DOCSLIB.ORG

Diving in the Florida Keys: from Intro to Pro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Keys TravelerDive Edition Wrecks Get Better with Age Coral Reefs of the Keys Divers Give Back Diving: Intro to Pro fla-keys.com/diving Underwater Fun Divers explore the Spiegel Grove off Key Largo. Stephen Frink Andy Newman The Spiegel Grove begins to fully sink June 10, 2002. Tim Grollimund fla-keys.com/diving/wrecktrek A variety of corals have grown on the Grove. Florida Keys Shipwrecks Improve with Age hipwrecks, as well as vessels intentionally sunk to create Since its 1986 intentional sinking, the Thunderbolt has been artificial reefs, serve as refuges for fish, delicate corals considered the queen of the Marathon wreck fleet. At 189 feet Sand invertebrates, and are undersea playgrounds for long in 120 feet of water, “T-bolt” features a cable-handling advanced and wreck-certified divers. reel centered on the forecastle and an observation deck. As wrecks age, life and growth add to the habitat. Divers have explored the 210-foot freighter Adolphus Busch It has been some 15 years since Spiegel Grove became the Senior, about 5 miles southwest of Big Pine Key, since 1998. third-largest vessel in the world intentionally sunk to create an The most recent addition to the Florida Keys Wreck Trek is artificial reef. Positioned about six miles off Key Largo, the the 524-foot General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, a decommissioned Grove carried cargo and craft for amphibious landings. It was U.S. Air Force missile-tracking ship sunk 7 miles off Key West retired by the U.S. Navy in 1989. in May 2009. Among unique attributes for divers to see are After an elaborate cleansing and subsequent tow to its iconic radar dishes used for defense monitoring and to track scuttle site, the ship suddenly rolled over a few hours ahead early U.S. space exploration launches from Cape Canaveral. of its scheduled sinking May 17, 2002. Instead of landing on the ocean’s bottom, its upside-down bow protruded above the surface. Three weeks later, a salvage team fully sunk the facebook.com/ Keys Traveler vessel, coming to rest on its starboard side 130 feet below. Dive Edition floridakeysandkeywest The premature sinking and wrong orientation of the vessel Editor: Andy Newman; Managing attracted worldwide attention to the project. Editors: Julie Botteri and Laura Myers; So much, that Key Largo’s Fish House Restaurant created @thefloridakeys Copy Editor: Buck Banks. “Keys a Spiegel Grove cocktail still served today. The namesake Traveler” is published by the Monroe concoction’s recipe has three types of rum and a blue liqueur. County Tourist Development Council, In July 2005, Hurricane Dennis brushed the Florida Keys and the official visitor marketing agency for to the world’s surprise, storm currents pushed the vessel into youtube.com/ FloridaKeysTV the Florida Keys & Key West. Director: the upright position originally planned. Harold Wheeler; Sales Director: Stacey Insta The Spiegel Grove remains one of the Keys’ most popular Mitchell; Dive Market Sales Manager: wrecks. Mooring buoys provide convenient tie-offs and the top @thefloridakeys Yves Vrielynck; Keys Dive Umbrella: deck is reachable at about 60 feet. Avid divers compare the CeCe Roycraft, chair; Pam Meyer, Kim ship to a large museum and multilevel dives requiring several Roney, Amy Slate and Mary Threlkeld. trips are required to fully appreciate its massive size. Since 1987, twin 327-foot U.S. Coast Guard cutters, Duane keysvoices.com ©2017 and Bibb, have rested at 110 feet off Key Largo, cloaked in For the free “Keys Traveler” newsletter, subscribe at sponges and corals, and patrolled by squadrons of fish. fla-keys.com/keystraveler Off Islamorada, the 287-foot Eagle has for over 30 years rested on its side at 110 feet, nestled in a colorful patina of Cover photo of the Duane, one of two U.S. Coast Guard cutters sunk off Key Largo some 30 years ago, by Tim Grollimund. sponges and corals, and populated by huge schools of fish. 2 fla-keys.com/diving Keys Traveler Diving in the Florida Keys: From Intro to Pro he Florida Keys, a 125-mile island ages learn how to Stephen Frink chain located parallel to the teach others the excit- Tcontinental United States’ only ing sport and make living coral reef, offer perfect teaching money at something grounds to learn new skills or enhance they love to do. abilities as a scuba diver, providing a Instructor training in lifetime of fun, adventure and memories. the Florida Keys means Learning options range from introduc- learning in a dive tory one-day resort courses through destination unparal- full certification and a wealth of dive leled anywhere in the specialties including navigation, night United States — one diving, wreck diving, digital photography of the few places in the and coral reef conservation. Programs country to provide such Successful completion of pool-based classes leads to open-water also are offered for those who want to training year-round. training and certification for scuba divers. take diving from a hobby to a career as Newly “graduated” instructors can covering concepts such as basic phys- a dive instructor. Here are some guide- work full time in the Keys or find exotic ics and physiology, ocean waves, marine lines. jobs onboard cruise ships or live-aboard life and the importance of monitoring Who can learn to dive? Scuba diving dive vessels throughout the world, time and depth during a dive, followed is a sport, an investment in adventure teaching their own students the mechan- by open-water dives at the reef. Stu- that any healthy and active individual as ics, safety and other aspects of recre- dents also learn about navigation around young as age 10 can learn and enjoy. ational scuba diving. natural formations. Diving is an exciting and rewarding sport What classes are available? The Refresher courses review diving for recreational enthusiasts and can Florida Keys have it all. Entry-level open- knowledge and water skills for infrequent serve as a career-changing opportunity. water certification involves three to five divers, and for those seeking advanced Dive instructor students of varying days of training and classroom work skills and scope of experience to gain confidence with specific open-water dives. Dozens of specialty courses, dive master and professional career develop- Only in the Florida Keys ment take training to the highest level. Where do students receive dive train- lue Star-recognized charters are Florida’s only museum of its kind, the ing? Some of the first businesses offer- dedicated to coral reef education facility was founded by Women Divers ing recreational dive training in America Band conservation. Hall of Fame member Dr. Sally Bauer were established in the Florida Keys. The voluntary recognition program and her late husband Dr. Joseph Bauer. Dozens of dive operators are staffed was established by the Florida Keys Museum visitors come within inches of with working professionals who actively National Marine Sanctuary to promote the earliest diving machines, including teach and train each day — not intermit- responsible dive tourism. Dive operators a full-scale replica of an all-wood diving tently or seasonally. in the program teach divers and snorkel- bell; the Parade of Nations, an unparal- When are classes offered? A primary ers in-water etiquette such as practicing leled collection of 25 historic hard-hat advantage of the Keys over any other good buoyancy, careful hand and fin dive helmets from around the world; and U.S. destination is year-round subtropi- placement, and avoiding contact with exhibits illustrating the significant contri- cal weather and clear, warm seas to coral. butions made by men and women in the practice skin diving and scuba skills Blue Star-rated operators display progression of modern-day scuba virtually any day of the year. Training a flag or decal with the program’s diving and underwater explora- conditions are nice and easy, with light logo on their charter vessel. tion. currents and great underwater visibility. While Blue Star is focused The museum is open daily Why dive the Keys? Ocean depths on in-water activities, divers 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regular from the shoreline to the reef rarely can learn about the fascinating admission is $12 per adult, reach 20 feet. The reef lives in waters history of their sport at the $6 for children age 6-11 as shallow as 5 feet and as deep as Florida Keys History of Diving and free for kids 5 and under 50 feet, but most reef divers log a Museum. as well as active-duty U.S. maximum depth of 20 to 30 feet. Keys The Islamorada-based military personnel. Special rates shallow diving offers two immediate facility collects, preserves for seniors, groups and retired U.S. benefits: longer time safely spent on the and displays relics and arti- military also apply. bottom exploring and colors that are facts that trace man’s quest to divingmuseum.org brighter and more vibrant because more explore the underwater world. floridakeys.noaa.gov/onthewater natural sunlight reaches shallow depths. Keys Traveler fla-keys.com/diving 3 arboring the only living coral barrier reef in By Julie BotteriBy Julie • Photograph Botteri • Photograph by Tim Grollimund by Tim Grollimund the continental United States, the Florida HKeys are largely devoted to maintaining the region’s offshore environment. Conservation efforts began in 1960 with the dedication of John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, the nation’s first undersea park, off Key Largo. Park waters lie within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, established in 1990. Today, the venerable sanctuary comprises 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters from northernmost Key Largo south to the Dry Tortugas. Sanctuary Preservation Areas established as protected no-take zones enable fish and crustacean populations to thrive and grow.
Recommended publications
  • Looe Key Mooring Buoy Service Interrupted July 15-18

    Looe Key Mooring Buoy Service Interrupted July 15-18

    Looe Key Mooring Buoy Service Interrupted July 15-18 Help Us Preserve the Reef The survey requires the same preferred The United States Geological Survey conditions for divers: good visibility and calm (USGS) will be conducting a mission to seas (typical of summer weather) in order to capture high-resolution baseline imagery of establish a high-resolution set of baseline Looe Key reef prior to multi-million dollar images that will allow evaluation of growth of coral restoration efforts taking place under restored corals over time. the Mission: Iconic Reefs initiative. This mission requires the removal of 20 mooring The FKNMS mooring system buoys so the towed, five-camera system (SQUID-5) can safely navigate slow passes Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary USGS prepares the SQUID-5 for capturing across the entire site, similar to mowing established a mooring buoy program 40 imagery at Eastern Dry Rocks. grass on a football field. The moorings will years ago. Looe Key Sanctuary Preservation be removed on, July 14th and returned to Area features 39 of the nearly 500 first-come, service on July 19th. first-served mooring buoys throughout FKNMS. 14 mooring buoys will remain This activity is a critical part of the $100 available during the survey work. Vessels are million Mission: Iconic Reefs restoration allowed to anchor elsewhere within the program, a partnership between federal, Sanctuary Preservation Area when mooring state and conservation and nonprofit buoys are unavailable--but only on sand. organizations and our local community in one of the largest commitments to coral We are requesting that the public refrain restoration anywhere in the world.

  • SEPTEMBER 6, 2021 Delmarracing.Com

    21DLM002_SummerProgramCover_ Trim_4.125x8.625__Bleed_4.375x8.875 HOME OF THE 2021 BREEDERS’ CUP JULY 16 - SEPTEMBER 6, 2021 DelMarRacing.com 21DLM002_Summer Program Cover.indd 1 6/10/21 2:00 PM DEL MAR THOROUGHBRED CLUB Racing 31 Days • July 16 - September 6, 2021 Day 8 • Friday July 30, 2021 First Post 4:00 p.m. These are the moments that make history. Where the Turf Meets the Surf Keeneland sales graduates have won Del Mar racetrack opened its doors (and its betting six editions of the Pacific Classic over windows) on July 3, 1937. Since then it’s become West the last decade. Coast racing’s summer destination where avid fans and newcomers to the sport enjoy the beauty and excitement of Thoroughbred racing in a gorgeous seaside setting. CHANGES AND RESULTS Courtesy of Equibase Del Mar Changes, live odds, results and race replays at your ngertips. Dmtc.com/app for iPhone or Android or visit dmtc.com NOTICE TO CUSTOMERS Federal law requires that customers for certain transactions be identi ed by name, address, government-issued identi cation and other relevant information. Therefore, customers may be asked to provide information and identi cation to comply with the law. www.msb.gov PROGRAM ERRORS Every effort is made to avoid mistakes in the of cial program, but Del Mar Thoroughbred Club assumes no liability to anyone for Beholder errors that may occur. 2016 Pacific CHECK YOUR TICKET AND MONIES BEFORE Classic S. (G1) CONFIRMING WAGER. MANAGEMENT ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBLITY FOR TRANSACTIONS NOT COMPLETED WHEN WAGERING CLOSES. POST TIMES Post times for today’s on-track and imported races appear on the following page.
  • Underwater Sculpture Viewers Take Swimmingly to Trend Bob Sterner

    Underwater Sculpture Viewers Take Swimmingly to Trend Bob Sterner

    Document generated on 10/01/2021 7:20 a.m. Espace Sculpture Underwater Sculpture Viewers Take Swimmingly to Trend Bob Sterner Number 68, Summer 2004 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/8995ac See table of contents Publisher(s) Le Centre de diffusion 3D ISSN 0821-9222 (print) 1923-2551 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this document Sterner, B. (2004). Underwater Sculpture Viewers Take Swimmingly to Trend. Espace Sculpture, (68), 43–44. Tous droits réservés © Le Centre de diffusion 3D, 2004 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ EVENEMENTS Events Underwater Sculpture Viewers Take Swimmingly to Trend B0B STERNER I f- transparente et laisse place à A scuba diving certification card is underwater gear manufacturer, plans ancy before embarking on the more DIANE GOUGEON, l'implacable réalité du monde exté­ to install at sites around the world. fragile Machones Reef nearby. The Les (Hfijistoires que the ticket to visit the growing sculp­ rieur. Pourtant en se déplaçant Reef preservation is one reason 39-foot / 12-meter high bronze was l'on se conte, 2003. ture garden beneath the waves. why sculptors are being commis­ forged by local craftsmen, and was Installation in situ légèrement d'un angle de 30 During the next several years the dans les fenêtres du degrés, voilà que le tout s'inverse.
  • Into the Deep: Scuba-Diving Faithful Honor Christ Underwater

    Into the Deep: Scuba-Diving Faithful Honor Christ Underwater

    Into the deep: Scuba-diving faithful honor Christ underwater VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Imagine a pilgrimage where the faithful gear up with scuba fins and oxygen tanks or snorkel sets rather than hiking boots, sun hats and trek poles. That’s what happens in the crystal-clear waters of the Paradise Gulf along the Italian Riviera near Genoa. Pilgrimages to the bronze statue of Christ of the Abyss, an 8- foot-tall sculpture submerged 56 feet below the surface of the sea, were featured in the Vatican newspaper, L’Osservatore Romano, July 28. The statue, located offshore halfway between the small coastal villages of Camogli and Portofino, was the first known statue of Christ to be placed in the sea as a sign of his peace and protection for those who live, work or play by the water, to be a place of prayer and to commemorate those who have died there. According to Italian news, sports and tourism websites, the idea came from Genoa-born Duilio Marcante, the so-called “father” of underwater diving education. The statue’s home would be near where Marcante’s friend, Dario Gonzatti, died during a dive in 1950. Gonzatti, Marcante and Egidio Cressi created and tested the first prototypes of “Self-Contained Oxygen Breathing Apparatus” (ARO) in those waters. In 1952, Marcante proposed the idea of creating an underwater “Christ of the Abyss” to Giacomino Costa, a Genovese entrepreneur, shipowner and then-president of the Catholic Italian Sports Center. Costa asked Cardinal Giuseppe Siri of Genoa whether it would be inappropriate to place a religious statue on the bottom of the sea.
  • A Primeval Tide of Toxins 01/25/2007 04:20 PM

    A Primeval Tide of Toxins 01/25/2007 04:20 PM

    Los Angeles Times: A Primeval Tide of Toxins 01/25/2007 04:20 PM http://www.latimes.com/news/local/oceans/la-me-ocean30jul30,0,6670018,full.story PART ONE ALTERED OCEANS A Primeval Tide of Toxins Runoff from modern life is feeding an explosion of primitive organisms. This 'rise of slime,' as one scientist calls it, is killing larger species and sickening people. By Kenneth R. Weiss Times Staff Writer July 30, 2006 MORETON BAY, AUSTRALIA — The fireweed began each spring as tufts of hairy growth and spread across the seafloor fast enough to cover a football field in an hour. When fishermen touched it, their skin broke out in searing welts. Their lips blistered and peeled. Their eyes burned and swelled shut. Water that splashed from their nets spread the inflammation to their legs and torsos. "It comes up like little boils," said Randolph Van Dyk, a fisherman whose powerful legs are pocked with scars. "At nighttime, you can feel them burning. I tried everything to get rid of them. Nothing worked." As the weed blanketed miles of the bay over the last decade, it stained fishing nets a dark purple and left them coated with a powdery residue. When fishermen tried to shake it off the webbing, their throats constricted and they gasped for air. After one man bit a fishing line in two, his mouth and tongue swelled so badly that he couldn't eat solid food for a week. Others made an even more painful mistake, neglecting to wash the residue from their hands before relieving themselves over the sides of their boats.
  • Mangroves and Coral Reefs: David Stoddart and the Cambridge Physiographic Tradition Colin D

    Mangroves and Coral Reefs: David Stoddart and the Cambridge Physiographic Tradition Colin D

    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health Part B 2018 Mangroves and coral reefs: David Stoddart and the Cambridge physiographic tradition Colin D. Woodroffe University of Wollongong, [email protected] Publication Details Woodroffe, C. D. (2018). Mangroves and coral reefs: David Stoddart and the Cambridge physiographic tradition. Atoll Research Bulletin, 619 121-145. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Mangroves and coral reefs: David Stoddart and the Cambridge physiographic tradition Abstract Mangroves are particularly extensive on sheltered, macrotidal, muddy tropical coastlines, but also occur in association with coral reefs. Reefs attenuate wave energy, in some locations enabling the accretion of fine calcareous sediments which in turn favour establishment of seagrasses and mangroves. Knowledge of the distribution and ecology of both reefs and mangroves increased in the first half of the 20th century. J Alfred Steers participated in the Great Barrier Reef Expedition in 1928, and developed an interest in the geomorphological processes by which islands had formed in this setting. It became clear that many mangrove forests showed a zonation of species and some researchers inferred successional changes, even implying that reefs might transition through a mangrove stage, ultimately forming land. Valentine Chapman studied the ecology of mangroves, and Steers and Chapman described West Indian mangrove islands in the 1940s during the University of Cambridge expedition to Jamaica. These studies provided the background for David Stoddart's participation in the Cambridge Expedition to British Honduras and his PhD examination of three Caribbean atolls.
  • Guide to the Identification of Precious and Semi-Precious Corals in Commercial Trade

    Guide to the Identification of Precious and Semi-Precious Corals in Commercial Trade

    'l'llA FFIC YvALE ,.._,..---...- guide to the identification of precious and semi-precious corals in commercial trade Ernest W.T. Cooper, Susan J. Torntore, Angela S.M. Leung, Tanya Shadbolt and Carolyn Dawe September 2011 © 2011 World Wildlife Fund and TRAFFIC. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-0-9693730-3-2 Reproduction and distribution for resale by any means photographic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems of any parts of this book, illustrations or texts is prohibited without prior written consent from World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Reproduction for CITES enforcement or educational and other non-commercial purposes by CITES Authorities and the CITES Secretariat is authorized without prior written permission, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Any reproduction, in full or in part, of this publication must credit WWF and TRAFFIC North America. The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the TRAFFIC network, WWF, or the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The designation of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WWF, TRAFFIC, or IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership are held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint program of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Cooper, E.W.T., Torntore, S.J., Leung, A.S.M, Shadbolt, T. and Dawe, C.
  • Mollusks Background the Florida Keys Marine Ecosystem Supports a Diverse Fauna of Mollusks Belonging to Several Orders

    Mollusks Background the Florida Keys Marine Ecosystem Supports a Diverse Fauna of Mollusks Belonging to Several Orders

    2010 Quick Look Report: Miller et al. VII. Abundance and Size of Selected Mollusks Background The Florida Keys marine ecosystem supports a diverse fauna of mollusks belonging to several orders. Opisthobranch mollusks, for example, are represented by at least 30 species of sea slugs (Sacoglossa) and 23 species of nudibranchs (Nudibranchia) (Clark and DeFreese 1987; Levy et al. 1996), including at least three endemic species (Clark 1994). Data on the status and trends of mollusk populations and habitat utilization patterns in the Florida Keys, with the exception of queen conch (Strombus gigas), are generally limited (Marcus 1960; Jensen and Clark 1983; Clark and DeFreese 1987), as most previous studies have been qualitative in nature (Clark 1994; Trowbridge 2002). Clark (1994) noted a declining population trend for the lettuce sea slug, Elysia (Tridachia) crispata Mörch (see cladistic analyses in Gosliner 1995; Jensen 1996) in southern Florida, based upon qualitative comparisons of occurrence and population densities between 1969-80 and 1987-93. About 50% of the nearshore populations assessed by Clark (1994) nearly 17 years ago were declining due to habitat destruction, siltation, eutrophication, and over- collection, particularly evident in nearshore habitats. Since 2001, we have conducted intermittent surveys of various gastropod mollusk species in conjunction with assessments of other benthic variables. For example, we encountered unusually high densities of lettuce sea slugs among 63 shallow fore reef sites during June-September 2001. While sacoglossans are not particularly rare in many shallow-water marine habitats where densities correlate with algal biomass (Clarke and DeFreese 1987), our observations offshore were considered unusual because fleshy algal cover tends to be relatively low (Chiappone et al.
  • Keys Sanctuary 25 Years of Marine Preservation National Parks Turn 100 Offbeat Keys Names Florida Keys Sunsets

    Keys Sanctuary 25 Years of Marine Preservation National Parks Turn 100 Offbeat Keys Names Florida Keys Sunsets

    Keys TravelerThe Magazine Keys Sanctuary 25 Years of Marine Preservation National Parks Turn 100 Offbeat Keys Names Florida Keys Sunsets fla-keys.com Decompresssing at Bahia Honda State Park near Big Pine Key in the Lower Florida Keys. ANDY NEWMAN MARIA NEWMAN Keys Traveler 12 The Magazine Editor Andy Newman Managing Editor 8 4 Carol Shaughnessy ROB O’NEAL ROB Copy Editor Buck Banks Writers Julie Botteri We do! Briana Ciraulo Chloe Lykes TIM GROLLIMUND “Keys Traveler” is published by the Monroe County Tourist Development Contents Council, the official visitor marketing agency for the Florida Keys & Key West. 4 Sanctuary Protects Keys Marine Resources Director 8 Outdoor Art Enriches the Florida Keys Harold Wheeler 9 Epic Keys: Kiteboarding and Wakeboarding Director of Sales Stacey Mitchell 10 That Florida Keys Sunset! Florida Keys & Key West 12 Keys National Parks Join Centennial Celebration Visitor Information www.fla-keys.com 14 Florida Bay is a Must-Do Angling Experience www.fla-keys.co.uk 16 Race Over Water During Key Largo Bridge Run www.fla-keys.de www.fla-keys.it 17 What’s in a Name? In Marathon, Plenty! www.fla-keys.ie 18 Visit Indian and Lignumvitae Keys Splash or Relax at Keys Beaches www.fla-keys.fr New Arts District Enlivens Key West ach of the Florida Keys’ regions, from Key Largo Bahia Honda State Park, located in the Lower Keys www.fla-keys.nl www.fla-keys.be Stroll Back in Time at Crane Point to Key West, features sandy beaches for relaxing, between MMs 36 and 37. The beaches of Bahia Honda Toll-Free in the U.S.
  • FKNMS Lower Region

    FKNMS Lower Region

    se encuentran entre los entre encuentran se Florida la de Cayos los de coralinos arrecifes Los agua. del salinidad la o como los erizos y pepinos de mar. Las hierbas marinas son una base para la crianza del crianza la para base una son marinas hierbas Las mar. de pepinos y erizos los como aves, peces y tortugas que se enredan en ella o la ingieren, confundiéndola con alimentos. con confundiéndola ingieren, la o ella en enredan se que tortugas y peces aves, grados C), ni más cálidas de 86 grados F (30 grados C), ni a cambios pronunciados de la calidad la de pronunciados cambios a ni C), grados (30 F grados 86 de cálidas más ni C), grados atíes y diversos peces, y son el hábitat de organismos marinos filtradores, así como forrajeros, como así filtradores, marinos organismos de hábitat el son y peces, diversos y atíes delicados puede asfixiarlos, romperlos o erosionarlos. La basura puede resultar mortal para las para mortal resultar puede basura La erosionarlos. o romperlos asfixiarlos, puede delicados vivir a la exposición continua de aguas del mar a temperaturas por debajo de los 68 grados F (18 F grados 68 los de debajo por temperaturas a mar del aguas de continua exposición la a vivir ue at motned acdn lmnii.Poocoa lmnoalstrua,man- tortugas, las a alimento Proporcionan alimenticia. cadena la de importante parte tuyen que las aves mueran de hambre. El cordel de pescar y la basura que se enreda en los corales los en enreda se que basura la y pescar de cordel El hambre.
  • III. Species Richness and Benthic Cover

    III. Species Richness and Benthic Cover

    2009 Quick Look Report: Miller et al. III. Species Richness and Benthic Cover Background The most species-rich marine communities probably occur on coral reefs and this pattern is at least partly due to the diversity of available habitats and the degree to which species are ecologically restricted to particular niches. Coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean in particular are usually thought to hold the greatest diversity of marine life at several levels of biological diversity. Diversity on coral reefs is strongly influenced by environmental conditions and geographic location, and variations in diversity can be correlated with differences in reef structure. For example, shallow and mid-depth fore-reef habitats in the Caribbean were historically dominated by largely mono-specific zones of just two Acropora species, while the Indo-Pacific has a much greater number of coral species and growth forms. Coral reefs are in a state of decline worldwide from multiple stressors, including physical impacts to habitat, changes in water quality, overfishing, disease outbreaks, and climate change. Coral reefs in a degraded state are often characterized by one or more signs, including low abundances of top-level predators, herbivores, and reef-building corals, but higher abundances of non-hermatypic organisms such as seaweeds. For the Florida Keys, there is little doubt that areas historically dominated by Acropora corals, particularly the shallow (< 6 m) and deeper (8-15 m) fore reef, have changed substantially, largely due to Caribbean-wide disease events and bleaching. However, debate continues regarding other causes of coral reef decline, thus often making it difficult for resource managers to determine which courses of action to take to minimize localized threats in lieu of larger-scale factors such as climate change.
  • Matters Arising

    Matters Arising

    Nature Vol. 278 15 March 1979 281 matters arising Holocene reef growth available figures for growth rates at 30m 1. Lighty, R. G., Macintyre, I. G. & Stuckenrath, R. Nature 276, 59~0 ( 1978). on the edge depth there is certainly subjective evi­ 2. Macintyre, I. G. & Glynn, P. W. Proc. 7th Caribbean Geo!. dence that they are slow. There are com­ Con{. Guadeloupe, 14 (I 97 4 ). of the Florida Shelf monly <2m of 'frame' projecting above 3. Adey, W. H. Atoll Res. Bull. 187, 1-67 (1975). 4. Easton, W. H. & Olson, E. A. Bull. geol. Soc. Am. 87, the sand surface. In effect, relief from 711-719 (1976). 5. Goreau, T. F. & Gorcau, N. I. Bull. mar. Sci. 23, 399-464 LIGHTY ET AL. I have raised several present-day surfaces in these depths is no (1973). important lines of speculation concerning gre.ater, and may perhaps be less, than on 6. Goreau, T. F. & Land, L. S. Soc. econ. Paeleont. Miner. the growth of reefs in the Florida and the 'inactive' structures to the north. Spec. Pub/. 18,77-89 (1974). 7. Newell, N.D. & Rigby, J. K. Soc. econ. Paeleonr. Miner. Bahamas areas and elsewhere in the Thus, it seems reasonable to assume Spec. Pub/. 5, 15-79 (1957). Caribbean. The principal contribution of first that surfaces which could have 8. Shinn, E. A. J. Sed. Petrol. 33,291-303 (1963). 9. Ginsburg, R. N. & James, N. P. Geotimes 18, 23-24 these authors has been to show an supported active coral growth at a time of (1973).