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Turbinella Pyrum, Linn.) and Its Relation to Hindu Life and Religion

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CO 2- ,.. CO JARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIIDIUSNI NVINOSHIIWS S3ldVdan LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION co co co ^ = co ^ 2 , . Z - - DlllSNrNVIN0SHllWS S3 IdVdan^LIBRARI ES^SMITHSONIAN^INSTITUTION """N0I1D1I1SNI NVIN0SH1IWS S3 I dVd 3 I : fjO'C- ¥U, THE INDIAN CONCH (TURBINELLA PYRUM, LINN.) AND ITS RELATION TO HINDU LIFE AND RELIGION/ BY JAMES HORNELL, F.L.S. Marine Assistant, Department of Fisheries, Madras, and formerly Marine Biologist to the Government of Ceylon {Extracted from a "Report to the Government of Baroda on the Marine Zoology of Okhamanda! in Kattiawar," Part //] Z33 I W LONDON WILLIAMS AND NORGATE 1915 NOTICE FTER CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE JNER MARGIN AND TYPE OF MATERIAL E HAVE SEWN THIS VOLUME BY HAND D IT CAN BE MORE EASILY OPENED IMD READ. MARINE ZOOLOGY OF OKHAMANDAL, Pt. II PLATE U (FRONTISPIECE) Uo Figs. 1, 2 and 3. Sinistral chanks respectively in the Satya Bhamaji, Shank Narayan and Lakshmi Temples, Bet, Kathiawar. —— — SO/9 THE INDIAN CONCH (TURBINELLA PYRUM, LINN.) AND ITS RELATION TO HINDU LIFE AND RELIGION ) JAMES HORNELL, F.LS., in Marine Assistant, Department of Fisheries, Madras, and formerly Marine Biologist to the Government of Ceylon [With Seven Plates and Two Text-figures] Introductory 2 I. —Life-history and Local Races of the Chank 3 II. The Sources of Industrial Supply 8 III. The Role Played by the Chank in Indian Religion and Like 11 (1) Legendary and Historical 11 (2) Present Day Uses :— PACE (a) In Religious Ceremonial and (</) Totems . ... 33 Vulgar Superstition (in- (/<) Evil-eye Superstitions .... 34 cluding Marriage and (i) Personal Adornment 38 Death Rites) ... 18 (.;') Feeding Spouts 43 (b) Branding and Tattooing 25 (k) As Currency and in Armorial Bearings 43 (c) The Mendicant's Conch 28 (/) Lime-making 45 (rf) Dedication of Temples and (ro) Medicine 45 Houses 29 (n) Food 47 (e) Marriage Ceremonies . 30 (o) Incense Sticks 47 (/) Death Ceremonies . 32 (p) Assembly Calls, etc 4S IV. The Use of Chank Bangles — (1) In Northern India 49 (2) In the Madras Presidency .V. (3) The Antiquity of the Chank-bangle Industry : (a) In the Tinneyei.ly District in the beginning of the Christian Era ... 58 (/<) Its Former Existence in the Deccan, Gujarat and Kathiavar . U4 V. The Scope for the Development of a Shell-bangle Industry in Okhamandal .... 74 [NTRODUCTORY To all Hindus the important position occupied l>y the Sacred Condi (Turbhtilhi pyrum, Linn.), the Sankha of Sanscrit literature and the Sanku or Chanku of Tamil speech, in their religion is a commonplace of everyday knowledge ; few, however, are aware of the intimate relationship it bears to a hundred common incidents in the ordinary life of the people in many localities and among widely sundered races, tribes, and castes. In the following pages an attempt will be made to survey this little known by-way in the life and history of the Indian world, to show how superstition looks upon the Sankha as an amulet against the powers of evil, how this belief is among the oldest and most tenaciously held by Animist and Hindu, by Muhammadan and by Buddhist ; to indicate the way this belief has brought the shell into prominence in the Hindu religion, and to detail how it subserves as well, a hundred different uses in the daily lives of millions of Indians—how it is associated with infancy, marriage and death, and finally how its employment in the form of ornamental bangles was once the subject of an important industry in several widely separated parts of India, prominent being Kathiawar and Gujarat where to-day all memory of it has vanished. In connection with this latter point I trust that the attention now drawn to it, may result in the revival in Kathiawar of an industry that has more good things than usual in its favour if we consider other aims than that of mere money-making ; no objects manufactured in India are more artistic and pleasing than the handsome milk-white bangles made in Dacca workshops for the ladies of Bengal. In the course of collecting the materials for this essay, difficult problems have taken form. Some we can solve, but others remain obscure ; among the latter may be mentioned the unknown cause for the cessation and disappearance of the chank bangle industry in Kathiawar, Gujarat and the Deccan, and the question whether the use of chank bangles among a few sections of several castes in South India is in the nature of a survival of a once universal custom. Another point to which I wish to draw attention is the bearing upon the antiquity of trade relations between India and the Persian Gulf in the recognition I made last year of several exhibits in the Louvre as consisting of objects carved from the shell of the Indian conch. True it is that they go back only some 500 years B.C. but it is some- HORNELI THE INDIAN CONCH 3 thing definitely accomplished when we can say with certainty that at this date we have positive evidence of the employment of the Indian chank, probably in religious service, in one of the great capitals of the Achsemenid dynasty of Persia. An examination of remains from Babylonian and Assyrian sites with a view to discover articles cut from this shell might well have profitable and important historical results. I am well aware of the many lacunae in the story I offer, particularly in regard to ancient references to the Sankka preserved in the Sanscrit classics ; there may also books to be many valuable passages in ancient Gujarati works ; these were sealed me and I can but hope that others with the necessary qualifications may make good what is wanting in the present account. LIFE-HISTORY AND LOCAL RACES The Indian Conch, Turbinella pyrum, Linn., is a handsome gastropod mollusc found in Indian waters in large numbers in comparatively shallow water. Its geographical off Kathia- distribution is peculiar ; on the west coast of India large numbers are fished the war coast, but southward of this, we find no trace of the chank till we reach the southern coastline of Travancore where this shell again appears and forms the object of a small fishery. On the East Coast of India its distribution is more extensive, being found and fished everywhere from Cape Comorin to Madras City. The northern limit on this coast may be placed at the mouths of the Godaveri, where I have found a few shells, all marked by stunted growth—individuals living in an unfavourable environment. The northern shores of Ceylon, from Puttalam in the north-west to Trincomalee on the north-east, yield large numbers of this shell ; it is also to be found at the Andaman Islands.
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