Erneuerbare Energien Und Energieeffizienz Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency Band 14 / Vol

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Erneuerbare Energien Und Energieeffizienz Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency Band 14 / Vol Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency Band 14 / Vol. 14 Herausgegeben von / Edited by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Schmid, Universität Kassel Michael Sterner Bioenergy and renewable power methane in integrated 100% renewable energy systems Limiting global warming by transforming energy systems kassel university press This work has been accepted by the faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of the University of Kassel as a thesis for acquiring the academic degree of Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.). Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Schmid, Universität Kassel Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Faulstich, Technische Universität München Defense day 23rd September 2009 Bibliographic information published by Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Zugl.: Kassel, Univ., Diss. 2009 ISBN print: 978-3-89958-798-2 ISBN online: 978-3-89958-799-9 URN: urn:nbn:de:0002-7998 © 2009, kassel university press GmbH, Kassel www.upress.uni-kassel.de Cover design: Grafik Design Jörg Batschi, Kassel Printed in Germany Abstract The two major challenges in global energy systems are to reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain energy supply security. This thesis presents one solution to both problems. It proposes strategies for the transformation of current energy systems into 100% renewable, stable and almost emission-free energy systems without making use of nuclear energy or carbon capture and storage. Within renewable energy systems, one is facing two difficulties: On the one hand, the fluctuating renewable sources need to be matched with the energy demand, on the other hand, a substitution for high energy density fuels in heat and transport has to be found. Therefore, this thesis examines bioenergy and the newly developed ‘renewable power methane’ or ‘renewable methane’ concerning their potential to solve these problems. First, bioenergy is analyzed in the broader context of climate change, energy systems and land use in order to estimate the sustainable potential of global bioenergy. Then, a techno-economic and ecologic analysis of 78 bioenergy pathways is done in order to identify the strategic role of bioenergy in future energy systems. The potential is linked with this analysis to identify the range of maximum greenhouse gas reduction potential -1 of bioenergy (2.5-16 Gt CO 2-eq. yr ). Due to land-use competition and emissions from land-use, residues are to be favored as biomass source over energy crops. However, the limited bioenergy potential will neither be sufficient to balance fluctuating renewable power nor to fully replace fossil fuels in heat and transport. Second, to solve this bioenergy bottleneck, a new approach of converting renewable power into methane via hydrogen and CO 2 methanation is developed. Several integrated concepts with CO 2 from air, biomass, and fossil fuels are designed. In this way, renewable power can be stored in the natural gas network and used temporarily and spatially flexible for balancing power, for process heat and for long-distance transportation. It can be produced basically anywhere where water, air and renewable power are available and thus decrease import dependence on fossil fuels. It can recycle CO 2 in the energy system or even act as carbon sink in combination with CO 2 storage. Third, the necessary transformation of energy systems is performed. The key elements are direct renewable power generation, renewable electromobility, heat pumps, renewable power methane and overcoming traditional biomass. By integrating smart power networks, heat networks and natural gas networks, a full renewable energy supply is possible. Several 100% renewable energy systems are developed, reducing global energy-related emissions by 95%. The 100% renewable power supply was simulated with an hourly resolution. Finally, the role of such a transformation in global climate protection is analyzed. It has to take place until 2050 in order to limit global warming to 2°C. Therefore, there is not much time left for the transformation to start. III Zusammenfassung Die beiden zentralen Herausforderungen in der globalen Energiewirtschaft sind die Reduktion der energiebedingten Emissionen und der Erhalt der Versorgungssicherheit. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Lösungsansatz für beide Probleme. Sie zeigt auf, wie der Umbau der Energiesysteme hin zu einer stabilen, nahezu emissionsfreien 100% Versorgung mit erneuerbarer Energie gestaltet werden kann, ohne auf Technologien wie Kernenergie oder die CO 2 Sequestrierung zurückgreifen zu müssen. Innerhalb erneuerbarer Energiesysteme gibt es zwei Kernprobleme: Einerseits gilt es, das fluktuierende Angebot von erneuerbaren Energien auf den variablen Energiebedarf anzupassen; andererseits gestaltet es sich besonders im Verkehrssektor als schwierig, einen erneuerbaren Energieträger mit hoher Energiedichte als Ersatz für fossile Kraftstoffe zu finden. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Optionen, die das Potenzial zur Lösung dieser beiden Probleme haben, untersucht: Bioenergie und das neu entwickelte „renewable power methane“ – Methan aus regenerativem Strom – erneuerbares Methan – erneuerbares Gas. Zunächst wird die Bioenergie im globalen Kontext Klimawandel, Energiesystemen und Landnutzung untersucht, um daraus das nachhaltige Bioenergiepotenzial abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Analyse von 78 Biokonversionspfaden werden mit dem identifizierten Bioenergiepotenzial kombiniert, um das maximale Treibhausgasvermeidungs- -1 potenzial von Bioenergie abzuleiten (2.5-16 Gt CO 2-eq. a ). Die Nutzung von Reststoffen und Abfällen ist dem Anbau von Energiepflanzen vorzuziehen, da Landnutzungs- konkurrenzen und -emissionen vermieden werden können. Trotz vorhandenen Potenzials wird die Bioenergie nicht ausreichen, um die fluktuierende Stromeinspeisung von erneuerbaren Energien auszugleichen oder fossile Kraftstoffe im Wärme- und Transportsektor vollständig zu ersetzen. Um diesen Engpass zu lösen, wurde ein neuer Ansatz zur Stromspeicherung entworfen, in dem regenerativer Strom über Wasserstoff und einer CO 2-Methanisierung zu einem Erdgassubstitut umgewandelt wird. So kann erneuerbarer Strom im Erdgasnetz gespeichert und räumlich-zeitlich flexibel als Regel- und Reserveenergie, aber auch im Fernverkehr eingesetzt werden. Wird das CO 2 aus der Luft gewonnen, kann ein klimaneutrales, erneuerbares ‘Erdgas’ aus Wasser, Luft und regenerativem Strom praktisch überall auf der Welt hergestellt werden, was die Importabhängigkeit von fossiler Energie erheblich reduziert. Mit dem neuen Konzept kann CO 2 im Energiesystem rezykliert oder eingelagert werden, was eine Kohlenstoffsenke schafft. Durch den Ausbau und die Integration der Energienetze (Strom, Wärme, Gas) wird eine 100% erneuerbare Energieversorgung und die Senkung der energiebedingten Emissionen um 95% möglich. Verschiedene Strukturen von 100% erneuerbaren Energiesystemen werden entworfen und eine rein erneuerbare Stromversorgung für das Jahr 2050 mit stündlicher Auflösung simuliert. Abschließend wird die Rolle einer solchen Transformation im Klimaschutz diskutiert. Die skizzierte Transformation des Energiesystems muss bis 2050 erfolgen, um die globale Erwärmung langfristig annähernd auf 2°C zu begrenzen. Damit dieses Ziel erreicht werden kann, muss die Transformation heute beginnen. IV Resumen La reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y garantizar el abastecimiento energético global constituyen los dos mas grandes desafíos en las sistemas de energía. Esta tesis presenta una solución a ambos problemas, proponiendo estrategias para la transformación de los actuales sistemas energéticos en sistemas 100% renovables, estables y libres de emisiones invernadero sin promover la utilización de la energía nuclear ni la captura y almacenamiento de carbono. Dentro de los sistemas de energía renovables se encuentran dos problemas: por un lado las fuentes de energía son variables y deben poder cubrir la demanda, por otro lado es difícil poder sustituir las combustibles fósiles en sectores como el transporte y el calor. Esta tesis examina el poder de la bioenergía y del novedoso concepto de la “renewable power methane” – metano renovable – gas renovable – respecto de su potencial para resolver los problemas planteados. Primero, la bioenergía es analizada de una forma amplia en el contexto del cambio climático, los sistemas energéticos y el uso de tierras, con el objetivo de identificar el potencial global sustentable de bioenergía. Luego, es analizado el aspecto técnico-económico y ecológico de 78 posibilidades de bioenergía con la intención de identificar el rol estratégico de la bioenergía en el futuro. El potencial esta combinado con este análisis con la intención de identificar el rango máximo de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero que puede alcanzar la bioenergía (2.5- -1 16 Gt CO 2-eq. a ). Dada la competencia por el uso de tierra y las emisiones que el mismo uso de tierra genera, los residuos generados son una fuente de biomasa más favorable que las propias plantas energéticas. De todos modos, el limitado potencial de las bioenergías no es suficiente para balancear las fluctuantes energías renovables como así tampoco para reemplazar a los combustibles fósiles en áreas como la calefacción o el transporte. Segundo, para poder resolver este cuello de botella respecto de las bioenergías, una nueva propuesta
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