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Characterization of Conch Shell Nanoparticles (Shanka Bhasma

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Characterization of Conch Shell Nanoparticles (Shanka Bhasma Scholars International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Abbreviated Key Title: Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med ISSN 2616-8634 (Print) |ISSN 2617-3891 (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: https://saudijournals.com/sijtcm Original Research Article Characterization of Conch Shell Nanoparticles (Shanka Bhasma) Synthesized by the Classical Method Sanwal Savita1, Yadav Yadevedra2*, Sharma Usha3, Rawat Sushma4, Sharma Khemchand5 1P.G Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, 3,4Associate Professor, 5Professor and Head, P G Deptt of RS & BK, Uttarkhand Ayurved University, Rishikul Campus, Haridwar, India 249401 DOI: 10.36348/sijtcm.2020.v03i05.002 | Received: 03.04.2020 | Accepted: 10.04.2020 | Published: 17.05.2020 *Corresponding author: Dr. Yadevendra Yadav Abstract Shankha (Conch) is one of member of Sudha varga (A class of calcium containing compound). It is used in various stomach ailments from many centuries. Shankha Bhasma (Conch Ash) is chief ingredient of many formulations. Physical and chemical characterization is fundamental step to understand the importance of determining efficacy and evaluating the clinically approved medicines of Tradition and complementary medicine (TCM). The physical characterization of Conch Ash was done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) and particle size analysis by sieving technique and composition of heavy metals and its limits was determined using by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). For chemical characterization pH, Loss on drying, total ash, Acid insoluble ash, Water soluble ash was performed. The results revealed that Bhasmikarana (Incineration) process use in preparation ultimately changes the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate of Shankha aragonite form into calcite from, along with formation of Portlandite and Lime in majority. FTIR spectra also confirm this assertion. Cubic- like calcite crystals of Conch Ash and rod-like aragonite crystals of conch shell powders were observed by SEM. The prepared formulation has nanoparticles with the average particle size ranging from to 62-90 nm as estimated using SEM and crystal size analysis by XRD. Keywords: Shankha, Bhasma, Conch Ash, Shikarkhar Gajputa, Aragonite, Calcite. Copyright @ 2020: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the original author and source are credited. NTRODUCTION The inner surfaces of the shell are gleaming, but the I outer surface exhibits high tuberculation [3]. In its Herbs and mineral obtained from natural earliest references, Shankha is mentioned as origins have been extensively employed in Ayurvedic a trumpet and in this form, it became an emblem of formulations [1]. Animal product and by-product are Vishnu [4]. Based on its direction of coiling, the also an integral part of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Shankha has two varieties (i) Vamavarta ("left-turned" Marine by-products like conches, pearls, mother of as viewed with the aperture uppermost): best and rear, pearl shells and corals have been used in Ayurvedic use in a religious context (ii) Dakshinavarta medicine for centuries.[2] Shankha is a conch shell of Shankha commonest and use in Marana (incineration) religious and ritual importance in Buddhism [5]. Shankha is used in Ayurveda medicinal and Hinduism . It is the shell of a large predatory sea formulations to treat many ailments. Shankha Bhasma snail, Turbinella pyrum, Turbinella rapa or Xanchus (Conch Ash) is commonly prepared from Conch shell pyrum found in the Indian Ocean. Shankha (Conch) is a which is mentioned in several Ayurvedic literatures [6]. member of Mollusc’s largest class- Gastropoda, family- Shankh Bhasma derived is an Ayurvedic formulation Turbinellidae. These molluscs are enclosed in a shell popularly used for the treatment of [7] GIT ailments, and the shell is very hard & dense calcareous structure. because it has, has Sheetal (cooling), Kshariya The overall dimension of the main body of the shell is (alkaline), Grahi (adsorbent) and Vishahara conical or oblong. In the oblong form, it has a bulging (detoxifying) properties. Its Bhasma is white and is in the middle portion but conical at each end. The upper alkaline. It is used in the treatment of Amlapitta portion (the siphonal canal) is corkscrew-shaped, while (Dyspepsia), Agnimand (Loss of Appetite), Parinam the lower end (the spire) is tapering and twisted. Its Shula (Peptic ulcer), Grahini (Ulcerative colitis), colour is dull, and the surface is brittle, hard and Tarunyapedika (Acne vulgaris) and Netrpusphahara translucent. Like all snail shells, the interior is hollow. © 2020 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 90 Sanwal Savita et al., Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med, May., 2020; 3(5): 90-99 (eye infections). Maximum dose of this Bhasma is 250 divided into two processes namely, first is Shodhana mg [8]. It is an important ingredients of many (Purification) and final is Marana (Incineration). Thus, preparations like Pravalpanchamirta Rasa, Kaphaketu here this methodology is also adopted. Rasa, Shankha Vati and Chandrodaya Varti, et al. [9]. It is prepared as Shankha Nabhi (Inner conch shell) Purification of Conch Ash, known in Sanskrit as Shankha Bhasma, which is Shodhana [12] process for Conch was prepared by soaking the shell in the lime juice (Citrus carefully chosen from the textbook of Rasa Tarangini limon L.), Jayanti Swarasa (Sesbania sesban), [8] First of all, Nimbu Swarasa (Lemon juice) was Tanduliyak Swarasa (Amaranthus viridis) or Kanji and prepared by the mechanical method of extraction from boils for 4 pehara (12 hrs) [8]. The obtained fresh lemon employed by kitchen lemon squeezer and intermediate preparation is triturated with the pulp of screened off the seeds and fibrous pulp through SS Ghrut-kumari leaf (Aloe vera) then calcination in strainer. Small pieces of conch shell were made by covered earthen crucibles, 2 times, and finally reducing crushing into the iron pounding instrument. A Pottali it to powder ash. It provides a good supplementation of (Bag) was made by keeping these pieces in a double calcium as properly manufactured Bhasma (Ash) fold muslin cloth. This bag was hanged in the S.S. contains 61.36% of the calcium in the form of CaCO3, vessel with the support of wooden stick with special which was the first antacid known to be used. The care to avoid touching its bottom and liquid media, i.e., different unit operative employed in preparation of the clarified lemon juice was poured into the vessel until Bhasmas (Ash) includes specifications for products the bag was entirely dipped in it. Then the vessel was including the use of particular raw-materials and kept over the gas stove at medium flame. This reagents. These operation and intermediate media are arrangement is called “Dola Yantra” and the procedure responsible for the addition of medicinal value in the is called Swedana (Steam baking). The process was initial raw drug. Bhasma is a preparation of metal and continued for 12 hours; during the operation, a mineral goes through various specified processes frequently small amount of lemon juice was added in describing the time durations for trituration treatments the vessel in order to maintain the level of lemon juice. and calcinations procedures. Although, these After this, the bag was opened and the Conch shell specifications of the systematic methodology of pieces were taken out and thoroughly cleaned with preparation. There are very few scientific documents lukewarm water and dried. for explanations of these long procedures of preparation [10]. Characterization is an essential part of Marana pharmaceutical science, refers to general process by Mardan is the very tedious operation, and it which a material's structure and properties are probed can be divided into 3 phases viz Bhawana (Levigation and measured. Therefore, it is a fundamental process in in specified media)[13], Chakarika-Nirman drug development without which no scientific (pelletization), Puta (traditional method of Incineration explaination of drug action could be ascertained [11]. in a pit)[14]. In this practice mixture of purified raw SOP and Protocol testing is mention in Ayurvedic material i.e, Conch (800gm) and stated amount of liquid Formulary of India [7]. However, microscopic media is levigated in a black stone mortar with the help characterization is still required to understand the of pestle until its consistency change into a thick paste, pharmacological aspect of medicine and also to suitable for preparing Chakrikas (pellets), then pellets understand the identity, purity and strength of the are made and spread on the plastic sheet for sun drying. product. This study has also established the standard After proper drying of pellets, they are weighed, operating procedure (SOP), and established the In- and Sharavasamputa (sealing of pre-filled earthen process quality control (IPQC) and finished product saucer) was done with the help of two Sharava (earthen quality control (FPQC) for quality Assurance (QA). saucer), and the junction was sealed by double-folded mud-smeared muslin cloth and again allowed for MATERIALS AND METHOD complete drying. Then it was subjected to “Putapaka”. Preparation of the formulation Generally in the Marana (Incineration) process
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