History of Tbilisi
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Georgia's Technology Needs Assessment
ANNEX MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GEORGIAN POWER PLANTS by the state of 1990 and 1999 TABLE 1-1 Installed capacity, Designed output of Actual generation of Installed capacity use factor Actual generation of No Electricity generation plants electricity, electricity, Designed Actual thermal energy, MW Thousand KWh Thousand KWh % % MWh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 THERMAL ELECTRIC STATIONS 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1 Tbilsresi 1400 1700 8400 10200 5578.1 1609,6 68,49 68,49 45,48 10,8 103982 1163 2 Tkvarchelsresi 220 0 1320 0 344 0 68,49 0 17,9 0 0 0 3 Tbiltetsi (Tbilisi CHP) 18 18 108 108 96,2 24,2 68,49 68,49 61 15,34 437015 32010 Total for thermal electric plants 1638 1718 9828 10308 6018,3 1633,8 68,49 68,49 41,94 10,35 540997 33173 HYDRO POWER PLANTS 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 4 Engurhesi 1300 1300 4340 4340 3579,3 2684,1 38,11 38,11 31,43 23,56 - - 5 Vardnilhesi-1 220 220 700 700 643,6 525,4 36,32 36,32 33,39 27,26 - - 6 Vardnilhesi-2 40 0 127 0 116 0 36,24 0 33,11 0 - - 7 Vardnilhesi-3 40 0 127 0 112,9 0 36,24 0 32,22 0 - - 8 Vardnilhesi-4 40 0 137 0 112,5 0 39,09 0 32,1 0 - - 9 Khramhesi-1 113,45 113,45 217 217 198,2 217,1 21,83 21,83 19,94 21,83 - - 10 Khramhesi-2 110 110 370 370 285,3 207,5 38,39 38,39 29,6 21,53 - - 11 Jinvalhesi 130 130 500 500 361,6 362 43,9 53,9 31,75 31,78 - - 12 Shaorhesi 38,4 38,4 148 148 134,7 167,2 43,99 43,99 40,04 49,7 - - 13 Tkibulhesi 80 80 165 165 165,9 133,8 23,54 23,54 23,67 19,09 - - 14 Rionhesi 48 48 325 325 247,2 243.8 77,25 77,25 58,76 58,76 - -
Tbilisi in Figures 2018
TBILISI IN FIGURES 2018 1 Economic Development Office Tbilisi City Hall TBILISI Georgia PREFACE The annual edition of Tbilisi Statistics overview is published by the Economic Development Office of Tbilisi City Hall. The publication provides general information on city developments and captures main economic trends. 4 CONTENTS International Ranking 2018 6 History of Tbilisi 8 Urban Area and Climate 11 Politics and Urban Administration 16 People in Tbilisi 19 Living in Tbilisi 23 Tourism in Tbilisi 26 Culture & Leisure 29 Education & Research 32 Economy of Tbilisi 34 Traffic and Mobility 43 International Cooperation 47 5 International Ranking 2018 6 DOING BUSINESS 1st place in Europe&Central Asia 9th place Worldwide ECONOMIC FREEDOM INDEX 9th place in Europe 16th place Worldwide THE GOOD COUNTRY 11th place in Open Trade Worldwide THE WORLDS CHEAPEST CITIES 3rd place in Central Asia 11th place Worldwide International Rankings 2018 7 History of Tbilisi 8 IV century the most important crossroad in Georgia VI century the capital city and the political center of the country XII century the cultural center of Georgia and the whole Caucasus 1755 A philosophical Seminary in Tbilisi 1872-1883 Establishment of railway with Poti, Batumi and Baku History of Tbilisi 9 1918 The First Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918 Tbilisi State University 1928 Tbilisi International Airport 1966 establishment of Tbilisi Metro 2010 the first direct Mayoral elections of the city History of Tbilisi 10 Urban Area and Climate 11 Land Use Urbanized area: City area 502 km2 158 km2 Green space: 145.5 km2 Perimeter 150.5 km Density: 2 217 pers. -
Georgian Country and Culture Guide
Georgian Country and Culture Guide მშვიდობის კორპუსი საქართველოში Peace Corps Georgia 2017 Forward What you have in your hands right now is the collaborate effort of numerous Peace Corps Volunteers and staff, who researched, wrote and edited the entire book. The process began in the fall of 2011, when the Language and Cross-Culture component of Peace Corps Georgia launched a Georgian Country and Culture Guide project and PCVs from different regions volunteered to do research and gather information on their specific areas. After the initial information was gathered, the arduous process of merging the researched information began. Extensive editing followed and this is the end result. The book is accompanied by a CD with Georgian music and dance audio and video files. We hope that this book is both informative and useful for you during your service. Sincerely, The Culture Book Team Initial Researchers/Writers Culture Sara Bushman (Director Programming and Training, PC Staff, 2010-11) History Jack Brands (G11), Samantha Oliver (G10) Adjara Jen Geerlings (G10), Emily New (G10) Guria Michelle Anderl (G11), Goodloe Harman (G11), Conor Hartnett (G11), Kaitlin Schaefer (G10) Imereti Caitlin Lowery (G11) Kakheti Jack Brands (G11), Jana Price (G11), Danielle Roe (G10) Kvemo Kartli Anastasia Skoybedo (G11), Chase Johnson (G11) Samstkhe-Javakheti Sam Harris (G10) Tbilisi Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Workplace Culture Kimberly Tramel (G11), Shannon Knudsen (G11), Tami Timmer (G11), Connie Ross (G11) Compilers/Final Editors Jack Brands (G11) Caitlin Lowery (G11) Conor Hartnett (G11) Emily New (G10) Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Compilers of Audio and Video Files Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Irakli Elizbarashvili (IT Specialist, PC Staff) Revised and updated by Tea Sakvarelidze (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator) and Kakha Gordadze (Training Manager). -
Georgia Page 1 of 21
Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Georgia Page 1 of 21 Georgia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 6, 2007 The constitution of the Georgian republic provides for an executive branch that reports to the president, a unicameral Parliament, and an independent judiciary. The country has a population of approximately 4.4 million. In 2003 former president Shevardnadze resigned during what became known as the Rose Revolution. Mikheil Saakashvili won the presidency in 2004 with over 90 percent of the vote in an election, and his National Movement Party won a majority of seats in the Parliament. International observers determined that the 2004 presidential and parliamentary elections represented significant progress over previous elections and brought the country closer to meeting international standards, although several irregularities were noted. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces. The government's human rights record improved in some areas during the year, although serious problems remained. While the government took significant steps to address these problems, there were some reports of deaths due to excessive use of force by law enforcement officers, cases of torture and mistreatment of detainees, increased abuse of prisoners, impunity, continued overuse of pretrial detention for less serious offenses, worsened conditions in prisons and pretrial detention facilities, and lack of access for average citizens to defense attorneys. Other areas of concern included reports of government pressure on the judiciary and the media and - despite a substantial reduction due to reforms led by the president - corruption. -
Energy Policy Review: Georgia 2020
Georgia 2020 Energy Policy Review Georgia 2020 Energy Policy Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines IEA member IEA association the full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas Australia Brazil and coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance Ireland the reliability, Italy affordability and Japan sustainability of Korea energy in its 30 Luxembourg member countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword The International Energy Agency (IEA) has been conducting in-depth peer reviews of energy policies of its member countries – and of other countries – since 1976, and it recently modernised these reviews to focus on some of the countries’ key energy transition and security challenges. As the IEA has opened its doors to emerging economies, in-depth reviews have come to play an increasingly prominent role in bilateral collaborations. Georgia is one of the focus countries of the EU4Energy programme, which is implemented FOREWORD by the IEA and the European Union, along with the Energy Community and the Energy Charter, and which includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. -
Vector4peace" on the It Were Described on Pages of Our Bulletin More Matter of the Liberalization of a Visa Regime Than Once
Vector 4Peace № 6 15/07/2015 "Pre-Maidan mood" - Nino Burjanadze in Moscow In Georgia three main political directions are highlighted. Poll of students of the Caucasus International University showed that distribution of the supporters for each line by percentage is the following: -Supporters of Euro-Atlantic integration - 24%; -Supporters of the pro-Russian orientation – 11%; -Supporters of non-alignment - 65%. Of course, these data cannot reflect the full position for the whole country; however, they made us think. Actually, the anti-western and anti-Russian It is remarkable that our forecast, published in moods increase in the country. The reasons of the first number of "Vector4Peace" on the it were described on pages of our bulletin more matter of the liberalization of a visa regime than once. Nino Burjanadze's visit is a real from Russia regarding certain groups of indicator of the fact that the question of Euro- citizens of Georgia can outstrip process of Atlantic integration of Georgia can be liberalization of visas from the European reconsidered if Burjanadze's party comes to Union, came true. It is also possible result of the power in the country. the visit of Nino Burjanadze to Moscow. Today's rating of Nino Burjanadze and her There remains also a threat of possible civil party does not give the grounds to speak about collisions between supporters of the Euro- her possible coming to power. However, what Atlantic integration and their opponents. will be the environment at the international "Maidan" can be expected in Georgia. The level in the run-up to the next parliamentary country has to make a choice – either general elections in Georgia next fall is not clear. -
Ip Georgia Journal Hiha1wc.Pdf
Tavmjdomaris sveti Chairman’s COLUMN Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo, dameTanxmebiT, metad sapasuxismgebloa saTaveSi edge im uwyebas, romelic icavs inteleqtualur sakuTrebas _ qveynisTvis yvelaze Rirebul aqtivs warsulSi, awmyosa da momavalSi. kidev ufro sapasuxismgebloa, roca es qveyana saqarTveloa _ saxelmwifo, romlisTvisac inteleq tualuri sa kuTrebis yvela obieqtis dacva Tanabar mniSvnelobas atarebs; qveyana, romelsac istoriulad aqvs udidesi inteleqtualuri aqtivi da mudmivi swrafva siaxlisa da inovaciisaken. saerTaSoriso eqspertebi adastureben, rom dRevandel msoflioSi msxvili kompaniebis qonebis 6070%s ara materialuri, aramed inteleqtualuri Dear Reader, aqtivebi (patentebi, sasaqonlo niSnebi, nouhau da As you may agree, it is a great responsibility to lead the sxv.) Seadgens. arc is aris siaxle, rom Tanamedrove agency that protects intellectual property – the most valuable msoflio ekonomikaSi, mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi, asset for any country from the point of view of past, present gansakuTrebul warmatebas aRweven inovaciur teq and future. The fact that this country is Georgia makes my job nologiebze orientirebuli kompaniebi (Microsoft, Apple even more responsible; the country where protection of all ob- da a.S.). inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sfero yvela jects of intellectual property is equally important; the country Cvenganis cxovrebis nawilia. zogi qmnis inteleq with the greatest historical intellectual asset and a constant tualur sakuTrebis obieqts _ `produqts~, zogi ki strive for novelty and innovation. moixmars mas. Cveni movaleobaa am procesis kanonierad It has been confirmed by intellectual experts that intellectu- da saerTaSorisod miRebuli wesebiT warmarTvis uz al assets (patents, trademarks, know-how and etc.) as opposed runvelyofa. to material ones make up 60-70% of property of major com- damoukidebel saqarTveloSi inteleqtualuri sa panies in the contemporary world. It is a common knowledge kuTrebis dacvas ukve 20wliani istoria aqvs. -
Realizing the Urban Potential in Georgia: National Urban Assessment
REALIZING THE URBAN POTENTIAL IN GEORGIA National Urban Assessment ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK REALIZING THE URBAN POTENTIAL IN GEORGIA NATIONAL URBAN ASSESSMENT ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-352-2 (Print), 978-92-9257-353-9 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT168254 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Realizing the urban potential in Georgia—National urban assessment. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Urban development.2. Georgia.3. National urban assessment, strategy, and road maps. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. This publication was finalized in November 2015 and statistical data used was from the National Statistics Office of Georgia as available at the time on http://www.geostat.ge The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. -
Creation of a Databank for Content of Antioxidants in Food Products by an Amperometric Method
Molecules 2010, 15, 7450-7466; doi:10.3390/molecules15107450 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Creation of a Databank for Content of Antioxidants in Food Products by an Amperometric Method Yakov I. Yashin 1, Boris V. Nemzer 2,*, Vadim Yu. Ryzhnev 1, Alexandr Ya. Yashin 1, Nina I. Chernousova 1 and Polina A. Fedina 1 1 Scientific Development & Production Center “Khimavtomatika”, Selskohozyaistvennaya 12a, 129226 Moscow, Russia 2 VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., 300 West 6th Street, Momence, IL 60954, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-815-472-3100; Fax: +1-815-472-3850. Received: 20 September 2010 / Accepted: 20 October 2010 / Published: 22 October 2010 Abstract: Oxidative stress, i.e. excessive content of reactionary, oxygen, and nitrogen compounds (ROAC), including free radicals, is one of the causes of various dangerous diseases as well as premature aging. The adverse effect of free radicals can be neutralized by antioxidants. In order to carry out antioxidant therapy, one needs to know the contents of antioxidants in food products. We have created the databank for the contents of antioxidants in 1,140 food products, beverages, etc. Apart from water-soluble antioxidants, fat-soluble antioxidants in dairy and fish products, cacao, chocolate, nuts etc. were determined for the first time using an amperometric method. Keywords: water- and fat-soluble antioxidants; amperometric method; antioxidant therapy; databank 1. Introduction Over the past decades various studies from different countries have confirmed that oxidative stress is one of the main causes of premature aging and many other diseases [1-8]. -
4241-033: Sustainable Urban Transport Investment Program
Initial Environmental Examination November 2018 Project Number: 42414-033 GEO: Sustainable Urban Transport Investment Program – Tranche 2 Marshal Gelovani Avenue and Right Bank Intersection (SUTIP/C/QCBS-3) Prepared by the Municipal Development Fund of Georgia for the Government of Georgia and the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CONTRACT NO: SUTIP/C/QCBS-3 Detailed Design of Marshal Gelovani Avenue and Right Bank Intersection Initial Environmental Examination Prepared by: Ltd „Eo-“peti 7 Chavchvadze Ave, room 4 Phone: +995 322 90 44 22; Fax: +995 322 90 46 37 Web-site: www.eco-spectri.com November 2018 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 10 B. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, STANDARDSAND REGULATIONS ................................................. 21 B.1 Environmental Policies and Laws of Georgia ................................................................. 21 B.2 -
Niko Pirosmanashvili's Picture Language and Photography*
Niko Pirosmanashvili’s Picture Language and Photography* *This is a slightly reduced version of an article previously written in Georgian for Ars Georgica, 2012 www.georgianart.ge Speaking of the originality and singularity of Georgian culture would not be correct from the professional point of view. However, if we eliminate the sublime tone and pathos inherent in this kind of discussion and consider the historical circumstances that have influenced the formation of national thinking in general, and creative thinking in particular in Georgia, we find an opportunity to discuss them more objectively. The country’s native inheitance situated as it is on the edge of Europe and Asia, and between two regions dominated by different religious beliefs, culture and political systems, has given many things to modern Georgia. Our country bordered directly the Ancient Near East states, the Hellenic world, and the Christian Byzantine and Muslim East and has a complex history of interactions with them.1 In the late middle ages, at the time of dissolution of the Georgian state into smaller political units - the country first entered the Russian Empire with the status of ‘province,’ later gaining the title of the ‘viceroy of Caucasus’. Under Russian rule Georgia gained her first real chance to continue its dialogue with the West after a long break. And so her European impulses were transformed through russification. In the 1840s Grigol Maisuradze - the freed serf formely belonging to Prince Alexander Cavchavadze (Georgian poet, public benefactor and military figure; 1786-1846) came to study at the Imperial Academy of Art in St. Petersburg. -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE NESTAN TATARASHVILI Born in Tbilisi, 2 April 1961 E-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION 1978 – 83 The Georgian Polytechnic Institute in Tbilisi. Faculty of Architecture WORK EXPERIENCE 2016 - present Head of the Union for European Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia 2014 - present Executive director of the Union for German Cultural Heritage Preservation in South Caucasus 1997 - 2016 Head of the Georgian Art Nouveau Preservation Pressure Group 2011 - present GDM – Georgian Destination Management. Tourist guide 02.07.2006 - 26.05.2007 Tbilisi Public Space Planning and Development Centre. Architect 27.02.2006 - 28.10.2006 Eurasia Foundation. PMDI /Pipeline Monitoring and Dialogue Initiative/ Programme. Coordinator of the Cultural Heritage Audit Group 22.06.2005 - 22.10.2005 Old City Rehabilitation and Development Fund. Architect 07.04.2004 - 03.11.2004 Head of the Supervisor Service of Building and Architecture in Georgia at the Ministry of Economical Development of Georgia 1983 - 2000 Restoration Centre of the Georgian Architectural Heritage. Technical and Research Project Leader RESTORATION PROJECTS, RESEARCHES, DRAWINGS 2018 Restoration projects and scientific researches of the roof and facades of former German school in Bolnisi, former Katharinenfeld (co-author) 2017 The restoration projects and scientific researches of 3 German dwellings and the fences of German houses in historical part of Asureti, former Elisabethtal (co- author) 1985-1997 14 Restoration project of the Monuments of Georgian Cultural Heritage