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Turbinella Pyrum, Linn.) and Its Relation to Hindu Life and Religion

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Sinistral chanks respectively in the Satya Bhamaji, Shank Narayan and Lakshmi Temples, Bet, Kathiawar. —— — SO/9 THE INDIAN CONCH (TURBINELLA PYRUM, LINN.) AND ITS RELATION TO HINDU LIFE AND RELIGION ) JAMES HORNELL, F.LS., in Marine Assistant, Department of Fisheries, Madras, and formerly Marine Biologist to the Government of Ceylon [With Seven Plates and Two Text-figures] Introductory 2 I. —Life-history and Local Races of the Chank 3 II. The Sources of Industrial Supply 8 III. The Role Played by the Chank in Indian Religion and Like 11 (1) Legendary and Historical 11 (2) Present Day Uses :— PACE (a) In Religious Ceremonial and (</) Totems . ... 33 Vulgar Superstition (in- (/<) Evil-eye Superstitions .... 34 cluding Marriage and (i) Personal Adornment 38 Death Rites) ... 18 (.;') Feeding Spouts 43 (b) Branding and Tattooing 25 (k) As Currency and in Armorial Bearings 43 (c) The Mendicant's Conch 28 (/) Lime-making 45 (rf) Dedication of Temples and (ro) Medicine 45 Houses 29 (n) Food 47 (e) Marriage Ceremonies . 30 (o) Incense Sticks 47 (/) Death Ceremonies . 32 (p) Assembly Calls, etc 4S IV. The Use of Chank Bangles — (1) In Northern India 49 (2) In the Madras Presidency .V. (3) The Antiquity of the Chank-bangle Industry : (a) In the Tinneyei.ly District in the beginning of the Christian Era ... 58 (/<) Its Former Existence in the Deccan, Gujarat and Kathiavar . U4 V. The Scope for the Development of a Shell-bangle Industry in Okhamandal .... 74 [NTRODUCTORY To all Hindus the important position occupied l>y the Sacred Condi (Turbhtilhi pyrum, Linn.), the Sankha of Sanscrit literature and the Sanku or Chanku of Tamil speech, in their religion is a commonplace of everyday knowledge ; few, however, are aware of the intimate relationship it bears to a hundred common incidents in the ordinary life of the people in many localities and among widely sundered races, tribes, and castes. In the following pages an attempt will be made to survey this little known by-way in the life and history of the Indian world, to show how superstition looks upon the Sankha as an amulet against the powers of evil, how this belief is among the oldest and most tenaciously held by Animist and Hindu, by Muhammadan and by Buddhist ; to indicate the way this belief has brought the shell into prominence in the Hindu religion, and to detail how it subserves as well, a hundred different uses in the daily lives of millions of Indians—how it is associated with infancy, marriage and death, and finally how its employment in the form of ornamental bangles was once the subject of an important industry in several widely separated parts of India, prominent being Kathiawar and Gujarat where to-day all memory of it has vanished. In connection with this latter point I trust that the attention now drawn to it, may result in the revival in Kathiawar of an industry that has more good things than usual in its favour if we consider other aims than that of mere money-making ; no objects manufactured in India are more artistic and pleasing than the handsome milk-white bangles made in Dacca workshops for the ladies of Bengal. In the course of collecting the materials for this essay, difficult problems have taken form. Some we can solve, but others remain obscure ; among the latter may be mentioned the unknown cause for the cessation and disappearance of the chank bangle industry in Kathiawar, Gujarat and the Deccan, and the question whether the use of chank bangles among a few sections of several castes in South India is in the nature of a survival of a once universal custom. Another point to which I wish to draw attention is the bearing upon the antiquity of trade relations between India and the Persian Gulf in the recognition I made last year of several exhibits in the Louvre as consisting of objects carved from the shell of the Indian conch. True it is that they go back only some 500 years B.C. but it is some- HORNELI THE INDIAN CONCH 3 thing definitely accomplished when we can say with certainty that at this date we have positive evidence of the employment of the Indian chank, probably in religious service, in one of the great capitals of the Achsemenid dynasty of Persia. An examination of remains from Babylonian and Assyrian sites with a view to discover articles cut from this shell might well have profitable and important historical results. I am well aware of the many lacunae in the story I offer, particularly in regard to ancient references to the Sankka preserved in the Sanscrit classics ; there may also books to be many valuable passages in ancient Gujarati works ; these were sealed me and I can but hope that others with the necessary qualifications may make good what is wanting in the present account. LIFE-HISTORY AND LOCAL RACES The Indian Conch, Turbinella pyrum, Linn., is a handsome gastropod mollusc found in Indian waters in large numbers in comparatively shallow water. Its geographical off Kathia- distribution is peculiar ; on the west coast of India large numbers are fished the war coast, but southward of this, we find no trace of the chank till we reach the southern coastline of Travancore where this shell again appears and forms the object of a small fishery. On the East Coast of India its distribution is more extensive, being found and fished everywhere from Cape Comorin to Madras City. The northern limit on this coast may be placed at the mouths of the Godaveri, where I have found a few shells, all marked by stunted growth—individuals living in an unfavourable environment. The northern shores of Ceylon, from Puttalam in the north-west to Trincomalee on the north-east, yield large numbers of this shell ; it is also to be found at the Andaman Islands.
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    SANATANA DHARMA & SASTRA PRACHARA PUBLICATIONS & FREE DISTRIBUTION SERIES A Non detailed Text book for Vedic and Samskrit Students बालबोधसङ्ग्रहः – १४ BALABODHA SANGRAHA - 14 Sweet Memories of Our Ancient Bharatiya Agraharam and Village Streets and Life – Part 1 Compiled with blessings and under instructions and guidance of Paramahamsa Parivrajakacharya Jagadguru Sri Sankara Vijayendra Saraswathi Swamiji 70th Sankaracharya of Moolamnaya Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham Offered with devotion and humility by Sri Atma Bodha Tirtha Swamiji (Sri Kumbakonam Swamiji) Disciple of Ilandurai Pujyasri Kuvalayananda Tirtha Swamiji (Sri Tambudu Swamiji – Brahma Vidya Diksha Guru) and of Melakkaveri Pujyasri Panchapagesa Brahmendra Saraswathi Swamiji (Brahma Vidya Guru) Translation from Tamil by P.R.Kannan, Navi Mumbai 1 गोििन्ददेििकमुपास्यििरायभक्त्या तिस्मिन्स्थतेिनजमिहििििदेहमुक्त्या। ऄद्वैतभाष्यमुपकल्प्यददिोिििज्य काञ्चीपुरेिस्थितमिापसिङ्ग्कराययः॥ Adoring Guru Sri Govinda Bhagavatpada for long and after he attained Videhamukti through his own power, Sri Sankaracharya wrote commentaries to establish Advaita philosophy, won over opponents in all directions and finally rested in Kanchipuram, where his Avatara period concluded. (From „Patanjali Charitram‟ of Sri Ramabhadra Dikshitar) ऄपारक셁णामूर्ततज्ञानदंिान्त셂िपणम्। श्रीिन्रिेखरगु셁ंप्रणतोऽिस्ममुदान्िहम्॥ I pay obeisance every day with great happiness to Sri Chandrasekhara Guru, who is the embodiment of unlimited compassion, the bestower of Gnana, the very form of peace. (From „Guru Stuti‟ of Jagadguru
  • Sandhyopaasan:The Hindu Ritual As a Foundation of Vedic Education

    Sandhyopaasan:The Hindu Ritual As a Foundation of Vedic Education

    53| Rajendra Raj Timilsina Sandhyopaasan:The Hindu Ritual as a Foundation of Vedic Education Rajendra Raj Timilsina Abstract Yoga, meditation and Hasta Mudra Chikitsa (medication through the exercise or gesture of hands) known as spiritual activities in the past have been emerged as bases to maintain one’s health, peace and tranquility. Some people follow yoga, some focus on meditation and others apply “Hasta Chikitsa” or “Mudra”. They are separate traditional exercises. They require to spend 10 to 30 minutes once or twice a day for their optional exercise/s. It is proved that such practice has productive effect in different health treatments. This paper has applied the methods of observation, interview and literature review as qualitative paradigm in exploring their original roots of Vedic Sandhyopaasan. Twice born castes (Brahman, Chhetri and Baishya) of Nepali Hindu society has been found practicing all components of the exercises as a unified ritual of Sandhyopaasan. Upanayan (Bratabandha) ritual teaches Sandhyopaasan procedures for self control and self healing of the performers. Brahman is not eligible as Brahman without doing the ritual daily. However, this study has found that some Dalits have also been practicing Sandhyopaasan daily and feeling relaxed. Findings of this study show that Sandhyopaasan is a compact package of yoga, meditations and Hasta Chikitsa. Students and gurus of Vedas have been regularly following the compact package for inner peace and self control. Root of yoga, meditation and “Mudra” is Sandhyopaasan and this is the base of Hindu education system. The paper analyzes the ritual through Hindu educational perspective. Keywords: Sandhyopaasan, ritual, peace of mind, health, Nepali Hinduism 54| Rajendra Raj Timilsina 1.
  • Check List and Occurrence of Marine Gastropoda Along the Palk Bay Region, Southeast Coast of India

    Check List and Occurrence of Marine Gastropoda Along the Palk Bay Region, Southeast Coast of India

    Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 2013, 4(1): 195-199 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Check list and occurrence of marine gastropoda along the palk bay region, southeast coast of India Elaiyaraja C, Rajasekaran R* and Sekar V. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The marine biodiversity of the southeast coast of India is rich and much of the world’s wealth of biodiversity is found in highly diverse coastal habitats. A present study was carried out on marine gastropod accessibility among Palk Bay region of Tamilnadu coastline to identify, quantify and assess the shell resources potential for development of a small-scale shell industry. A large collection of marine gastropod was made among the coastal line of Mallipattinam and Kottaipattinam found 61 species (25 families) of marine gastropods over a 12 months period from Aug- 2011 to July- 2012. A totally of 61 species belonging to 55 species of 40 genera were recorded at station 1 and 56 species belonging to 41 genera were identified at station 2. Most of the species were common in both landings centre with slight differences but some species like Turritella duplicate, Strombus canarium, Cyprae onyxadusta, Marginella angustata, and Harpa major were available in station 1 not available in station 2. The present study revealed that the occurrence of marine gastropods species along the Palk Bay region of Tamilnadu coastline. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Though marine science has established much attention in Tamilnadu coastline in the recent years, marine mollusks studies are still overseen by many researchers.
  • Shell's Field Guide C.20.1 150 FB.Pdf

    Shell's Field Guide C.20.1 150 FB.Pdf

    1 C.20.1 Human beings have an innate connection and fascination with the ocean & wildlife, but still we know more about the moon than our Oceans. so it’s a our effort to introduce a small part of second largest phylum “Mollusca”, with illustration of about 600 species / verities Which will quit useful for those, who are passionate and involved with exploring shells. This database made from our personal collection made by us in last 15 years. Also we have introduce website “www.conchology.co.in” where one can find more introduction related to our col- lection, general knowledge of sea life & phylum “Mollusca”. Mehul D. Patel & Hiral M. Patel At.Talodh, Near Water Tank Po.Bilimora - 396321 Dist - Navsari, Gujarat, India [email protected] www.conchology.co.in 2 Table of Contents Hints to Understand illustration 4 Reference Books 5 Mollusca Classification Details 6 Hypothetical view of Gastropoda & Bivalvia 7 Habitat 8 Shell collecting tips 9 Shell Identification Plates 12 Habitat : Sea Class : Bivalvia 12 Class : Cephalopoda 30 Class : Gastropoda 31 Class : Polyplacophora 147 Class : Scaphopoda 147 Habitat : Land Class : Gastropoda 148 Habitat :Freshwater Class : Bivalvia 157 Class : Gastropoda 158 3 Hints to Understand illustration Scientific Name Author Common Name Reference Book Page Serial No. No. 5 as Details shown Average Size Species No. For Internal Ref. Habitat : Sea Image of species From personal Land collection (Not in Scale) Freshwater Page No.8 4 Reference Books Book Name Short Format Used Example Book Front Look p-Plate No.-Species Indian Seashells, by Dr.Apte p-29-16 No.