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Julia Mattes Lagerthas Schwestern? Über Kämpferinnen in Der (Früh-)Geschichte Und Waffengräber Von Frauen in Nordeuropa

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Julia Mattes Lagerthas Schwestern? Über Kämpferinnen in Der (Früh-)Geschichte Und Waffengräber Von Frauen in Nordeuropa Julia Mattes Lagerthas Schwestern Julia Mattes Lagerthas Schwestern? Über Kämpferinnen in der (Früh-)Geschichte und Waffengräber von Frauen in Nordeuropa. Zusammenfassung Während kämpfende Frauen längst fester Bestandteil der westlichen Popkultur und somit für viele jüngere Menschen selbstverständlich sind, finden sie von Seiten der Geschichtswissenschaft keine sonderliche Beachtung. Obwohl die Geschichtsschreibung zahlreiche Beispiele für kämpfende Frauen, Kriegerinnen und Soldatinnen verzeichnete, genießt diese Thematik innerhalb des Faches keine große Aufmerksamkeit. Noch weniger befasst sich die prähistorische Archäologie mit diesem Topos. Obwohl in letzter Zeit eindeutige eisenzeitliche Frauen-Waffengräber in Skandinavien und England zu Tage kamen, scheint die Interpretation "Kriegerin" für viele Wissenschaftler, insbesondere in der Archäologie, ein Problem zu sein. Das Bild von Frauen in Waffen wird trotz vielzähliger historisch belegter Exempel und entsprechender archäologischer Befunde schlichtweg abgelehnt. Oft wird angeführt, es gäbe keine historischen Belege für die Existenz streitender Frauen. Dies ist schlichtweg falsch. Ziel dieses Papers ist es, der Forschung einen kleinen Überblick über die entsprechenden Aktivitäten von Frauen in früheren Jahrhunderten zu geben und sich ferner mit der Frage auseinander zusetzen, weshalb dies für große Teile der rezenten archäologischen Forschung so problematisch zu sein scheint. Dies offenbart auch eine historisch gewachsene, fundamentale methodische Problematik des Faches. Schlüsselworte: Archäologie; Geschichte; Kunstgeschichte; England; Finnland; Norwegen; Schweden; Skandinavien; Mittelalter; Wikingerzeit; Frauengrab; Methodik; Schwertfunde; Waffengräber; Kriegerin; Schildmaid; Japan; Ninja; Onna-bugeisha; Samurai; Kreuzzug, Kriegszug; Krieg. Abstract While for quite some time fighting women have been a fixed part of western pop culture and thus a normal sight for younger people, historical science has so far not been paying any particular attention to them. Although historiography names numerous examples of fighting women, warrioresses and female soldiers, the subject has not received any notable attention within this discipline. Prehistoric Archaeology has been dealing even less with this topos. Despite recent definitive findings of Iron Age weapons graves in Scandinavia and in the United Kingdom, interpreting them as "warrioresses" seems problematic to some scientists, particularly in Archaeology. There seems to be a disinclination towards the image of women at arms, regardless of multiple historical examples and archaeological features. It is often argued that there is no historical evidence for fighting women which, as a matter of fact, is simply not correct. The paper aims at providing researchers with an initial look at women's combatant activities in the past. Furthermore, it asks why this theme seems so problematic to archaeological research. This reveals a fundamental methodological issue of Archaeology which dates back to the 19th century. Keywords: Archaeology; history; art history; crusade, England; Finland; Norway; Sweden, Scandinavia; Medieval; Viking-Age; woman‘s grave; method; sword finds; weapon graves; warrioress; shieldmaiden; Japan; ninja; onna-bugeisha; samurai; crusade; raid; campaign; war. 1 Julia Mattes Lagerthas Schwestern Kämpfende Frauen sind in den Medien mittlerweile allgegenwärtig. Ob im Sport (man denke z.B. an die Fechterin Imke Duplitzer, an die (Kick-)Boxerinnen Laila Ali, Regina Hallmich, Dr. Christine Theiss, die MMA-Fighterinnen Kyra Gracie und Ronda Rousey) oder im Entertainmentbereich. Seit die Cyberikone Lara Croft in den 1990er Jahren ihren Siegeszug als PC- Spiel-Heldin begann, folgten mehrere Hersteller ihrem Beispiel. Nach und nach wurde das Bild der Actionheldin von Hollywood adaptiert und fand so auch seinen Weg in die Fernsehproduktionen. War vor wenigen Dekaden noch das Bild der Damsel in Distress allgegenwärtig, so hat sich dieses deutlich gewandelt; wehrhafte Heroinen agieren Seite an Seite mit ihren männlichen Kollegen.1 Das aktuell wohl bekannteste Beispiel mit historischem Bezug aus diesem Genre ist die Figur der Laghertha aus der TV-Serie VIKINGS. Sie ist Schildmaid und Ehefrau Ragnar Lotbroks. Beide Rollen des erfolgreichen Blockbusters sind an die Vorbilder der von Saxo Grammaticus in der Gesta Danorum beschriebenen Persönlichkeiten angelehnt. Doch gab es diese kämpfenden Frauen wirklich? Die Geschichtsschreibung verzeichnet eine große Zahl an Kämpferinnen und Kriegerinnen zu verschiedensten Zeiten, in verschiedenen geografischen Räumen und aus diversen Kulturen. Für das europäische Mittelalter sind die Beispiele gar nicht so rar, wie man meinen könnte: "There have been a number of recent studies of women' s participation in medieval warfare, which show many examples of women's active, physical involvment in warfare during this period. These examples are scattered across Europe and involve many different women from different classes and social milieus (...)"2 Hier soll eine kurzgehaltene Auflistung verschiedener Exempel folgen. Allen voran natürlich die icenische Königin Boudicca, jene berühmte Keltin, welche ihren Teil Britanniens gegen die römischen Besetzer zu verteidigen suchte und ihre Leute in den Boudicca-Aufstand führte. Die lombardische Prinzessin Sikelgaita (* 1040 – † 16 April 1090) heiratete Robert Guiskard, einen normannischen Herrscher und Herzog von Apulien und Kalabrien. Sie führte 1080 die Belagerung von Trani an, während ihr Mann gegen Taranto ritt. Sie begleitete ihren Gatten regelmäßig bei dessen Feldzügen – wohl auch in voller Rüstung und hatte wohl eine Art Feldherren- bzw. Feldherinnen-Posten inne.3 Mathilde von Tuszien, auch Mathilde von Canossa (* vmtl. 1046; † 24. Juli 1115) genannt, regierte als Markgräfin der Toskana. Sie vertrat die Interessen von Papst Alexander II und leitete die Truppen ihres verstorbenen Stiefvaters Herzog Gottfried persönlich in die Schlacht und führte angeblich mit ihres Vaters Schwert. Sie soll etwa 30 Jahre ihres Lebens mit Kriegführen verbracht haben.4 Ebenfalls im 11. Jh. lebte Isabel de Conches bzw. Isabel de Montfort, welche gerüstet an einem Konflikt in Nordfrankreich teilgenommen haben soll. She "(...) rode armed as a knight among the knights."5 Carpenter meint in diesem Zusammenhang, dass der Status von Frauen in theologischen Schriftstücken während des 11. und 12. Jh. zwar merkbar abnahm, dass viele Geistliche aber frei von derartigen Vorurteilen blieben, insbesondere, wenn sie mit realen Frauen konfrontiert wurden. Sankt Anselm korrespondierte auf Augenhöhe mit vielen Adelsdamen und Orderic Vitalis schrieb enthusiastisch über den Mut und die Taten der kämpfenden Isabelle de Chonces.6 1 Derart veränderte sich auch die Arbeit an den Sets: Wurden Darstellerinnen in Deutschland noch bis in die späten 1980er Jahre von als Frauen verkleideten Stuntmännern gedoubelt, ist der Beruf der Stuntfrau mittlerweile längst etabliert. 2 H. Nicholson, Women on the Third Crusade. In: Journal of Medieval History, 23 (4), 1997, 343. Im Folgenden: Nicholson 1997. 3 V. Eads, Sichelgaita of Salerno. Amazon or Trophy Wife? Journal of Medieval Military History, Vol. III, 2005, 72ff 4 L. Grant de Pauw, Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present. (Norman 2000) 82-92. 5 D. Carpenter The Struggle for Mastery: Britain 1066-1284. (Oxford 2003), 416. Im Folgenden: Carpenter 2003. 6 Carpenter a.a.O., 417. 2 Julia Mattes Lagerthas Schwestern Carpenter führt ferner einige Beispiele von adeligen Frauen an, die zeitgenössischen Chronisten zu Folge im Waffenhandwerk ausgebildet waren und gekämpft haben sollen, z.B. "Dionisia, who in the troubles of Stephen's reign, had charged a knight and unhorsed him with one blow from her lance."7 "In May 1267 when the widow Desiderata met her friend William de Stangate coming along with a crossbow over his shoulder, she asked him in jest (clearly well informed about national events) whether he was one of those sent by the king to apprehend evildoers. Then declaring she could overcome two or three like him, she grabbed his neck, crocked her leg and threw him to the ground."8 Auf Johanna von Orléans muss auf Grund ihrer Bekanntheit an dieser Stelle nicht näher eingegangen werden. Johanna von Flandern (* 1295 – September 1374) ist weitaus weniger bekannt als ihre Namensvetterin9 und doch wird diskutiert, ob sie möglicherweise als deren Vorbild fungiert haben könnte. Als Tochter des Grafen von Nervers heiratete sie Johann IV aus dem Hause Montfort und wurde durch diese Verbindung Herzogin der Bretagne. Die Herzogin war in allerlei kriegerische Unternehmungen involviert, an denen sie auch aktiv kämpfend teilnahm. Sie verfolgte ihre Sache mit beträchtlichem Geschick als militärische Anführerin. Als ihr Gatte durch den Bretonischen Erbfolgekrieg in Gefangenschaft geriet, stellte sie umgehend eine Armee auf und nahm Redon ein. Von dort ritt sie nach Hennebont um die Stadt auf die bevorstehende Belagerung durch Karl von Blois vorzubereiten. Sie hielt die Stadt, weigerte sich aufzugeben und führte, gerüstet und bewaffnet, einen Ausfall gegen das feindliche Lager an, bei dem Karls Vorräte zerstört und die Zelte in Brand gesetzt wurden, weshalb man sie fort an "Jeanne la Flamme" nannte. 10 Der zeitgenössische Chronist Jean Le Bel bezeichnete die Gräfin in seinen Schriften durchgängig als die "tapfere Gräfin".11 Johanna kämpfte den größten Teil ihres Lebens um den Herrschaftsanspruch ihrer Linie – ihres Mannes und später ihres Sohnes
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