Studies on Literary Theory and Genres Vol.1, No.2 Abstracts 15

A Post-Imperialist Glance at People’s Self-Image in the 21st Century Britain: A Case Study of Stephenson’s play, Enlightenment Behzad Ghaderi Sohi1 Erciyes University-Turkey/Tehran University Abstract It seems that in the second half of the twentieth century, post-imperialist discourse was divided into two distinct but interrelated branches. The first branch deals with the reactions of the oppressed/„other‟ people to the dominant culture, literature, and attitudes of the colonizers that, in fact, dates back to previous centuries, although it changed course and thrust after the 1970s with the publication of Edward Said‟s Orientalism (1978). The second branch involves the reactions of the artists and writers of the dominant countries, e.g., Caryl Churchill and Howard Brenton in England, who began to criticize the imperialistic nature of their own countries after 1968 „events‟ in Europe and America, a watershed for various, new works of art. In modern English drama, one could find exemplary dramas of British writers that, deploying a post-imperialist approaches, guard against the cultural arrogance and literary hegemony of Great Britain. To dismantle the dominant modes of culture and to give birth to a new consciousness, these new dramas shun away from Aristotelian drama whose principles of Mimesis and Catharsis were misused by the mainstream theatres of the dominant countries to establish their own self-image as racially and cultural superior people. These modern dramas reflect the attitudes of strata of the British society who have come to believe that for centuries Great Britain has tried to have cultural hegemony over nations through the legitimation of slavery and oppressing political activists in the native countries. These dramas challenge the hegemony of Great Britain and attempt to reconstruct the domestic culture of their people(s). Hence, the heroes in these post- imperialist dramas often adopt a new identity in their post-imperialist cultures and/or communities. The present article tries to illustrate how Shelaugh Stephenson negotiates such issues with her compatriots in her plays Mappa Mundi and Enlightenment. Keywords: Self-image, Contemporary drama, Post-imperialist criticism, Great Britain.

1 . Professor of English Language and Literature, Erciyes University-Turkey Retired Professor of Tehran University: [email protected] Received:14/12/2015 Accepted:26/04/2016 14 Abstracts Vol.1, No.2 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres

A Study of the Minimalistic Structure of Gulistan of Saadi

Issa Najafi,1 Sirros Gazlani2, Masoud Bavanpouri3 Razi University, Shahid Madani University Abstract One of the existing misconceptions regarding literary theory is that one can only find literary theory and criticism in contemporary texts. However, this is not true since criticism is a scientific approach and any text, whether it is classic or contemporary, could be analyzed through a modernist perspective. Short story is one of the literary genres that have undergone extensive changes in recent years. Minimalism is a new version of narration in which stories shrink in size day after day. Using an analytical-statistical design and examining samples in terms of size, time and place restrictions, few characters and so on, the present study tries to show the minimalist properties of stories in all the stories of Gulistan of Saadi. It was found that many of the stories narrated in Gulistan reflect features of minimalistic stories. The majority of stories of Gulistan are lacking in plot and in case they have a plot, the plot is not complex and the story is narrated with the least complication. Another minimalistic feature of the stories in Gulistan is time and place restrictions; a close look at Guilstan shows that many stories are lacking in precise time and place and, if time is addressed, it is treated vaguely in the form of a day, a night, a year or a village, a city or the like. Keywords: Literary criticism, literary theory, story, Minimalism, Gulistan of Saadi.

1 . Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Razi University: [email protected] 2 . M.A. Holder in Persian Language and Literature, Razi University: [email protected] 3 . Ph.D. Candidate of Arabic Language and Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University: [email protected] Received:28/12/2015 Accepted:19/04/2016 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres Vol.1, No.2 Abstracts 13

Ecological Analysis of the Poetry of Forough Farrokhzad based on the Theory of Ecocriticism Moslem Zolfagharkhani1 Hakim Sabzevari University Abstract Ecocriticism is recognized as an Interdisciplinary Study in which literature and environment are central to the discussion. The study is a response to Postmodernism and Poststructuralism, and finds a connection among the reader, the text, and the world. Ecocriticism has been traditionally related with the women and Feminism. As a social and intellectual movement, Feminism targets at improving women‟s social conditions. Feminist ethics and preoccupations are different: helping women to achieve a better situation, supporting social equalities, eradicating human exploitation and male dominance, and so on. The most significant question for which Feminism attempts to find an answer is how far men are capable to speak instead of women in literary texts. Hence, Feminism led to Feminist Literary Criticism. In Persian Modern Literature, the most serious and influential Feminist Criticism occurs in Forough Farrokhzad‟s poetry. She is the first Persian female poet who disclosed her womanist desires and hopes in a feminine, pure, and humble language while illustrating world of women in contemporary Iran. Ecofeminism, as an outcome of Feminism, Ecology, and Ecocriticism, aims at revealing first how nature and the society have been changed and devastated, and second how women‟s rights are ignored and oppressed in a patriarchal society where male dominance enslaves the female and the nature. The goal of this article is to explore Ecofeminist traces in Forough Farrokhzad‟s poetry. Therefore, the following themes and issues which may help to connect her thoughts and language to nature are presented: “The Nature Ontology”, “The Seasons and Time Passage”, “The Four Major Elements in Nature”, “The Tree and The Plant”, and “The Earth and The Sky Creatures”. Attempts are made to investigate how these themes are interwoven in Farrokhzad‟s poetry, and how she had been indirectly under the influences of such ecofeminist tendencies in the world of literature. Keywords: Forough Farrokhzad, Comparative Literature, Ecofeminism, Interdisciplinary Studies.

1 . Assistant Professor of English Language and Literature, Hakim Sabzevari University: [email protected] Received:07/12/2015 Accepted:12/04/2016 12 Abstracts Vol.1, No.2 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres

An Intertexutal Analysis of Valadname, Resaleye Sipahsalar, and Manaqib al-'Arifin Based on Gerard Genette's Theory

Farzad Baloo1, Batool Mahdavi2, Hajar Agh3 University of Mazandaran Abstract In intertextuality studies, no text is assumed to be self-sufficient and any text serves its intertextual function for the preceding and succeeding texts. This study examines the intertextual relations in Valadnameh by Sultan Valad, Resaleye Sipahsalar by Fereydun-ibn-Ahmad, and Manaqib al-'Arifin by Shams-al-Din Aflaki drawing on theoretical concepts of Gérard Genette. It was found that Resaleye Sipahsalar and Manaqib al-'Arifin are under the influence of Valadnameh in terms of structure and content of the stories in explicit, non-explicit and implicit ways. It was also found that though Manaqib al-'Arifin, compared to Resaleye Sipahsalar, is more extensive in content and includes more unreal and fictional content, it has a higher status in terms of its story telling and literary value.

Keywords: intertextuality, Gérard Genette, Valadname, Resaleye Sipahsalar, Manaqib al-'Arifin.

1 . Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Mazandaran: [email protected] 2 . Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Mazandaran: [email protected] 3 . M.A Student of Persian Language and Literature, University of Mazandaran: [email protected] Received:02/01/2016 Accepted:19/04/2016 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres Vol.1, No.2 Abstracts 11

The Role of Women in Bahram Beyzaie's Works According to Simone de Beauvoir's Theories in The Second Sex

Ali Eshghi Sardehi1 Islamic Azad University Abstract In numerous Bahram Beyzaie's dramatic works, women play a major role. Some of his works are about women and in other works women play an important role alongside men. Many of these women in Beyzaie's works are active, explorer, justice seeker and fighter. Many of them want to be aware of their rights, role and importance in public life, and to maintain their rights, choose the way of fighting with those who have limited their freedom. They may occasionally use some tricks in their fight, but their efforts are mainly constructive in nature rather than destructive. In this paper, based on the theories of Simone de Beauvoir, French philosopher, in her two-volume book, The Second Sex, the position and status of women in the works of Beyzaie are investigated. In this book, Simone de Beauvoir has explored the gender and sexuality or health and psychological status of women and their role in society and the family. Some of Beyzaie's and de Beauvoir's comments are similar and in some cases there can be seen differences between the views of these two writers. Topics such as the differences between men and women, the position of the women in patriarchal society, the masculine behavior of women, sacrifice, the mythical role and influence of women over men or community and women's role in the family are discussed in the present study as reflected in Beyzaie's works and they are compared with the views expressed by Simone de Beauvoir. Keywords: Status of women, Women's demands, Male-dominated society, Women's struggles, Awareness, Affecting women.

1 . Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch: [email protected] Received:07/12/2015 Accepted:05/04/2016 10 Abstracts Vol.1, No.2 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres

Eschatology and the Manifestation of its Relationship with Archetypal Literary Criticism in Persian Literature Ali Ziaoddini Dashtkhahi1, Abolghasem Ghavam2 Shahid Bahonar University, Ferdowsi University

Abstract Some of the traditional and archetypal features present in a text serve to form a link between the text and other texts and establish a relationship between the mind and society and help us to extend the conceptual world of the text by extending its literary images. Though it is true that myths, symbols and archetypes, together with other discourse elements, establish a relationship between the text and the reader, they are independent textual features that uncover the history of human life on earth. The systematic nature of myths and archetypal symbols sometimes remind us of the devils and infernal world and at other times remind us of gods and results in man‟s thinking of heaven and the heavenly world. Owing to the fact that in the course of history archetypes have been mixed with man‟s experiences, there have always been relationships between archetypes and man‟s life on earth.By focusing on the issue of meaning in archetypal criticism, an attempt is made in the present study to enter the domain of the relationship between this kind of literary criticism and eschatology and by studying three groups of imagers in archetypal systems discover the relationship between eschatology and this kind of literary criticis. Keywords: eschatology, archetype, archetypal criticism, myth, Persian literature.

1 . Research Center of Iranian and Islamic Culture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman: [email protected] 2 . Associate Professor of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad: [email protected] Received:18/10/2015 Accepted:05/04/2016 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres Vol.1, No.2 Abstracts 9

Typological Analysis of Tazkirat al-Awliyā Farid al-Din Attar with Reference to Architextuality Studies

Seyyedeh Maryam Rozatian1, Fatemeh Talebi2 University of Isfahan Abstract Intertextuality studies are considered as one of the most recent approaches to literary criticism. In this approach to literary criticism, it is believed that no text is independent of prior texts and texts are written with reference to earlier texts. Intertextuality, as a field of study, was first introduced on the basis of the ideas of Julia Kristeva and was extended and developed by Gérard Genette into a unified and systematic discipline after three generations of theorists. Genet called his body of works transtextuality and divided them into five categories: intertextuality, transtextuality, paratextuality, metatextuality and architextuality. Architextuality focuses on the relationship of a work of art with its literary genre. In Persian literature, each literary text belongs to a specific literary genre. Tazkirat al-Awliyā by Farid al-Din Attar is one of those literary texts which, despite the fact that it belongs to general biographies, has some very specific features that distinguishes it from other types of biographies. This study is an attempt to investigate the relationship between Tazkirat al-Awliyā and its literary genre drawing on the notions of architextuality. This study illustrates that Tazkirat al- Awliyā is a didactic poets‟ biography and a mystical epic that has a special place in literary texts. Keywords: Tazkirat al-Awliyā, architextuality, Biography, literary genre, Gerard Genette.

1. Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan: [email protected] 2. M.A holder in Persian Language and Literature, University of Isfahan: [email protected] Received:20/10/2015 Accepted:01/03/2016 8 Abstracts Vol.1, No.2 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres

Comparative Analysis of the Story of Zahhak

in Koosh Nameh and Shahnameh

Mohammad Alavi Moghaddam1, Hossein Keikhosravi2 Ferdowsi University ,Islamic Azad University

Abstract Koosh Nameh is an epic book which was written by Iranshah ibn Aby al- Khayr one hundred years after the Shahnameh. Although the writer has imitated the style of Shahnameh to some extent, there are major differences between the two books in terms of stories due to the fact that it relies on a different source in prose for telling stories. This book of poetry tells the story of an antihero called elephantine Koosh-e- Peelgoosh, Zahhak‟s nephew, who was selected as the governor of China so that he could destroy all homeless members of the House of Jamshid there. In fact, this work of art narrates the story of the kingdom of Zahhak beyond the borders of Iran up to the time of the birth of Abtin and Fereydun. One of the stories that are narrated in this book is the story of Zahhak which is highly different form the story narrated in Shahnameh. The present study tries to compare the story of Zahhak as told in this book with the one narrated in Shahnemeh and elucidates the major differences between them.

Keywords: Zahhak, Koosh Nameh, Shahnameh, snakebearer, Abtin, narration.

1 . Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad: [email protected] 2 . Ph.D. Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar Branch: [email protected] Received:03/12/2015 Accepted:05/04/2016

Contents

Comparative Analysis of the Story of Zahhak in Koosh Nameh and Shahnameh 7 Mohammad Alavi Moghaddam, Hossein Keikhosravi

Typological Analysis of Tazkirat al-Awliyā Farid al-Din Attar with Reference to Architextuality Studies 21 Seyyedeh Maryam Rozatian, Fatemeh Talebi

Eschatology and the Manifestation of its Relationship with Archetypal Literary Criticism in Persian Literature 35 Ali Ziaoddini Dashtkhahi, Abolghasem Ghavam

The Role of Women in Bahram Beyzaie's Works According to Simone de Beauvoir's Theories in The Second Sex 59 Ali Eshghi Sardehi

An Intertexutal Analysis of Valadname, Resaleye Sipahsalar, and Manaqib al-'Arifin Based on Gerard Genette's Theory 87 Farzad Baloo, Batool Mahdavi, Hajar Agh

Ecological Analysis of the Poetry of Forough Farrokhzad based on the Theory of Ecocriticism 115 Moslem Zolfagharkhani

A Study of the Minimalistic Structure of Gulistan of Saadi 143 Issa Najafi, Sirros Gazlani, Masoud Bavanpouri

A Post-Imperialist Glance at People’s Self-Image in the 21st Century Britain: A Case Study of Stephenson’s play, Enlightenment 175 Behzad Ghaderi Sohi

Scientific counselors for this issue (Scholarly-Research): Alavi Moghaddam, Mehyar, Ph.D. (Hakim Sabzevari University); Davoudi, Mohammad, Ph.D. (Hakim Sabzevari University); Delbari, Hasan, Ph.D. (Hakim Sabzevari University); Estaji,

Ebrahim, Ph.D. (Hakim Sabzevari University); Gholamhossienzadeh, Gholamhossein, Ph.D. (Tarbiat Modarres University); Guzelyuz, Ali, Ph.D. (Istanbul University); JafarPour,Milad(yazd University);Jalali ,Maryam, Ph.D. (Beheshti University); Modarresi, Fatemeh, Ph.D.(Urmia University); Mohammadian, Abbas, Ph.D.(Hakim Sabzevari University); Poorkhaleghi Chatroodi, Mahdokht, Ph.D. (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad); Pournamdarian,Taghi, Ph.D.(Institute For Humanities And Cultural Studies); Radfar, Abolghasem, Ph.D.(Institute For Humanities And Cultural Studies); Tasnimi, Ali, Ph.D. (Hakim Sabzevari University); Zarghani, Mehdi, Ph.D. (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad).

Style of Writing, Article Preparation Guidelines A. Aims & Scope The Journal of Studies on Literary Theory and Genres is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran. All Iranians and foreign authors are kindly encouraged to submit their unpublished works w hich are not under review in any other journal. This journal publishes articles in different areas of Literary Criticism, but preference is given to papers related to theoretical and practical issues in literary theory and genres. The journal seeks to help the researchers and academicians to update their knowledge of the latest achievements in areas such as literary criticism, literary theory and literary genres. We invite original, previously unpublished, research papers and reviews. B. Terms of Acceptance 1. The Editor will assume that an article submitted for consideration has not been previously published, and is not being considered for publication elsewhere, either in the submitted form or in a modified version. 2 In order to submit the manuscripts, authors are requested to refer to the journal website: www.journals.hsu.ac.ir. Firstly, authors need to register according to the given instructions in the website. Once registered, the authors will receive an e-mail containing their passwords. Then, they can sign in and submit their manuscripts by following the given steps. Papers which are submitted otherwise would not undergo review process. 3. The Editor does not undertake to return any copies of the manuscript. Contributors are advised to retain at least one copy for themselves. 4. Contributions to JLTJ journal are sent to members of the Editorial Advisory Panel and acceptance is dependent upon their recommendation for publication. Within approximately three months of receiving it, the Editor will try to let you know whether, and if possible when, your contribution will be published. 5. The Editor reserves the right to ask for reformatting of articles not submitted in the way indicated in this guide. 6. The Editor reserves the right to make editorial changes in any manuscript accepted for publication to enhance style or clarity. A copy-edited version of the article will be sent to authors for approval, and should be returned with comments and/or corrections by the given date. Please, therefore, give your full address, fax number, and email address (if available). 7. The publisher and the journal have a zero-tolerance plagiarism policy. We check the issue using two methods: a plagiarism prevention tool (iThenticate) and a reviewer check. All submissions will be checked by iThenticate before being sent to reviewers. C. Review Process 1) Upon receipt of a submission, the editor sends an e-mail of confirmation to the submission’s author within one to three working days. If you fail to receive this confirmation, your submission e-mail may have been missed. 2) Peer review. We use a double-blind system for peer review; both reviewers’ and authors’ identities remain anonymous. The paper will be reviewed by at least two experts: one editorial staff member and at least one external reviewer. The review process may take two to three weeks. 3) Notification of the result of review by e-mail.

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6 Style of Writing Vol.1, No.2 Studies on Literary Theory and Genres

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دااگشنه حکی م سبزواری

Hakim Sabzevari University

Journal of Studies on Literary Theory and Genres The Journal: Quarterly (A Scientific Research Journal) Publisher: Hakim Sabzevari University Executive Director: Dr. Abbas Mohammadian Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Mehyar Alavi Moghaddam

Editorial Board: Ahmad Amiri Khorasani, Ph.D. Professor, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Ali Guzelyuz, Ph.D. Seyyed Ali Asghar Mirbagherifard, Ph.D. Professor, Istanbul University Professor, University of Isfahan Mahdokht Poorkhaleghi Chatroodi, Ph.D. Claus Valling Pedersen, Ph.D. Professor, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Associate Professor, Copenhagen University Kavoos Hasanli, Ph.D. Mehyar Alavi Moghaddam, Ph.D. Professor, Shiraz University Associate Professor, Hakim Sabzevari University Ahmad Razi, Ph.D. Hamid Reza Shairi, Ph.D. Professor, University of Guilan Professor, Tarbiat Modares University Eshagh Toghyani, Ph.D. Abbas Mohammadian, Ph.D. Professor, University of Isfahan Associate Professor, Hakim Sabzevari University Hossein Ali Ghobadi, Ph.D. Alireza Nikooei, Ph.D. Professor, Tarbiat Modares University Associate Professor, University of Guilan

Internal Manager: Dr. Hasan Delbari English Editor: Dr. Mohammad Davoudi Persian Editor, Page Designer, & Site: Ali Sadeghi Manesh (Ph.D. Candidate)

Address: Khorasan Razavi Province, Sabzevar, Tohid Shahr, Hakim Sabzevari University Campus, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Office of Journal of Studies on Literary Theory and Genres. Telephone: 05144013120 Fax: 05144013120

ISSN: 2476-6577 www.journals.hsu.ac.ir/ltg In the name of god

دااگشنه حکیم سبزواری Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar, Iran

Journal of Studies on Literary Theory and Genres

(A Scientific Research Journal)

Approved by the Iranian Ministry of Culture & Islamic Guidance

(Number 29643/93 dated 2016/2/22)

Volume 1, Number 2 Spring 2016