DOCSLIB.ORG

APEC and the Osaka Summit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
APEC and the Osaka Summit EPARTMENT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY ISSN 1321-1560 Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 1995 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the Department of the Parliamentary Library, other than by Members of the Australian Parliament in the course of their official duties. Published by the Department of the Parliamentary Library, 1995 The author wishes to thank Pru Gordon and Stephen Sherlock of the Parliamentary Research Service for their helpful comments on a draft of this paper Further copies of this publication may be purchased from the Publications Distribution Officer Telephone: (06) 277 271 1 A full list of current parliamentary Research Service publications is available on the ISR database A quarterly update of PRS publications may be obtained from the PRS Publications Office Telephone: (06) 277 2760 es 1 own Payment' on Trade Liberalisation 7 The 'Comprehensiveness' Issue 7 Comparability and Consultations 8 eyo 'Open regionalism' or 'preferential trade area'? 9 ~e~bers~ip 10 Dispute Mediation 10 The Role of Development Cooperation 11 eveloped' and 'Developing Economies' 11 er ics, 1 A ix APEC and the Osaka Summit The eighteen members of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group meet in Osaka from 16-19 November. APEC was established in 1989, largely at Australia's initiative, as a response to widespread perceptions that the rapidly growing trade and investment in the Asia Pacific region called for greater cooperation among the major regional economies. APEC has been able to identie many areas in which impediments and barriers to trade and investment could be reduced or removed. APEC is seeking to develop a new kind of regional group which builds cooperation while avoiding complex or expensive bureaucratic structures. APEC has brought together annually senior economics ministers and, since 1993, the members' heads of government to establish its goals and guide progress. At the second APEC leaders' meeting in Bogor (November 1994) the members declared their commitment to achieve free trade and investment between members by 2010 (for the developed economies) and 2020 (for the developing economies). The Osaka meetings will focus attention on APEC's capacity to develop concrete proposals and plans for the realisation of this goal. At Osaka APEC faces several immediate challenges. APEC members need to take a credible first step to begin to implement the Bogor commitment: this should involve a series of liberalisation offers by members. Members also need to deal with some contentious issues which have attracted controversy in the lead up to Osaka. These include the question of whether APEC is to pursue trade liberalisation on a comprehensive basis or whether certain sectors (notably agriculture) may be given special consideration or temporary exemption, and the issue of how to establish procedures that will ensure that all members share equally in both the benefits and the costs of the liberalisation process. Beyond Osaka, APEC also faces some important medium term challenges including differences in emphasis among members on whether the benefits of its liberalisation should be extended openly to other economies or on a preferential basis, the need to handle demands for entry by potential new members while keeping the group cohesive, and the long term need to be able to agree on which members will be required as 'developed economies' to complete their liberalisation of trade and investment by 2010 while the remaining 'developing economy' members implement this goal by the later agreed date of 2020. Australia, as a founder member of APEC with a strong orientation towards the Asia Pacific economies, has a major interest in the outcome of the Osaka meetings. The Australian 1 APEC and the Osaka Summit government values APEC not only for the concrete economic benefits its cooperation measures can bring but also because it sees APEC as making a valuable contribution towards major power relationships and regional security in the post Cold War era in the Asia Pacific. The paper concludes by arguing that while APEC has been successful so far in gaining a solid start as a new kind of regional economic association, it needs more time to work on the areas of existing and potential accord among its diverse membership. Securing the members' agreement on an agenda which will give APEC this time is perhaps the most important challenge for the Osaka meetings. 11 APEC and the Osaka Summit I The meeting of the eighteen members of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group in Osaka from 16-19 November will be a further important stage in APEC's efforts to consolidate its identity and role. The meetings will include discussions by senior ministers and a third informal 'summit' of the member econonics' heads of government. At the last APEC leaders meeting in Bogor (November 1994), the members declared their commitment to achieve free trade and investment between member economies by 20 10 (for the developed economies) and 2020 (for the developing economies). The Osaka meetings will focus attention on APEC's capacity to develop concrete proposals and plans for the realisation of this goal. APEC has continued to attract support as the premier grouping of Asia Pacific economies and there are strong incentives for members to maintain the group's cohesion. APEC nonetheless faces some substantial challenges at Osaka. There have been some notable recent bilateral tensions in trade relations between prominent APEC members (particularly between the United States and both Japan and China). There has been controversy in the lead up to the Osaka meetings over several aspects of the agenda, particularly the sensitive issue of protection of agriculture and the need for this to be dealt with in APEC's trade liberalisation programs. The Osaka meetings also will focus attention on Japan and its capacity to play a leadership role in Asia Pacific economic dialogue and to help maintain a sense of community and common interest among the major Asia Pacific economies. As a leading proponent and founder member of APEC, Australia has a strong interest in the success of the Osaka meetings. Australia sees APEC as a focus both for achieving concrete progress in removing barriers to trade and for encouraging cooperation between the United States and its major economic partners in the region, especially Japan and China, at a time when the US has experienced bilateral tensions with both. A successfully developing APEC also gives Australia a direct role in regional dialogue with our most important trading partners. This paper reviews APEC's evolution since 1989, discussions in the lead up to the Osaka meetings, the immediate and longer term challenges and problems facing APEC as it seeks to implement its Bogor commitments, and Australia's approach to the Osaka meetings. 1 APEC and the Osaka Summit APEC was initiated in 1989 to help protect and advance the striking pattern of economic growth already underway in the Asia Pacific region. The APEC region has a population of some 2.2 billion people and a total GDP of about $US 14.6 trillion, or almost half of world output. The Economist Intelligence Unit has estimated that of the 16 APEC economies it surveys, half are expected to grow at annual rates exceeding 5 percent up to 1999. APEC's share of world trade has risen from 36.2 percent in 1980 to over 45 percent in 1994, largely as a result of East Asia's strong export performance. In the five years to 1994, APEC exports grew at a trend rate of 9.6 percent annually, compared to total world exports which have increased at an annual rate of 5 percent. Much of this growth in trade has occurred between APEC members themselves, especially among the East Asian economies. This continuing economic growth is expected to lead to the APEC group's inclusion of seven of the world's ten largest economies by the year 2020, compared with only three (the US, Japan and China) today.' This pattern of growth has been driven by the business sector and by unilateral reforms by regional states with relatively little assistance from formal inter-governmental structures in the Asia Pacific region. Indeed some of the most notable economic relationships have developed without any accompanying political framework, as in the case of China and Taiwan. Nonetheless, there are clearly a large number of impediments to the development of trade and investment in the Asia Pacific region which could be reduced by concerted cooperative action. It was this realisation which was the impetus for the development of APEC. After years of debate on the need for cooperation in the Asia Pacific, APEC was inaugurated in January 1989 at the initiative of Prime Minister Hawke and the first meeting of 12 economies was held in. Canberra in November 1989. In 1991 at APEC's third meeting in Seoul, the Republic of Korea was able to negotiate the entry of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, in 1993 Mexico and Papua New Guinea joined and at the Seattle meetings in 1993 Chile was accepted, joining in November 1994 and bringing the membership to its present level of eighteen (for a list see Appendix A) APEC has been seeking to establish a character and role different from those of other regional and international groupings concerned with economic and trade cooperation. Unlike the European Union it has not been conceived as a preferential free trade area and has no ambitions to establish elaborate supra-national institutions. Unlike ASEAN, APEC is seeking to bring together both developing and industrialised states of widely varying size in both Asia and the Americas.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Congressional Record-Senate. 4353
    1900. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4353 Pulaski County, .Ark., against the Loud bill-to the Committee on A bill (S. 645) granting an increase of pension to David Hunter; the Post-Office and Post-Roads. A bill (S. 677) grantinl? an increase of pension to Jerusha W. By Mr. VREELAND: Petitions of Grand.Army of the Republic Sturgii:1; posts of Mayville and Jamestown, N. Y ., in favor of Honse bill No. A bill (S. 819) granting an increase of pension to Benjamin F. 7094, to establish a Branch Soldiers' Home at Johnson City, Tenn.­ Bourne; to the Committee on Military Affairs. A bill (S. 833) granting an increase of pension to Harry At­ Also, petition of citizens of Stockton, N. Y., in favor of the kinson; Grout bill increasing the tax on oleomargarine-to the Commit- A bill (S. 994) granting an increase of pension to Casper tee on .Agriculture. • Miller, jr.; By Mr. W .ANGER: Petition of citizens of Bucks County, Pa., A bill (S. 1194) granting an increase of pension to John B. in favor of the Grout bill increasing the tax on oleomargarine­ Ritzman; to the Committee on Agriculture. A bill (S. 1228) granting an increase of pension to Thomas Jor­ By Mr. WEEKS: Petition of citizens of Marine City, Mich., dan· favoring the Grout bill relating to dairy products, etc.-to the A'bill (S. 1250) granting a pension to Hattie E. Redfield; Committee on .Agriculture. A bill (S. 1251) granting an increase of pension to Celia A. Jef­ By Mr. WHEELER of Kentucky: Papers to accompany House fers; bill for the relief of E.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of San Diego History V 50, No 1&2
    T HE J OURNAL OF SANDIEGO HISTORy VOLUME 50 ■ WINTER/ SPRING 2004 ■ NUMBERS 1 & 2 IRIS H. W. ENGSTRAND MOLLY MCCLAIN Editors COLIN FISHER DAWN M. RIGGS Review Editors MATTHEW BOKOVOY Contributing Editor Published since 1955 by the SAN DIEGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY Post Office Box 81825, San Diego, California 92138 ISSN 0022-4383 T HE J OURNAL OF SAN DIEGO HISTORy VOLUME 50 ■ WINTER/SPRING 2004 ■ NUMBERS 1 & 2 Editorial Consultants Published quarterly by the MATTHEW BOKOVOY San Diego Historical Society at University of Oklahoma 1649 El Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego, California 92101 DONALD C. CUTTER Albuquerque, New Mexico A $50.00 annual membership in the San WILLIAM DEVERELL Diego Historical Society includes subscrip- University of Southern California; Director, Huntington-USC Institute on California tion to The Journal of San Diego History and and the West the SDHS Times. Back issues and microfilm copies are available. VICTOR GERACI University of California, Berkeley Articles and book reviews for publication PHOEBE KROPP consideration, as well as editorial correspon- University of Pennsylvania dence should be addressed to the ROGER W. LOTCHIN Editors, The Journal of San Diego History University of North Carolina Department of History, University of San at Chapel Hill Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA NEIL MORGAN 92110 Journalist DOYCE B. NUNIS, JR. All article submittals should be typed and University of Southern California double spaced, and follow the Chicago Manual of Style. Authors should submit four JOHN PUTMAN San Diego State University copies of their manuscript, plus an electronic copy, in MS Word or in rich text format ANDREW ROLLE (RTF).
    [Show full text]
  • The Cape Nome Conspiracy: the Right Wing at Work?
    The Cape Nome Conspiracy: The Right Wing At Work? By Eel Hunter Past President, Mining Histoty Association Rudyard Kipling wrote "And there's never phrase Kn-no-me, which means I don't know, and a law of God or man runs north of fifty-three" was probably the Eskimo answer when asked in his "Rhyme of the Tlu·ee Sealers."1 This line the name of the area."4 sums up very well the basis for the conspiracy This was an unlikely setting for a gold rush, to gain the gold from the placer mines of what and for a series of events said to rival the Credit became Nome, Alaska, just south of the Arctic Molibier scandal in nefarious schemes Circle. Fortunately, the law won out in the involving congressmen of the United States end.l The scheme was later described by Sam or perhaps the Enron manipulations of this Strong, editor of the Nome Nugget, as one of era. In 1898 the world's attention centered "the most amazing conspiracies to obtain gold on the gold rush to the Klondike, over eight by legalized robbety that has ever been known hundred miles to the east, so it is not strange in the histo1y of the jurisprudence of this or that events on the Seward Peninsula were any other count1y."3 little noticed and largely unrecorded. T11e Western Union Telegraph Company sent The Playing Field a party to the Seward Peninsula in 1863 toes­ tablish a sutvey line from Golovin Bay to Port The Seward Peninsula juts out like a fist to­ Clarence as a porrion of a proposed telegraph ward Sibe1ia, separated by only fifty miles of the line to connect the continental U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Daniel K. Inouye 1924–2012
    H former members 1957–1992 H Daniel K. Inouye 1924–2012 UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE 1959–1963 UNITED STATES SENATOR 1963–2012 DEMOCRAT FROM HAWAII hen Daniel K. Inouye first took his seat in interest in politics.” He rushed to aid the wounded during the U.S. House of Representatives in 1959, the devastating attack on Pearl Harbor. Upon turning 18, Speaker Sam Rayburn of Texas took quick Inouye applied to enlist in the military but was denied stockW of the young legislator. “You’ll soon be the second entry because of his race. The U.S. government classified most widely recognized member in the Congress,” mused nisei (American-born children of Japanese immigrants) the Speaker, who embodied the institution for so many unfit for service. “Here I was, though I was a citizen of the Americans. “We don’t have too many one-armed, Japanese United States, I was declared to be an enemy alien and as a Congressmen here.”1 Indeed, Inouye left an indelible mark result not fit to put on the uniform of the United States,” on Hawaiian politics and on the U.S. Congress, where he Inouye recalled.6 served for a combined 53 years in the House and Senate, After petitioning the government to reverse its decision, serving with 412 Senators during his long tenure in that Inouye volunteered again in 1943 and joined the Army as chamber. A proud war veteran and energetic legislator, a private, entering the fabled 442nd Regimental Combat Inouye battled for party leadership and embraced Members Team. Composed primarily of Japanese-American soldiers, of Congress from across the aisle.
    [Show full text]
  • 6/30/76 S98 Klondike Goldrush National Historical Park Alaska” of the White House Records Office: Legislation Case Files at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 47, folder “6/30/76 S98 Klondike Goldrush National Historical Park Alaska” of the White House Records Office: Legislation Case Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Exact duplicates within this folder were not digitized. ~ I .. THE WHITE HOUSE ACTION WASHINGTON Last Day: July 2 June 28, 1976 MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRE ,. FROM: JIM SUBJECT: S. 98 - Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, Alaska and Washington Attached for your consideration is s. 98, sponsored by Senator Stevens and three others. The enrolled bill authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to establish the Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park comprising up to 13,300 acres in the States of Alaska and Washington. Additional information is provided in OMB's enrolled bill report at Tab A. RECOMMENDATION That you sign S. 98 at Tab B. , Digitized from Box 47 of the White House Records Office Legislation Case Files at the Gerald R.
    [Show full text]
  • Bloom Found Refuge, Respect in Gold Rush Alaska By: Judy Ferguson
    Fairbanks Daily News‐Miner, Sunday, June 29, 2008 Bloom found refuge, respect in gold rush Alaska By: Judy Ferguson In the 1850s and 1860s, San Francisco Jewish merchants were heavily involved in the lucrative seal trade and the Russian‐American Company. When Louis Goldstone, a California fur house agent, who knew Alaska’s wealth firsthand, reported in 1865 that the Russians wanted to sell Alaska, Goldstone’s employers contacted Cornelius Cole, a California senator who contacted his former classmate, U.S. Secretary of State, William H. Seward. In 1867, after the United States purchased Alaska from Russia, another fur syndicate, chiefly controlled by Lewis Gerstle and Louis Sloss, bought out the Russian America Company, becoming the Alaska Commercial Company. By 1897 the gold rush was on. Among those stampeding, a young Jewish Lithuanian, Robert Bloom, began heading over the Chilkoot Trail packing merchandise on his back to trade with the prospectors. Meta Bloom Buttnick, the daughter of the Fairbanks merchant‐outfitter who once helped pick the site for the University of Alaska, remembered her father, Robert “Bob” Bloom recently by phone. “For generations,” she began, “the families of both my father and my mother, Jessie Spiro, lived in Shavel, (Siauliai) Lithuania.” Famines, epidemics, discrimination, an epic fire, no jobs and little educational opportunity left the people impoverished. Born in 1878, Bloom had to quit school early to help support his family. In the western United States, land was being homesteaded. Promoters for the railroad advertised free land, animals, tools to anyone in Europe who would come. Bloom’s Uncle Shapiro went, but unsuccessful at farming, he migrated to Seattle.
    [Show full text]
  • June 21, 2012 Council Gives Short-Lived Property Tax Relief by Sandra L
    Photo by Nick Schollmeier SUMMER IS HERE —When summer school in Elim concluded on June 14 the students picniced on the beach. As the tide went out the kids found a shallow sandbar and raced out to it. Even though not all the ice was gone, the kids thought it was warm enough to play in the water. C VOLUME CXII NO. 25 June 21, 2012 Council gives short-lived property tax relief By Sandra L. Medearis nicipal Budget, but failed to vote the Boys and Girls Club. motion that would have fixed a yay had not occurred and the Council The big news out of the Nome spending plan and the mill rate upon Then Councilwoman Mary Kn- or nay to the spending plan for $10 had converted a scheduled work ses- Common Council’s June 13 meeting which it was based into reality. odel made a successful motion to million and change. Instead, Mayor sion for Wednesday to a special was the ordinance they did not adopt, The Council voted one by one on amend the amount coming out of Denise Michels directed Tom meeting where the Council would that sets the tax bite on property three additions: $10,000 for the City savings to make up the addi- Moran, city clerk, to read the next vote on adopting the general fund owners. N.E.S.T. shelter for the homeless, tions. ordinance on the agenda, concerning municipal budget. The Council debated and voted to $100,000 for a paint job on St. Joe’s Right here, the Council lost the adoption of the construction capital However, property owners hoping amend the Nome General Fund Mu- meeting house, and $10,000 for trail; there was no vote on the main projects funds budget.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska's Nome Area Wildlife Viewing Guide
    Alaska’s Nome Area Wildlife Viewing Guide Exploring the Nome Roadways Alaska’s Nome Area Wildlife Viewing Guide Exploring the Nome Roadways Writers Anne Sutton and Sue Steinacher, Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) Technical Contributors Peter Bente, Tony Gorn, Jim Menard, and Kate Persons; ADF&G Charlie Lean, Norton Sound Economic Development Corporation Gay Sheffield, Marine Advisory Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks Project Managers and Editors Anne Sutton, Peter Bente, and Beth Peluso; ADF&G Design, Layout, and Maps Graphic Design/Map Design/Layout: Kim Mincer, Bureau of Land Management GIS Maps: Sally Timp, ADF&G Publisher ADF&G/Division of Wildlife Conservation Wildlife Viewing Program P.O. Box 115526 Juneau, AK 99811 (907) 465-5157 (p) (907)465-6142 (f) [email protected] Arctic and Western Regional Office P.O. Box 1148 Nome, AK 99762 (907) 443-2271 © 2012 by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game All rights reserved. ISBN 1-933375-10-8 Front cover photo: ©Tom Kohler - muskox Back cover photos: ©Tom Kohler - moose, seal, and bluethroat ©Sue Steinacher - monkshood and ice fishing ©Riley Woodford - bear tracks. CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 How to use this book ..................................................................................... 2 Section I: Overview Wildlife viewing tips .............................................................................................. 3 Safety around wildlife ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Claus-M. Naske, “The Shaky Beginnings of Alaska's Judicial
    THE SHAKY BEGINNINGS OF ALASKA'S JUDICIAL SYSTEM By CLAUS-M. NASKE Yankees love a good bargain, and therefore the acquisition of Alaska in 1867 pleased most everyone. Alaska's 586,400 square miles added considerably to the land domain of the United States. Problems, however, soon arose, for the far North did not readily fit into the traditional American frontier. Alaska was noncontiguous, a maritime rather than an agricultural frontier, and perhaps most importantly, it was subarctic, arctic, and subcontin- ental in proportion. Congress and the presidents clearly were at a loss as how to deal with the new possession, and therefore the early years of the American era were not marked by aggressive moves in assuming administrative responsibilities. Perhaps there was no hurry in doing so, because the 1880 census estimated Alaska's population at 33,426, with only 430 Caucasians, excluding military personnel. The Natives included the Tlingits and Haidas of the southeastern region, the Inupiaq Eskimos of the arctic and the Yupik Eskimos of the Bering Sea and Pacific coasts, the Aleuts of the Aleutian Islands, and the Athapaskan Indians of the interior.' The first boom in Sitka accompanying the American take-over soon collapsed, and the second was attributable to the discovery of gold on Gastineau Channel which led to the founding of Juneau in 1880-1881 . Juneau soon became the most important town in the district of Alaska, and its prosperity was a magnet which lured other adventurers to the North. From Juneau, many prospectors drifted over the Chilkoot Pass into the interior and discovered gold along the Yukon River.
    [Show full text]
  • Roosevelt, Nelson and Alaska
    Roosevelt) Nelson^ and Alaska EDITED BY CARL L. LOKKE THE BRIEF LETTER that follows is among the Knute Nelson Papers owned by the Minnesota Historical Society. It is significant for the light it throws on a matter of some importance to Minnesotans—the selection of Alfred S. Moore of Pennsylvania to replace Arthur H. Noyes of Minnesota as United States district court judge in Nome, Alas\a. This requires some explanation. Noyes, a Minneapolis attorney, was appointed to the coveted Nome judgeship—the Nome gold rush was in full swing—under the Alaska civil code act of June 6, igoo. The government expected him to straighten out some bitter litigation over the fabulously rich claims on Anvil Creek- But the judge on arrival stirred up a horneis nest by placing a number of these claims in the hands of a receiver, the redoubtable Alexander McKenzie of North Dakota. Collusion was suspected. After protesting in vain, the claim owners, several of whom were Scandinavians, appealed to the United States circuit court of appeals in San Francisco. This appeal was not in vain. The circuit court in separate trials found first the receiver and then the judge guilty of contempt of court for failing to obey its earlier commands to return the disputed claims to the owners. The. Nome affair, before and after the trials, became an object of intense partisan feeling. President Theodore Roosevelt finally removed Noyes on February 24, /902, and appointed Moore to the Nome judgeship on May 21, J902. This appointment troubled Senator Knute Nelson of Minnesota. His anger had been stirred by the attempt through Noyes to despoil the Scandinavian mine owners, and he now appears to have seen in the Moore appointment a fresh attempt to do the same thing.
    [Show full text]
  • Congr.Ession .Al Recor.D-House
    1922. CONGR.ESSION.AL RECOR.D-HOUSE. 979 1\nat is the law as to stolen property? The burd~n of proof EXTE:i:{SIOXS OF UEMARKS. !"ihifts to the man who has to explain his possession of it; Mr. DAVILA. lUr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex­ he has got to satisfy you beyond a reasonable doubt how he tend my remarks in the RECORD by printing therein a message got it, or you will convict him of stealing it. The burden of sent to Congress by the Porto Rican delegation to Congress proof shifts in this case. now in Washington on the subject of an autonomous form of :\1r. Newberry is charged \Vith having secured this seat by government for Porto Rico. the lavish and unlawful use of money. That $200,000 has been The SPEAKER. The Commi:ssioner from Porto Rico asks expended can be established without the checks and stubs and unanimous consent to extend his remarks in the RECORD in the bank books. How much more could be established if we had those manner stated. Is there objection? records God, and God only, knows. Mr. Newberry, where are There was no objection. those books? They were in your possession. Where are those The mes age referred to is, as follows : stubs? They were in your possession, in the hands of your agents CA.NADA L 1839-PORTO RICO Dl 1922. and friends. Where are the checks? All of them have been de­ It needs no change in the principles of government, no invE'ntion of stroyed; none of them are here, and you stay out until the a new constitutional theory, to supply tbe remedy which would, in my eleventh hour and then you come in and make a lame anll opinion, completely remove the existing political disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Registered Vessels
    Hawaiian Registered Vessels Agnes C. Conrad Vessels were owned by Hawaiian citizens and were flying the Hawaiian flag for many years before a formal registry law was enacted by the Hawaiian Legislature. Even before there was a Hawaiian flag to fly, European-type vessels were owned by Hawaiians. As early as 1794, Captain George Vancouver had his carpenters assist in the construction of the first foreign style vessel for Kamehameha I, the Britannia, a vessel with a 36-foot keel and a schooner rig. Vancouver does not state whether he presented a flag to go with this ship, as he had done a year earlier when he rigged one of the king's largest canoes "with a full set of canvas sails, sloop fashion, to which I added a union jack and a pendant."1 Vancouver offered his assistance in building the vessel for Kamehameha, as the king hoped that "his people would hereafter be able to build boats and small vessels for themselves."2 Among the white men working for Kamehameha at that time was an English- man named Robert Boyd, who claimed to have been a ship's carpenter before settling in the islands, and it was under his direction that the Hawaiians were to carry on the shipbuilding. It apparently was a successful training course for by 1810 another visitor could report that the king had a fleet of more than thirty vessels, "chiefly sloops and schooners, under forty tons burden, and have all been built by his own carpenters, principally native, under the direction of an Englishman of the name of Boyd."3 The king had other vessels besides those built in his own shipyards; one of them, the Lelia Byrd, is described by Campbell as being of 200 tons.
    [Show full text]