégico”, al tiempo que fomenta el recurso a una disuasión nuclear limitada.
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