Mechanical Engineering
If working with around machines simply fascinates you, you’ll enjoy this course. In the first 2 years of the course, you’ll study core subjects like thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, solid mechanics and dynamics. Besides that, you’ll also study about mechanical behavior of materials, electrical circuits and computer-aided design, computer- controlled systems and mechatronics. The scope of mechanical engineering is very broad, so you can opt to specialize at the end of the course. Telecommunications Engineering
Telecommunication engineering is quite similar to electrical and electronics engineering. It brings together elements of electrical and electronics, and computer engineering. The course will cover typical signals (speech, audio, video, and data) and their characteristics as well as key techniques in handling transmission system issues (modulation, coding, multiplexing). You will also learn to evaluate system performance. You will develop skills in electrical circuits and electronics (analogue and digital), modeling and simulation of systems, applications of electromagnetism, optical fibers and communication, photonics, data networks and satellite communications.
Pengenalan kursus: Di UTP, tempoh pengajian untuk kursus kejuruteraan mekanikal ialah 5 tahun iaitu 1 tahun untuk pengajian asas dan 4 tahun untuk ijazah. Dalam kursus inim anda akan mempelajari tentang daya, kuasa, mesin, material, tenaga dan sebagainya yang banyak melibatkan pengiraan. Yang pastinya tak banyak yang perlu dihafal kecuali formula-formula yang selalunya boleh kita boleh kembang- kembangkan. Kursus ni juga melibatkan banyak kerja praktikal yang sangat menarik.
Cabaran: Cabaran bila ambil kejuruteraan mekanikal ialah anda kena betul-betul berminat dengan fizik sebabnhya kursus ni semuanya berkenaan dengan fizik sepanjang 5 tahun anda belajar. Matematik tambahan anda kena pandai juga sebab ia melibatkan banyak pengiraan. Kalau di UTP, kerja kursus memainkan peranan yang sangat penting kerana 60% dari markah keseluruhan datangnya dari kerja kursus. Jadi kenalah betul-betul score labs, ujian-ujian dan kuiz-kuiz.
Selain tu, anda akan diberikan banyak projek bagi setiap semester yang mana setiap projek itu akan dinilai seperti anda adalah jurutera yang sebenar. Anda perlu melakukan banyak kajian dan pembentangan untuk menjayakan projek anda.
Peluang pekerjaan: Mengenai peluang pekerjaan, kejuruteraan mekanikal ialah cabang kejuruteraan yang boleh dikatakan sangat banyak peluang pekerjaan kerana graduan dari kursus ini boleh dicampak di mana-mana sekalipun seperti pembuatan, minyak dan gas serta automotif. Boleh dikatakan semua kilang memerlukan jurutera mekanikal. Jadi, bayangkanlah berapa banyak kilang yang ada di Malaysia ni kan. Selain itu, anda juga boleh bekerja di atas pelantar minyak (off shore) yang boleh membuat anda kaya.
Subjek SPM yang perlu dikuasai: Subjek SPM yang perlu dikuasai sudah tentunya fizik, matematik tambahan dan matematik. Kalau anda master dalam bahasa Inggeris, ia adalah satu bonus untuk anda kerana anda akan belajar kesemuanya dalam bahasa Inggeris.
MechanicaMechanicall engineering
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mechanical engineers design and buildbuild enginesengines andandpowerpower plants......
...... structuresstructures andand vehiclesvehicles of all sizes.
Mechanical engineering is a discipline of of engineeringengineering thatthat applies the principles of of physicsphysics andand materialsmaterials science forfor analysis, design,design, manufacturingmanufacturing,,andand
maintenance oof f mechanicalmechanical systemssystems..ItIt is the branch of engineering that involves the productionproduction and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design,
production, and operation oof f machinesmachines andand toolstools..[1] It is one of the oldest and broadestbroadest engineeringengineering ddisciplinesisciplines..
The engineering field requires an understanding of core concepts includingincluding mechanicsmechanics,,kinematicskinematics,,thermodynamicsthermodynamics,, materialsmaterials science,,andand structuralstructural
analysis..MechanicalMechanical engineers use these core principles alonalongg with tools like computer-aidedlike computer-aided engineeringandand productproduct lifecycle management toto design
and analyzeanalyze manufacturingmanufacturing plants,,industrialindustrial equipment and machinery,machinery, heatingheating and cocoolingoling
systems,, transporttransport systemssystems,,aircraftaircraft,, watercraftwatercraft,, roboticsrobotics,, medicalmedical devices andand more.
Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during thee industrialindustrial revolution inin Europe in the 18th century; however, its developdevelopmentment can be traced back
several thousand years around the world. Mechanical engineering science emerged in the 19th century as a result of developments in the field of of physicsphysics..
The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields
asas compositescomposites,, mechatronicsmechatronics,,andand nanotechnologynanotechnology. Mechanical engineering overlaps withwith aerospaceaerospace eengineeringngineering,,civilcivil engineering,,electricalelectrical
engineering,, petroleumpetroleum engineering, andand chemicalchemical engineering to varying amounts.
Contents
[[hidehide]]
•• 1 Development
•• 2 Education
oo 2.1 Coursework
oo 2.2 License
•• 3 Salaries and workforce statistics
•• 4 Modern tools
•• 5 Subdisciplines
oo 5.1 Mechanics
oo 5.2 Kinematics
oo 5.3 Mechatronics and
oo 5.4 Structural analysis
oo 5.5 Thermodynamics and
thermo-science
oo 5.6 Design and Drafting
•• 6 Frontiers of research
oo 6.1 Micro electro-mechanical
systems (MEMS)
oo 6.2 Friction stir welding
(FSW)
oo 6.3 Composites
oo 6.4 Mechatronics
oo 6.5 Nanotechnology
oo 6.6 Finite element analysis
oo 6.7 Biomechanics
•• 7 Related fields
•• 8 See also
oo 8.1 Associations
oo 8.2 Wikibooks
•• 9 Notes and references
•• 10 Further reading
•• 11 External links
[[editedit]]Development
Applica Applicationstions ofof mechanicalmechanical engineeengineeringring araree found in the records ooff many ancient and memedievaldieval ssocietieocietiess throughoutthroughout tthehe globeglobe. In ancientIn. ancient Greece,,thethe
works of of Archime Archimedes (287(287 BC–212 BC) deeply influenced mechanics in thethe Western tradition and HeronHeron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first
steam engineengine..[2] InIn ChinaChina,, ZhangZhang Heng (78–139(78–139 AD) improved aa waterwater clock andand invented aa seismometer seismometer ,,andand Ma Jun((200–265200–265 AD) invented a chariot
withwith differentialdifferential gears.gears. The medieval Chinese horologist and engineengineerer SuSu Song (1020–1101(1020–1101 AD) incorporated anan escapementescapement mechanismmechanism into
hishisastronomical clockclock tower twotwo centuries before any escapement can be found in clocks of medieval Europe, as well as the world'world'ss first known endless
power-transmittingpower-transmitting chainchain drive..[3]
During the years from 7th to 15th century, the era called the IslamicIslamic Golden Age,,therethere were remarkable contributions fromfrom MuslimMuslim inventorsinventorsiinn the field of
mechanical technology.technology. Al-Jaza Al-Jazari,,whowho was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devicesin 1206, and presented
many mechanical designs. He is also considered to be the inventor of such mechanical devices which now form the very basic of mechanisms, such as
thethe crankshaftcrankshaft andand camshaftcamshaft..[4]
Important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England during the 17th century whenwhen SirSir Isaac Newtonboth formulated
the threethree Newton'sNewton's Laws of Motion and developeddeveloped calculuscalculus..NewtonNewton was reluctant to publish his methods and lawlawss for years, but he was finally persuaded
to do so by his colleagues, such asas SirSir Edmund HalHalleyley, much to the benefit of all mankind.
During the early 19th century inin EnglandEngland,, GermanyGermany andand Scotland,,thethe development of machine tools led mechanical eengngineeringineering to develop as a separate
field within engineering, providing manufacturing machines and the engines to power them ..[5] TheThe first British professional society of mechanicamechanicall engineers
was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical EngineersEngineers,,thirtythirty years after the civil engineers formed the ffirstirst such professional societysociety InstitutionInstitution of CivilCivil
Engineers..[6] OnOn the European continent,continent, JohannJohann Von Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz (Germany) in
1848.
In thethe UnitedUnited States,,thethe Ameri American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)(ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third suchsuch professional engineering
society, after thethe Ameri American Society of Civil Engineers (1852)(1852) and thethe America American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871)(1871)..[7] TheThe first schools in the United
States to offer an engineering education were the United United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known asasNorwichNorwich UniversityUniversity in 1819,
andand RensselaerRensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and
sciencescience..[8]
[[editedit]]Education
Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at universities worldwide. In Brazil, Ireland, Philippines, China, Greece, Turkey, North America, South
Asia, IIndiandia anandd the UnitedUnited Kingdom,Kingdom, mechanicalmechanical engineeriengineeringng progrprogramsams ttypicallyypically take fofourur to ffiveive yearsyears of studystudy and result iin a Bacheloran Bachelor of Science (B.Sc),(B.Sc),
Bachelor of Science Engineering (B.ScEng),(B.ScEng), BacheloBachelorr of Engineering (B.Eng),(B.Eng),Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech),(B.Tech), or or BachelorBachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc)(B.A.Sc)
degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither BSc nor BTech programs have been
adopted, the formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy the course work is
based on five years of training, but in order to qualify as an Engineer you have to pass a state exam at the end of the course.
In Australia, mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical). The degree takes four years of full time study to
achieve. To ensure quality in engineering degrees, the Australian Institution of Engineers accredits engineering degrees awarded by Australian
universities. Before the degree can be awarded, the student must complete at least 3 months of on the job work experience in an engineering firm. Similar
systems are also present in South Africa and are overseen by the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA).
In the United States, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accreditedaccredited by thethe Accredi Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (ABET)(ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and ststandardsandards among universities. The ABET web site listslists 276 accredited mechanical
engineering programs as of June 19, 2006.[9] MechanicalMechanical engineering programs in Canada are accreaccrediteddited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation
Board (CEAB)(CEAB),,[10] and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies.
Some mechanical engineers go on to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a MasterMaster of Engineering,, MasterMaster of Technology,, MasterMaster of Science,, Master Master
of Engineering Management (MEng.Mgt(MEng.Mgt or MEM), aa DoctorDoctor of Philosophy inin engineering (EngD, PhD) or anan engineer'sengineer's degree..TheThe master's and
engineer's degrees may or may not includeinclude researchresearch..TheThe Doctor of Philosophy includes a significant resresearchearch component and is often viewed as the
entry point toto academiaacademia..[11] The Engineer's degree exists at a few institutions at an intermediate level between the master's degree and the doctorate.
[[editedit]]Coursework
Standards set by each country's accreditation society are intended to provide uniformity in fundamental subject material, promote competence among
graduating engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in the U.S., for example, are required
by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas. ""[12] The specific courses required to
graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities andand InstitutesInstitutes of technologywill often combine multiple subjects into a single class or
split a subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and the university's major area(s) of research.
The fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include:
Statics andanddynamics
Strength of materials andand solidsolid mechanics
Instrumentation andand measurementmeasurement
Electrotechnology
Electronics
Thermodynamics,, heatheat transfer ,, energyenergy conversion,,andand HVACHVAC
Combustion,, automotiveautomotive engines,, fuelsfuels
Fluid mechanics andand fluid dynamics
Mechanism design (including(including kinematicskinematics andand dynamicsdynamics))
Manufacturing engineering,,technology,technology, or processes
Hydraulics andand pneumaticspneumatics
Mathematics - in particular,particular, calculuscalculus,,differentialdifferential equations, andand linearlinear algebra..
EngineeringEngineering designdesign
Product design
Mechatronics andand controlcontrol theory
Material Engineering
Design engineering,, DraftingDrafting,,computer-aidedcomputer-aided design (CAD)(CAD) (including solid modeling)),, and computer-aidedand computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)[13][14]
Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply basic concepts from chemistry, physics,physics, chemicalchemical engineering,,civilcivil
engineering,,andand electricalelectrical engineering..MostMost mechanical engineering programs include multipmultiplele semesters of calculusof calculus,,asas well as advanced mathematical
concepts includingincluding differentialdifferential equations,, partialpartial differential equations,, linearlinear algebra,, abstractabstract algebra,,andand differentialdifferential geometry, among others.
In addition to the core mechanical engineering curriculum, many mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs and classes, such
asas roboticsrobotics,, transporttransport andand logisticslogistics,, cryogenicscryogenics,, fuelfuel technology,technology, automotiveautomotive engineering,, biomechanicsbiomechanics,, vibrationvibration,, opticsoptics andand others, if a separate
department does not exist for these subjectssubjects..[15]
Most mechanical engineering programs also require varying amounts of research or community projects to gain practical problem-solving experience. In
the United States it is common for mechanical engineering students to complete one or more internshipinternshipss whilewhile studying, though this is not typically
mandated by the university. Cooperative education isis another option.
[[editedit]]License
Engineers may seekseek licenselicense byby a state, provincial, or national government. TheThe purpose of this process is to ensure that engineengineererss possess the necessary
technical knowledge, real-world experience, and knowledge of the local legal system to practice engineering at a professional level. Once certified, the
engineer is given the title of of ProfessionalProfessional Engineer Engineer (in(in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea,Korea, Bangladesh and South Africa),Chartered
Engineer (in(in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India and ZimbabweZimbabwe),), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European
Engineer (much of the European Union). Not all mechanical engineers choose to become licensed; those that do can be distinguished as Chartered or
Professional Engineers by thethe post-nominalpost-nominal title P.E.,P.E., P.Eng., or C.Eng., as in: Mike Thompson, P.P.EnEng.g.
In the U.S., to become a licensed Professional Engineer, an engineer must pass the comprehensive FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam, work a
given number of years as an Engineering Intern (EI) or or Engineer-in-Training (EIT), and finally pass the "Principles and Practice" or PE (Practicing
Engineer or Professional Engineer) exams.
In the United States, the requirements and steps of this process are set forth by the NationalNational CounciCouncill of Examiners for Engineering and
Surveying (NCEES),(NCEES), a national non-profit representing all stastates.tes. In the UK, current graduates require a BEnga BEng plusplus an appropriate masters degree or an
integratedintegrated MEngMEng degree,degree, a minimum of 4 years post graduate on the jobjob competency development, and a peer reviewed prprojojectect report in the candidates
specialty area in order to become chartered through thethe InstitutionInstitution of Mechanical Engineers..
In most modern countries, certain engineering tasks, such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, and chemical plants, must be approved by
aaProfessionalProfessional Engineer or a Charteredaor Chartered Engineer .."Only"Only a licensed engineer, for instance, may preparprepare,e, sign, seal and submit engineering plans and
drawings to a public authority for approval, or to seal engineering work for public and private clients.""s. [16] ThisThis requirement can be written into state and
provincial legislation, such as in the Canadian provinces, for example the Ontario or Quebec's Engineer Act..Act [17]
In other countries, such as Australia, no such legislation exists; however, practically all certifying bodies maintain aa codecode of ethicsiindependentndependent of
legislation that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion ..[18]
Further information: FE Exam,,ProfessionalProfessional Engineer ,,IncorporatedIncorporated Engineer ,,and and WashingtonWashington Accord
[[editedit]]Salaries and workforce statistics
The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2009 was roughly 1.6 million. Of these, 239,000 were mechanical engineers (14.9%), the second
largest discipline by size behind civil (278,000). The total number of mechanical engineering jobs in 2009 was projected to grow 6% over the next decade,
with average starting salaries being $58,800 with a bachelor's degreedegree..[19] The median annual income of mechanical engineers in the U.S. workforce was
roughly $74,900. This number was highest when working for the government ($86,250), and lowest in education ($63,050) ..[20]
In 2007, Canadian engineers made an average of CAD$29.83 per hour with 4% unemployed. The average for all occupations was $18.07 per hour with
7% unemployed. Twelve percent of these engineers were self-employed, and since 1997 the proportion of female engineers had risen to 6% ..[21]
[[editedit]]Modern tools
An oblique view of a four-cylinfour-cylinderder inline crankshafcrankshaftt with pistons
Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporateporate computer-aidedcomputer-aided engineering (CAE)
programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D3D solidsolid modeling computer-aidedcomputer-aided design (CAD).(CAD). This method has many
benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products, the ability to create virtual assemblies of parts, and the ease of use in designing
mating interfaces and tolerances.
Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers includeinclude productproduct lifecycle management (PLM)(PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform
complex simulations. Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools
include finite element analysis (FEA),(FEA), computational fluid dynamics(CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).(CAM).
Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost,
performance, and other constraints. No physical prototype need be created until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs
to be evaluated, instead of a relative few. In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by
hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or or non-Newtoniannon-Newtonian flows..
As memechanicalchanical engineeringengineering beginsbegins toto merge with other ddisciplineisciplines,s, as sseeneen in mechatronics,, multidisciplinarymultidisciplinary design optimization (MDO)(MDO) is being used
with other CAE programs to automate and improve the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE processes, allowing product
evaluation to continue even after the analyst goes home for the day. They also utilize sophisticated optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore
possible designs, often finding better, innovative solutions to difficult multidisciplinary design problems.
[[editedit]]Subdisciplines
The field of mechanical engineering can be thought of as a collection of many mechanical engineering science disciplines. Several of these subdisciplines
which are typically taught at the undergraduate level are listed below, with a brief explanation and the most common application of each. Some of these subdisciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a combination of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most
work that a mechanical engineer does uses skills and techniques from several of these subdisciplines, as well as specialized subdisciplines. Specialized
subdisciplines, as used in this article, are more likely to be the subject of graduate studies or on-the-job training than undergraduate research. Several
specialized subdisciplines are discussed in this section.
[[editedit]]Mechanics
Mohr's circle,,aa common tool to studystudystressesstresses inin a mechanical element
Main article:article: MechanicsMechanics
Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of of forcesforces andand their effect uponupon matter matter ..Typically,Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyanalyzeze and predict
the acceleration and deformation (both(both elasticelastic andand plasticplastic))ofof objects under known forces (also called loads) or or stressesstresses..SubdisciplinesSubdisciplines of mechanics
include
Statics,,thethe study of non-moving bodies under known loads, howhow forces affect static bodies
Dynamics (or kinetics), the study of how forces affect moving bodies
Mechanics of materials, the study of how differentdifferent materialsmaterials deformdeform under various types of stress
Fluid mechanics,,thethe study of how fluids react to forcessforce [22]
Continuum mechanics,,aa method of applying mechanics that assumes that objectsobjects are continuous (rather than discretediscrete))
Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or analysis phases of engineering. If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle,
statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when
designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in thethe pistonspistons andand camscams asas the engine cycles. Mechanics of materials mightmight be used to choose
appropriate materials for the frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle (see HVACHVAC)),, or to design
thethe intakeintake systemsystem for the engine.
[[editedit]]Kinematics
Main article:article: KinematicsKinematics
Kinematics is the study of the motion of bodies (objects) and systems (groups of objects), while ignoring the forces that cause the motion. The movement
of a crane and the oscillations of a piston in an engine are both simple kinematic systems. The crane is a type of open kinematic chain, while the piston is
part of a closed four-bar linkage..
Mechanical engineers typically use kinematics in the design and analysis of of mechanismsmechanisms..KinematicsKinematics can be used to find the possible range ofof motion for
a given mechanism, or, working in reverse, can be used to design a mechanism that has a desired range of motion.
[[editedit]]Mechatronics and robotics
Training FMS with learning robotrobotSCORBOSCORBOT-ER 4u,,workbenchworkbench CNC Mill and CNC Lathe
Main articles:articles: MechatronicsMechatronics and and RoboticsRobotics
Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering,engineering, electricalelectrical engineering andandsoftwaresoftware engineering that is concerned with integrating
electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid systems. In this way, machines can be automated through the use of of electricelectric motors,,servo-servo-
mechanisms,,andand other electrical systems in conjunction with spspecialecial software. A common example of a mechatronicsmechatronics system is a CD-ROM drive.
Mechanical systems open and close the drive, spin the CD and move the laser, while an optical system reads the data on the CD and converts it to bitsbits..
Integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of the CD to the computer.
Robotics is the application of mechatronics to create robots, which are often used in industry to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or
repetitive. These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world. To create a robot, an engineer
typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine the stresses within the robot).
Robots are used extensively inin industrialindustrial engineeringengineering..TheyThey allow businesses to save money on labor, perfoperformrm tasks that are either too dangerous or too
precise for humans to perform them economically, and to insure better quality. Many companies employ assembly lines ofof robots,especially in Automotive
Industries and some factories are so robotized that they can run byby themselves..OutsideOutside the factory, robots have been employed in bbombomb disposal, spacedisposal, space
exploration,,andand many other fields. Robots are also sold for varvariousious residential applications.
[[editedit]]Structural analysis Main articles:articles: StructuralStructural analysis and and FailureFailure analysis
Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail and to fix the
objects and their performance. Structural failures occur in two general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. Static structural failureoccurs when, upon
being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformeddeformed plasticaplasticallylly,,dependingdepending on the criterion for failure. Fatigue
failure occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object:
a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to
causecause ultimateultimate failure..
Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is defined as when a part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such as the
perforated top sections of some plastic bags, are designed to break. If these systems do not break, failure analysis might be employed to determine the
cause.
Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after a failure has occurred, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers often use online
documents and books such as those published by ASM[23] toto aid them in determining the type of failure andand possible causes.
Structural analysis may be used in the office when designing parts, in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts might undergo
controlled failure tests.
[[editedit]]Thermodynamics and thermo-science
Main article:article: ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Thermodynamics isis an applied science used in several branches of eengineering,ngineering, including mechanical andand chemicalchemical engineeringengineering..AtAt its simplest,
thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a systemsystem..Typically,Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concernedconcerned with changing
energy from one form to another. As an example, automotive engines convert chemical energy ((enthalpyenthalpy))fromfrom the fuel into heat, and then into mechanical
work that eventually turns the wheels.
Thermodynamics principles are used by mechanical engineers in the fields of of heatheat transfer ,, thermofluidsthermofluids,,andand energyenergy conversion..MechanicalMechanical engineers
use thermo-science to designdesign enginesengines andand power plants,,heating,heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) ssystems,ystems, heat exchangers,, heatheat
sinks,, radiatorsradiators,, refrigerationrefrigeration,, insulationinsulation,,andand others.
[[editedit]]Design and Drafting
A CAD model of aa mechanicamechanical double seal
Main articles:articles: TechnicalTechnical drawing and and CNC CNC
Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers design products and create instructions for for manufacturingmanufacturing parts.parts. A technical
drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list
of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as
a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, butbut computer-aidedcomputer-aided design(CAD) programs now allow the designer to
create in three dimensions.
Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of
aacomputer-aidedcomputer-aided manufacturing (CAM)(CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineerengineer may also manually manufacture a part usinusingg the
technical drawings, but this is becoming an increasing rarity, with the advent o f f computercomputer numericallynumerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers primarily
manually manufacture parts in the areas of appliedapplied sprayspray coatings,,finishes,finishes, and other processes that cannot economicaeconomicallylly or practically be done by a
machine.
Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional
models created using CAD software are also commonly used inin finitefinite element analysis (FEA)(FEA) andand computationalcomputational fluid dynamics((CFD).CFD).
[[editedit]]Frontiers of research
Mechanical engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is physically possible in order to produce safer, cheaper, and more efficient
machines and mechanical systems. Some technologies at the cutting edge of mechanical engineering are listed below (see also exploratory engineering).).
[[editedit]]Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
Micron-scale mechanical components such as springs, gears, fluidic and heat transfer devices are fabricated from a variety of substrate materials such as
silicon, glass and polymers like SU8. Examples of MEMS components will be the accelerometers that are used as car airbag sensors, modern cell
phones, gyroscopes for precise positioning and microfluidic devices used in biomedical applications.
[[editedit]]Friction stir welding (FSW)
Main article:article: FrictionFriction stir welding
Friction stir welding, a new type of of weldingwelding,,waswas discovered in 1991 byby TheThe Welding Institute (TWI).(TWI). This innovative steady state (non-fusion) weweldinglding
technique joins materials previously un-weldable, including severalseveral aluminumaluminum alloysalloys..ItIt may play an important role in the future construconstructionction of airplanes,
potentially replacing rivets. Current uses of this technology to date include welding the seams of the aluminum main Space Shuttle external tank, Orion
Crew Vehicle test article, Boeing Delta II and Delta IV Expendable Launch Vehicles and the SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket, armor plating for amphibious assault
ships, and welding the wings and fuselage panels of the new Eclipse 500 aircraft from Eclipse Aviation among an increasingly growing pool of uses. [24][25]
[26]
[[editedit]]Composites
Composite cloth consisting of woven carbon fiber.
Main article:article: CompositeComposite material
Composites or composite materials are a combination of materials which provide different physical characteristics than either material separately.
Composite material research within mechanical engineering typically focuses on designing (and, subsequently, finding applications for) stronger or more
rigid materials while attempting to reduce weight, susceptibility to corrosion, and other undesirable factors. Carbon fiber reinforced composites, for
instance, have been used in such diverse applications as spacecraft and fishing rods.
[[editedit]]Mechatronics
Main article:article: MechatronicsMechatronics
Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering,engineering, ElectronicElectronic Engineering,,andand software engineering. The purpose of this
interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of automation from an engineering perspective and serves the purposes of controlling advanced hybrid
systems. [[editedit]]Nanotechnology
Main article:article: Nanotechnology Nanotechnology
At the smallestsmallest scales,scales, memechanicalchanical engineerengineeringing becbecomesomes nanotecnanotechnologyhnology —one spspeculatieculativeve goal of whicwhichh is ttoo createcreat a molecularae molecular assembler ttoo build
molecules and materials viavia mechanosynthesismechanosynthesis..ForFor now that goal remains within exploratory engineeringengineering..
[[editedit]]Finite element analysis
Main article:article: FiniteFinite element analysis
This field is not new, as the basis of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) dates back to 1941. But evolution of computers has
made FEM a viable option for analysis of structural problems. Many commercial codes such as ANSYS ANSYS,, NastranNastran andand ABAQ ABAQUS areare widely used in industry
for research and design of components.
Other techniques such as finite difference method (FDM) and finite-volume method (FVM) are employed to solve problems relating heat and mass
transfer, fluid flows, fluid surface interaction etc.
[[editedit]]Biomechanics
Main article:article: BiomechanicsBiomechanics
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to biological systems, such as humanshumans,, animalsanimals,, plantsplants,, organsorgans, andand cellscells..[27]
Biomechanics is closely related toto engineeringengineering,,becausebecause it often uses traditional engineering sciensciencesces to analyse biological systems. Some simple
applications of of NewtonianNewtonian mechanics and/or and/or materialsmaterials sciences cancan supply correct approximations to the mechanicsmechanics of many biological systems.
[[editedit]]Related fields
Manufacturing engineering andand Aerospa Aerospace Engineering areare sometimes grouped with mechanical engineering.engineering. A bachelor's degree in these areas will
typically have a difference of a few specialized classes.
[[editedit]]See also
Building officials List of mechanical engineering
Building services engineering topics
Electric vehicle conversion List of mechanical engineers
Engineering drawing Mechanical engineering
Fields of engineering technology
List of historic mechanical engineering Patent
landmarks Related journals
Retrofit List of inventors
Simple machine [[editedit]]Associations
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Pi Tau Sigma (Mechanical Engineering Honor Society)
Society of Automotive Engineers
Society of Women Engineers
Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) (British)
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (British)
Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC)
UCTEA-CMO (Chamber of Mechanical Engineers) (Turkish)
Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME)
[[editedit]]Wikibooks
Aeronautical Engineering Engineering Acoustics
Astronautical Engineering Engineering Thermodynamics
Automotive Engineering Heat Transfer
Elasticity Introduction to elasticity
Engineering Mechanics Microtechnology
Solid Mechanics Nanotechnology
Engineering Thermodynamics Pro Engineer
Fluid Mechanics Strength of Materials [[editedit]]Notes and references
1.1. ^ engineering "mechanical engineering. (n.d.)". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved: May 08, 2010.
2.2. ^ "Heron of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica 2010 - Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Accessed: 09 May 2010.
3.3. ^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
4.4. ^ Al-Jazarí. The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices:Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-
handasiyya. Springer, 19731973..ISBNISBN 9027703299..
5.5. ^ Engineering - Encyclopedia Brittanica, accessed 06 May 2008
2.2. ^ R. A. Buchanan. The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Feb., 1985), pp. 42–60.
3.3. ^ ASME history,,accessedaccessed 06 May 2008.
4.4. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07, engineering, accessed 06 May 2008
5.5. ^ ABET searchable database of accredited engineering programs,,AccessedAccessed June 19, 2006.
6.6. ^ Accredited engineering programs in Canada by the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers,,
Accessed April 18, 2007.
7.7. ^ Types of post-graduate degrees offered at MIT - Accessed 19 June 2006.
8.8. ^ 2008-2009 ABET Criteria,,p.p. 15.
9.9. ^ University of Tulsa Required ME Courses - Undergraduate Majors and Minors..DepartmentDepartment of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Tulsa, 2010. Accessed: 17 December 2010.
10.^ Harvard Mechanical Engineering Page. Harvard.edu. Accessed: 19 June 2006.
What Does a Mechanical Engineer Do? Mechanical engineers are typically involved with the generation, distribution, and use of energy; the processing of materials; the control and automation of manufacturing systems; the design and development of machines; and the solutions to environmental problems.
Research, testing manufacturing, operations, marketing, and administration are some other key activities associated with practicing Mechanical Engineers.
Mechanical engineers are characterized by personal creativity, breadth of knowledge, and versatility. They are also valuable and reliable multidisciplinary team members.
The technical subject areas that form the main basis for their work include mechanics, energy transfer and conversion, design and manufacturing, and the engineering sciences. Through clever use of analysis, modeling, design, and synthesis, they solve important problems to improve quality of life.
Mechanical engineers work on teams responsible for developing a wide range of products and systems including, for example, space shuttle vehicles, aircraft of all sizes and shapes, automobiles, turbines, pumps, power plants, and factories.
Virtually any machine or process you can think of has benefited from the influence of a mechanical engineer.
Everyday conveniences such as refrigeration, microwave cooking, high-fidelity sound reproduction, transportation, communication, and copying are affordable largely because mechanical and other engineers worked together to make it happen.
Mechanical engineers are in demand now, and projections for the future suggest a long-term need for professionals in this specialty. About 20% of the nearly 3 million engineers in the United States are mechanical engineers.
Our Alumni A mechanical engineering degree is an excellent foundation for success in the engineering profession and also for further training and subsequent achievement in other disciplines including business, law, and the sciences.
Professional opportunities for mechanical engineering graduates are too numerous to list. Our alumni have gone on to attain prominence not only as engineers but also as corporate leaders, professors, inventors, innovators, attorneys, and medical doctors.
Our graduates are found throughout the world--in companies ranging from the smallest to the largest in existence.
Please take a moment to think about to think about what you hahaveve done today. Did you switch on a light, open a door, ride in an elevator, travel by car, or use a computer? If the answer to this question is yes, then your activities have been influenced by the practice of mechanical engineers.
Mechanical engineering is as broad in opportunity as is the difference between microscopic gears and 12 story high boilers.
Mechanical engineering is concerned with the design, manufacture, and operation of components, devices, or systems such as:
oo Heat exchangers, refrigerators, ventilation systems oo Manufacturing technologies that include use of lasers, precision machinery, and nano-technology oo Biomedical devices oo Automobiles, airplanes, and other vehicles oo Robotics, mechatronics, and electronic control of machinery oo Predictive maintenance and reliability ttechnologiesechnologies oo Modeling of machinery and systems using virtual reality
State of the art laboratories specifically designed for undergraduate students are a predominant feature of the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Computing facilities are equipped with the best computers available on the market. These computers and software that is prevalent in industry enables our students to complete their work neatly, accurately, and professionally.
TELECOMMUNICATION
Jurutera telekomunikasi mereka bentuk, membangunkan, mengadaptasi, menguji, dan menyelenggara komponen, litar, dan sistem elektronik yang digunakan untuk sistem telekomunikasi dan aplikasi perindustrian.
Tugas merangkumi: • memberi nasihat dan mereka bentuk peranti, litar, dan sistem elektronik yang digunakan untuk komputer, telekomunikasi, dan sistem kawalan serta aplikasi perindustrian lain; • mereka bentuk perisian terutamanya perisian terbenam yang akan digunakan dalam sistem tersebut; • membangunkan alatan dan prosedur untuk menguji komponen, litar, dan sistem elektronik; • menyelia pemasangan dan pentauliahan sistem komputer dan telekomunikasi dan memastikan kaedah kawalan dan perlindungan yang betul; • menetapkan standard dan prosedur kawalan untuk memastikan fungsi dan keselamatan sistem, motor, dan kelengkapan elektronik yang berkesan; • mengesan dan membetulkan kerosakan; • mengelola dan mengarah penyelenggaraan dan pembaikpulihan sistem, motor, dan kelengkapan elektronik sedia ada; • mengkaji dan memberi nasihat tentang aspek teknologi bahan, produk, dan proses tertentu;
• mengekal hubungan dan perundingan teknikal dengan pakar lain yang berkaitan; • menjalankan tugas yang berkaitan;
• meningkatkan kefahaman dan menyelaras pelaksanaan kerja.
Contoh pekerjaan yang dikelaskan di sini: -Jurutera, telekomunikasi/sistem isyarat -Ahli teknologi, kejuruteraan, telekomunikasi -Jurutera, telekomunikasi/mikrogelombang