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Christopher Columbus Signaled the Start of the Age of Exploration

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Christopher Columbus Signaled the Start of the Age of Exploration The Age of Discovery Western Civilization II Marshall High School Mr. Cline Unit Three AB * The Age of Discovery • Columbus and Reasons for Exploration • Like the starter's gun at the Olympics or the checkered flag at the raceway, the voyages of Christopher Columbus signaled the start of the Age of Exploration. • He (and his Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria) began the race for the Americas, a contest in which Spain and Portugal ran neck-and-neck toward the first-place prize. • In today's lesson, we'll discuss these gold-medal contestants while highlighting the famous explorers from both countries. • Before we begin listing off explorers, let's review what Spain and Portugal hoped to gain through their explorations. • First and foremost, European countries and monarchs were seeking wealth, while individual explorers were seeking fame and fortune. • Along with these materialistic motives, Christian Europe desired to bring faith to the lost savages of the new lands. * The Age of Discovery • Columbus and Reasons for Exploration • All of these motives are summed up in this great quote by Castillo, a 16th- century explorer. • When speaking of exploration, he exclaimed: 'To serve God, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.' • With that being said, let's start our roll-call of explorers with the famous Columbus. • Christopher Columbus, although Italian-born, sailed under the Spanish flag of Ferdinand and Isabella. • He set sail seeking a faster trade route to India and China. • Believing that the Earth's circumference was smaller than others estimated, he set out to reach the East by sailing west. • Unfortunately for this maverick, two things went a bit awry. * The Age of Discovery • Columbus and Reasons for Exploration • First, his calculation of the world's size was a bit too small. • Second, an undiscovered ocean and continent lay in his path. • Although his journeys never saw him reach India and China, he stumbled upon the Americas, lands rich with open space, new crops, and the chance for gold! • By the end of his days at sea, Columbus claimed the lands of Cuba, Antigua, Hispaniola (the modern countries of the Dominican Republic and Haiti occupy a half of this island respectively) and the Bahamas for Spain. • Ironically, we still call these areas the West Indies, playing off Columbus' erroneous belief that he had reached the waters of India. • South and Central America • When word got out that there were new lands to be had, the rest of the world joined the race. • Not wanting to settle for silver, Portuguese ships headed west. * The Age of Discovery • South and Central America • In the year 1500, the Portuguese Pedro Alvares Cabral became the first European to reach Brazil. • With this, Portugal began establishing a vast and profitable colony that would become larger than Portugal itself. • Although competition was fierce, Spain kept up its quest for first place. • In 1513, Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa traveled beyond the Isthmus of Panama, becoming the first European to 'dip his toes in the Pacific Ocean.' • Not satisfied with just enjoying the waters, he claimed them and all the lands that touched them for his precious Spain. • In 1519, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan began the journey that would take him through the Straits of Cape Horn to the Pacific Ocean and beyond. • Upon reaching the Pacific, he and his crew continued west to the Philippines where, unfortunately, Magellan died. * The Age of Discovery • South and Central America • However, his crew returned to Europe, being the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, a 'win' Magellan is still credited with to this very day. • Exploration Turns to Conquest • Unfortunately, the race for the Americas was also a deadly one. • Around the year 1520, Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire of Mexico for Spain. • Of course, this was a great win for Spain and its economy but was devastating to the native populations. • In the 1530s, his fellow countryman, Francisco Pizarro, dealt the same fate to the Incas of Peru, scoring another win for Spain. • With each territory conquered, Spain sent royal representatives to administrate the newly conquered lands. * The Age of Discovery • Exploration Turns to Conquest • Cruelty ensued as the Spanish disregarded ancient cultures, forced conversions to Christianity, and gathered gold for the crown. • Northern America • With the great wealth amassed in the Southern Americas, sights were set toward the north. • In this region, it seems Spain took the lead. • The 1500s saw Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explore into the areas of Arizona and New Mexico, claiming these lands for Spain. • Cabeza de Vaca joined him by exploring Texas for Mother Spain, while the famous Spaniard Ponce de Leon searched Florida for the fabled Fountain of Youth. • These explorations culminated in Spain establishing the first North American settlement, St. Augustine in Florida. * The Age of Discovery • Northern America • The credit for this feat goes to the Spaniard Pedro Menendez de Aviles, who founded St. Augustine, now in Florida, in the year 1565. • In time, all of Europe would realize it was not gold that North America offered but a land of moderate climates, rich vegetation, and very fertile ground. • Mapping the New World • One Renaissance man willing to foot the bill for excursions into the unknown was Prince Henry of Portugal. • Henry, known to our world as 'Henry the Navigator,' began the first school of oceanic navigation and also sponsored countless expeditions into the dark seas. • Although Henry never actually joined any expeditions, he helped to create maps used by later explorers while also whetting the appetite of all of Europe with the spirit of exploration. * The Age of Discovery • Mapping the New World • Henry wasn't the only guy playing cartographer, the fancy word for 'mapmaker.' • When news reached Europe that the Italian navigator and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci had reported the West Indies were not part of Asia but were in fact a new continent, all of Europe was abuzz. • Since he was the first to label these new lands as continents, his name was applied to them as North America and South America. • In the early 1500s, King Ferdinand promoted Vespucci to chief navigator of Spain and commissioned him to begin a school of navigation. • In this position, Vespucci strove to improve standard navigation techniques. • Being very good at his job, he even developed a fairly primitive but rather accurate method of determining longitude, which advanced European cartography. * The Age of Discovery • Mapping the New World • While Vespucci was busy with his projects, others were taking his works to a new level. • Sometime in the early 1500s, Ringmann and Waldseemuller, two cartographers, produced a new map calling the New World 'America.‘ • On this map, Old World Europe was depicted as most people were accustomed to seeing it; however, the left side of the map now held a strange new continent with the word 'America,' after Amerigo Vespucci, written across it. • With maps beginning to flow freely, Europeans flocked to the seas, looking for wealth along the trade routes of the New World. • Seaborne Commerce • In the early stages of exploration, Spain and Portugal would probably have to share the medal for first place. * The Age of Discovery • Seaborne Commerce • Shortly after Columbus's first voyages, trading vessels were racing across the seas. • Using new and improved maps, these two empires developed a vigorous seaborne trade system. • During this time, the bulk of Spain's wealth came from gold and silver mined from the Americas. • However, the Americas also supplied important agricultural products, which helped line the pockets of Spain. • While Spain increased her trade with the Americas, she also grew her Oriental and Indian trading franchise. • Oddly, in the first stages of this new seaborne commerce, most of Europe stayed out of Spain and Portugal's way, choosing to cross the Atlantic in the north. * The Age of Discovery • Seaborne Commerce • In fact, as early as the 1490s, John Cabot discovered the fish-filled waters off the coast of Newfoundland. • Early Privateers • However, fish aren't nearly as exciting as gold, and soon the rest of Europe wanted a piece of Spain's actions. • This brings us to piracy! • Some of the first acts of piracy during this era were committed by the French against the Spanish in the waters off the Azores, a group of islands off the coast of Lisbon. • During these raids, French privateers, which were basically government- sanctioned pirates, boarded and raided Spanish ships carrying wealth and treasure. • Along with the French, the Dutch got involved with their own breed of privateers, known to history as Sea Beggars. * The Age of Discovery • Early Privateers • Although these Dutch pirates were a nuisance to Spain, they were nothing compared to the famous Sea Dogs of England, arguably the most skilled pirates of the Age. • English Sea Dogs • In the mid-16th century, John Hawkins emerged as the de facto leader of the English Sea Dogs. • Hawkins spent his time at sea raiding Spanish ships across the Caribbean while also dabbling in the African slave trade. • After a close call in which several of his fleet's ships were captured and destroyed, Hawkins pulled back a bit from his pirating, making way for his cousin, Sir Francis Drake, to take the reins as England's premier privateer! • To the delight of England, Drake was excellent at his job. * The Age of Discovery • English Sea Dogs • As a British explorer, slave trader, and privateer, Drake served his country well - so well, in fact, that the Spanish dubbed him El Draque, meaning the Dragon, and King Phillip II of Spain put a bounty on his head equal to the amount of four million dollars.
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