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15 Beech Forests As World Heritage in Aspect to The NATURE CONSERVATION ZA[TITA PRIRODE UDK: Br/No 69/1-2 2019. 15-32 BEECH FORESTS AS WORLD HERITAGE IN ASPECT TO THE NEXT EXTENSION OF THE ANCIENT AND PRIMEVAL BEECH FORESTS OF THE CARPATHIANS AND OTHER REGIONS OF EUROPE WORLD HERITAGE SITE Ivana Jovanović, Aleksandar Dragišić, Dragana Ostojić, Biljana Krsteski Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Dr Ivana Ribara 91, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Beech forests were first protected under Извод: Букове шуме су првобитно заштићене the World Heritage Convention in 2007 as the Primeval 2007. године као добро светске баштине Нетакнуте Beech Forests of the Carpathians (Slovakia and Ukraine). букове шуме Карпата (Словачка и Украјина). Након After two latter extensions in 2011 and 2017, the Natu- два наредна проширења, 2011. и 2017. године, ово ral World Heritage site is currently named the Ancient добро светске природне баштине тренутно носи and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Oth- назив Древне и нетакнуте букове шуме Карпата и er Regions of Europe (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgar- других региона Европе (Албанија, Аустрија, Белгија, ia, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slove- Бугарска, Хрватска, Немачка, Италија, Румунија, nia, Spain and Ukraine) and consists of 78 component Словачка, Словенија, Шпанија и Украјина) и сас- parts in 12 European countries. It aims to ensure the тоји се од 78 компоненти у 12 европских земаља, а preservation of beech gene pool, ecosystem and spe- са циљем да се очува генетички диверзитет букве, cies diversity of beech forests, their future renewal and специјски и екосистемски диверзитет букових expansion, in regard to the development and use pres- шума, њихова будућа обнова и ширење у односу sures they encounter and the biodiversity they support. на развојне и експлоатационе притиске са којима Additionally, this World Heritage site aims to depict the су букове шуме суочене и на биодиверзитет који beech expansion after the last Ice Age, spreading over a одржавају. Додатно, ово добро светске природне large percent of the continent to form one of the most баштине има за циљ да представи експанзију букве significant forest ecosystems in Europe. The third ex- након последњег леденог доба, када је ова врста зау- tension nomination has been developed in 2020 and зела велики део континента, градећи најзначајније proposes the inscription of additional 30 component шумске екосистеме у Европи. Трећом номинацијом parts, a considerable step towards the complete over- проширења овог добра, припремљеном током 2019. all picture of post-glacial beech re-colonization process године, предлаже се уписивање додатних 30 компо- and beech ecosystem diversity across Europe. With this ненти, што представља значајан корак ка компле- extension 8 additional European countries would join тирању опште слике пост-глацијалне колонизације this property, including the Republic of Serbia. The букве и диверзитета букових шума широм Евро- extended property would consist of over 100 compo- пе. Овим проширењем се добру светске природне nent parts in 20 European countries, a pan-European баштине придружује још 8 европских држава, међу network of protected areas with joint protection and којима је и Република Србија. Проширено добро би management goals to represent a platform for policy се састојало од преко 100 компоненти у 20 европ- making and knowledge exchange. This paper presents ских земаља, као паневропска мрежа заштићених the genesis of this extremely complex World Heritage подручја са заједничким циљевима заштите и упра- property and the work done to expand it over the pro- вљања, али и као платформа за развој политика и tected beech forests in Serbia, in preparation of the first размену знања. У раду се представља настанак овог Natural World Heritage nomination for the Republic of веома комплексног добра светске баштине и актив- Serbia. ности на његовом проширењу на заштићене букове шуме у Србији у оквиру припрема прве номинације Key words: Natural World Heritage, beech for- природне баштине за Републику Србију. ests, Republic of Serbia, nomination, UNESCO. Кључне речи: светска природна баштина, буко- ве шуме, Република Србија, номинација, UNESCO. 15 Ivana Jovanović, Aleksandar Dragišić, Dragana Ostojić, Biljana Krsteski INTRODUCTION opment pressures for centuries, i.e. the expansion of settlements, infrastructure and agricultural land, as Why protect beech forests? well as the forest utilization (Knapp & Fichtner, 2011; European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a decidu- Vološčuk, 2013a; Sabatini et al. 2018; Commarmot ous tree species endemic to Europe, therefore the et al., 2013; Rugani et al. 2013; Bengtsson et al. 2000). beech forests are exclusively European vegetation type Beech forests that escaped clearance in front of agri- (Vološčuk et al., 2013). With almost pan-European culture, settlements or infrastructure, are largely man- distribution, beech forests represent one of the most aged for timber production, as beech ranks high in significant forest types of the northern hemisphere terms of wood quality. The beech forest management Temperate Broadleaf Forest Biome (Vološčuk, 2013a; aimed for timber production, however, has far-reach- Karadžić, 2018). Total area of the beech dominated ing effects on the forest structure and biodiversity forests in Europe is estimated at approximately 15 (Lonsdale et al. 2008; Winter, 2012). Mha, excluding the Caucasian Mts, with the largest forested areas in the south-eastern European moun- Forest management in Europe tains, Carpathians, Dinaric and Balkan Mountains, Due to the high human population densities, tem- as well as in the central and southern Germany and perate broadleaved forests in Europe have been trans- France (Brunet et al. 2010; Vološčuk, 2013b). formed by human activities to a larger extent than Beech originated in the Tertiary Epoch and, hav- any other forest biome (Brunet et al., 2010; Knapp & ing survived the alternating glacials of the Quaternary Fichtner, 2011; Vološčuk et al. 2013). Period in refuge areas of the southern and south- First forest order prescribing the management in eastern Europe, entered the expansion phase after the all forested areas of south-central Europe was passed last Ice Age with high ecological competitiveness, to in the second half of XVIII century by Maria Theresa. colonize the continent over a wide spectrum of habi- It was in force up to the year 1852, when the first Aus- tats (Vološčuk, 2013a, 2014; Magri et al., 2006; Knapp trian forest act was passed, prohibiting clearing and & Fichtner, 2011). However, beech is best adapted reduction of forests and prescribing the basic meas- to humid climate, thriving in regions without a pro- ures for sustainable forest management, added that nounced dry season, with mild winters and humid special forest units for its implementation were organ- summers, which makes it most abundant broad- ized (Hahn & Fanta, 2001). leaved tree species in Central Europe and in mountain Compared to the XVIII century forestry, which regions of Southern Europe (Karadžić, 2018; Rugani focused on ways of ensuring natural regeneration or et al. 2013; Knapp & Fichtner, 2011). selective cuttings in shelterwood systems, the middle As one of the main tree species building up for- XIX century forestry strongly favored the economic est ecosystems in Europe (Vološčuk, 2014; Rugani approach to attaining the maximum forest rent. The et al. 2013), beech deeply influences the internal forest creation of pure, even-aged conifer stands, fast-grow- climate by its dense foliage and canopy shape, signifi- ing and providing high-quality wood, replaced the cantly reducing the amount of light reaching the inte- mixed broadleaf stands, area regulation and balanced rior of beech forests (Karadžić, 2018), conditioning distribution of age classes. A definite rotation length the soil formation, regeneration cycles, food chains striving for a constant maximum annual yield became and supporting specific biodiversity (Vološčuk, 2014). the canon of forest management (Agnoletti et al. 2009; Beech forests are among the most valuable terrestrial Britz, 2015). Most of the traditional silvicultural treat- ecosystems in Europe, as they support a significant ments focused on timber production have consider- part of European biodiversity (Knapp & Fichtner, ably shortened forest development cycle, up to only 2011; Vološčuk et al. 2013). It is estimated that up to 10–40% of the potential lifespan of tree species, thus 10,000 species of animal live in beech forests (Britz, originating homogenous, even-aged stands which lack 2015; Vološčuk et al. 2013). the typical structural attributes of old forests (Barbati If left undisturbed, the landscape of the temperate et al. 2012). Europe would be dominated by beech forests as the In managed forests, deadwood occurs mainly as climax ecosystem. However, beech forests today only a logging waste and stumps, whereas large logs and cover a fraction of their potential natural distribution snags are rare. Surveys from several European coun- area (Commarmot et al., 2013; Britz, 2015; Knapp & ties have shown that the average dead wood volume Fichtner, 2011; Vološčuk et al. 2013; Ibisch, 2014). The in present day production forests is less than 10 m3/ natural beech forests are scarce in Europe, accounting ha. The amount of deadwood in unmanaged forests for only 2.8% of the European forests (Russian Fed- is 10-20 times higher than in
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