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Detection and Vocalisations of Three Owl Species (Strigiformes) in Temperate Rainforests of Southern Chile Heraldo V

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Detection and Vocalisations of Three Owl Species (Strigiformes) in Temperate Rainforests of Southern Chile Heraldo V NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2017.1395749 RESEARCH ARTICLE Detection and vocalisations of three owl species (Strigiformes) in temperate rainforests of southern Chile Heraldo V. Norambuenaa,b and Andrés Muñoz-Pedrerosc aDepartamento de Zoología, Facultad de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; bPrograma de Conservación de Aves Rapaces y Control Biológico, Centro de Estudios Agrarios y Ambientales, Valdivia, Chile; cNúcleo de Investigaciones en Estudios Ambientales NEA, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Conspecific broadcasts are effective to increase detection of owls. Received 21 April 2017 To determine the most appropriate time of the year to survey Accepted 20 October 2017 owls, we played conspecific owl vocalisations monthly in a ASSOCIATE EDITOR temperate rainforest of southern Chile. From 12 broadcast points Dr James Briskie surveyed we recorded detections of Glaucidium nana, Strix rufipes and Tyto alba. Glaucidium nana presented a bimodal detection KEYWORDS curve throughout the year and we recorded two regular Broadcast; Glaucidium nana; vocalisations in response to broadcasting: contact pair call and owl vocalisations; Strix territorial call. Strix rufipes and T. alba both showed a peak of rufipes; Tyto alba detection between February and May. Strix rufipes presented three vocalisations: territorial call, contact pair call and female contact pair call while T. alba uttered two vocalisations: territorial call and twittering call. We recommend surveys during the end of the breeding season (austral summer–autumn) when detection is higher in most owls. Surveys should also take into consideration the variability of the vocalisations and include covariates in monitoring to evaluate occupancy/detection models. Introduction Owls are difficult to detect, especially for species that occur in forested areas, because of their low densities and cryptic nighttime behaviour (Barnes & Belthoff 2008). Using broadcasts of conspecifics is one way to increase the detectability of owls to obtain infor- mation on their behaviour, distribution, relative abundance, habitat use (Mosher et al. Downloaded by [Gothenburg University Library] at 16:17 19 November 2017 1990), breeding densities and sex ratios (Stewart et al. 1996; Navarro et al. 2005). In Chile, studies on owl assemblages are scarce (Jaksic et al. 2002; Contreras & Gonzalez 2007) and records of most species are incidental (e.g. Figueroa et al. 2000; Díaz et al. 2002; Jaksic et al. 2002, 2004; Mella 2005; Elgueta et al. 2006; Ibarra, Martin, Altamirano, et al. 2014). The owls that are easier to detect in the temperate rainforests of southern Chile are: (1) barn owl (Tyto alba), a nocturnal and crepuscular species, which occupies almost all environments, though preferring open spaces with forest fragments. This species nests in holes of old trees mainly along the forest margins during the austral spring–summer (König & Weick 2008); (2) rufous-legged owl (Strix rufipes), a common nocturnal and CONTACT Andrés Muñoz-Pedreros [email protected] © 2017 The Royal Society of New Zealand 2 H. V. NORAMBUENA AND A. MUÑOZ-PEDREROS sedentary species, which occupies habitat dominated by mature and regrowth native rain- forests, and agroecosystems with patches of native forest and lowland streams. This species nest in holes of old trees and sometimes on the ground, during the austral spring–autumn (Trejo et al. 2006; König & Weick 2008); and (3) austral pygmy owl (Glaucidium nana)a common and widely distributed species that is crepuscular/diurnal; however, it also shows nocturnal activity (König & Weick 2008; Norambuena & Muñoz-Pedreros 2012; Ibarra et al. 2015). This species occupies many types of habitats with trees and/or bushes, and it nests in tree cavities during the austral spring–summer. Despite this, their vocalisations and behaviours, for all this owls, are poorly known (Muñoz-Pedreros & Norambuena 2011; Raimilla et al. 2012), which is the basic information needed to generate adequate owl surveys (Fuller & Mosher 1981; Barnes & Belthoff 2008). Detectability of owls may be influenced by environmental factors such as weather con- ditions (e.g. temperature, wind, rain and humidity), type of habitat and prey abundance, and usually shows seasonal variation (Johnson et al. 1981;Smith&McKay1984; Clark & Anderson 1997;O’Donnell 2004;Ibarraetal.2012; Ibarra, Martin, Drever, et al. 2014; Ibarra, Martin, Altamirano, et al. 2014). In this study we present a detailed quantitative description of vocal repertoires of the barn owl, austral pygmy owl and rufous-legged owl in southern Chile, and also the first evaluation of seasonal variation in their vocalisations. This will allow researchers to select the time of the year in which population censuses and nest searching for owls is most effective. This information will facilitate and improve the methods to monitor the status of these surrogate species for biodiversity conservation (Ibarra & Martin 2015). The objectives of this study were: (1) to characterise the vocalisa- tions of each owl species; and (2) to examine the seasonal patterns of response (detectability) of owls during call-broadcast surveys conducted throughout the year. Materials and methods Study area The study was conducted at Cerro Ñielol Natural Monument (CÑNM) (114 ha) (38°43′S, 72°35′W), a publicly protected wildlife area in the central lowland of the Araucanía region in southern Chile by the city of Temuco. Most of CÑNM (76%) is covered by temperate forest, dominated by boldo-roble (Peumus boldus–Nothofagus obliqua), peumo-boldo (Cryptocarya alba–Peumus boldus) and olivillo (Aextoxicon punctatum) stands. Open shrublands occur to a lesser extent and consist of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), retamilla Downloaded by [Gothenburg University Library] at 16:17 19 November 2017 (Teline monspessulana), blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) and colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris) (Hauenstein et al. 1988). The CÑNM ranges from 115 m above sea level to 322 m at its summit. The climate is temperate humid with dry summers (Koeppen 1936). The annual temperature average is 12 °C with a maximum average of 23.5 °C in January and a minimum average of 3.9 °C in July (CIREN 1999). Rainfall varies between 1000 and 1500 mm annually, resulting in dry periods of two or more months (February and March; Inzunza 2003). Methods We established 12 broadcast stations with a random starting point on a road of the CÑNM, with a distance between points of 250–500 m. These covered all potential NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 3 habitat types of the CÑNM (temperate forest and grasslands). The call-broadcast stations were visited monthly from March 2009 to February 2010, between 20:00 to 01:00 h for a total of 76 h of broadcasting (monthly mean of 6.33 ± 0.43 SD h). We did not perform any calling during rainy and windy nights (winds > 15 km/h; Clark & Anderson 1997;O’Don- nell 2004). We broadcasted from all stations with a digital device (iPod Nano) connected to a megaphone (Power Show ER-66, 25 W), using the territorial vocalisations described in Norambuena & Muñoz-Pedreros (2012) of the three owl species previously reported in the study area: barn owl, austral pygmy owl and rufous-legged owl (Norambuena & Raimilla 2009) and two owl species that were habitat-generalists and may hunt and/or nest within the forest (Trejo et al. 2006): great horned owl (Bubo virginianus magellanicus) and short-eared owl (Asio flammeus). Each call point started with 1 min of silence and a passive listening period. The broadcast time of each species lasted for 1 min, followed by a 5 min listening period for each species (for the five species we surveyed, this gave a total of 30 min for each call point). The order of the species’ calls was randomised. During the broadcast of vocalisations, the megaphone was directed towards all four car- dinal directions (i.e. 15 s in each direction) and was set at shoulder height. Every time we received a response of a rufous-legged owl or a barn owl, these species were omitted from the next call-broadcast point to avoid double counting of individuals (Martínez & Jaksic 1996). We estimated the location of each vocally-responsive individual owl through triangulation. During surveys we recorded each owl’s response vocalisations with a Zoom H4n Handy Mobile 4-Track Recorder and a Sennheiser ME66/K6 shotgun condenser microphone. We made standard fine-scale measurements of vocalisations by using Raven Pro 1.4 (Bioa- coustics Research Program 2011). The variables measured were: (1) call duration; (2) number of notes; (3) minimum frequency (Fmin); (4) maximum frequency (Fmax); (5) frequency of maximum amplitude (FMA) for the entire call; and (6) number of notes per second. Vocalisation types were identified following Martínez (2005) for the rufous-legged owl, who described three vocalisations: (1) contact pair call coo-coo-coo; (2) female contact pair call miiiiiiiiiooo; and (3) territorial call coo-coo- juaa-juaa. For the barn owl, we follow Marks et al. (1999) who described four vocalisations: (1) territorial call shrrreeeeee; (2) twittering tiiick-tiiick-tiiick; (3) pair call shrriiee shrriiee; and (4) nestlings’ call. For the austral pygmy owl we followed Barros (1949) and Jiménez & Jaksic (1989) who described two vocalisations: (1) contact pair call huj-huj- huj-huj; and (2) territorial call trui-trui-yi-yi. Downloaded by [Gothenburg University Library] at 16:17 19 November 2017 Nocturnal surveys were used to assess if owls were nesting. We searched our study area to identify sites in which we heard nestlings calling and/or detected pairs vocalising or defending a tree or cavity-tree during the breeding season from September to March (austral spring and summer) (sensu Martínez & Zuberogoitia 2002). It should be noted we were unlikely to have detected all nests on our study area and our results should be considered as minimal estimates. Statistical analyses We analysed our recordings in relation to the month of the year and the different periods of the reproductive cycle, as defined for the Southern Hemisphere by Marks et al.
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